


m 



/ 




^' « \\ » V . 



Revised Electrotype Edition. 



PICTORIAL HISTORY 



THE UNITED STATES 



FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. 



By BENSON J/LOSSING, 



■^iX" ILLUSTRATED FAMILY HISTORY ) 



AUTUOR OP "the PICTOtttAL PrELD BOOK OF THE REVO LUTION,^ ILLUSTRATED FAMILY nlSTORY 

OP THE UNITED STATES,/' " Mtl MARY UISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES FOE 

fiCUOOLV' " EMINENT AMEUICANS," ETC. ETC, 



if- ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 200 ENGRAVINGS. 

A ?vEW EDITION, KEVISF.D AND F.N I. ARC ED 

NEW YORK: ^^^./v^^sh^ 

PUBLISHED BY MASON BROTHERS?''''^^^^^- 

BOSTON: MASON & HAMLIN. PHILADELPHIA : J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
CINCINNATI: SAKGENT, WILSON, AND HINKLE. 
CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO. 
r 'k 1866. . 



Kiilereil Mi'coniiiif; lo An ot Congress, in Ihe yt';ir IMSS. liy 

MASON B U O T H E R S , 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court (or the Southern District of New York 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S65, by 

.•\I A S O N BROTHERS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. 

LOSSmG'S HISTORIES OF THE IINITED STATES. 



COMPLETE SERIES FOR ALL CLASSES. 



LOSSING'S PICTORIAL PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2:i8 pages 12nio. 

LOSSING'S PICTORIAL COMMON SCHOOL HISTORY. 3T8pp. i2mo. 
LOSSING'S PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

424 pages large 12mo. 

LOSSING'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

For District, School, and Family Libraries. 672 pages imperial octavo. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE FRONTISPIECE. 

In front sits IIistoky, with her pen and tablet, making her records of human progress. Be- 
fore her lies the open hook of Tiin Past, full of her chronitles. Near her is a globe, emblem 
of the theater of those achievements, whose memory she preserves. At her side is Aitx, 
delineating a map of tlio New World, in which wo live, with the word Excelsior at the top, 
meanin" "more lofty" — the destiny of our country. Upon a pedestal is a marble bust of 
Franklin, under which was written by a distinguislicd French statesman, "lie wrested the 
thunder from l;cavcn, and the scepter from tyrants." It indicates the perpetuity of the memory 
of the found-rs of our Republic, to be like that of marble. Above the group, jnst soaring, is 
winged F.\mi:, bearing a 'med.ilion likencFS of Washington in one hand, and her trumpet in the 
other. In the back ground is a-i unfinished Pyramid, emblem.itic of our (Confederacy of States, 
contiinally increasing, and adding block after block of imperishable material to the wonderful 
structure, so high already as to overlook the n.ntinns of the eartb. The branches of the olive 
and nnk, on cither side, symbolize the peace which prevails within our borders, and the strength 
which it imparts. .,- . 



U^1 



F. I. r;fTi;nTvrp:n tst prtnted by 

T. R. Smith k Son. ^^ .^,. <"■ A'a A i.toup. 

82 & M Bcfkman-slreel. /\ ^'Oi*> '■'' V;inde»»^tei- St., N. Y 




INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 



Before commencing the preparation of the following pages, I carefully examined the various 
Bmall Histories of tlie United States in use, noted their obvious excellences and defects, and 
endeavored to learn what was needed in the arrangement of a plan more attractive and cthcient 
for instructing the young people of our country in its wonderful story, than had been hitherto 
employed. Using the best results of the labors of others in this special held for a foundation, 
I have constructed this volume of materials taken from the earlier, most elaborate, and most 
reliable historians of our continent, on a plan which, 1 believe, will be found, by instructors and 
pupils, to possess superior advantages as an easy and thorough method for teaching aud acquir- 
ing an accurate general knowledge of events relatiig to the birth and growth of our Republic. 

The work is arranged in six chapters, each co.itai iing tlie record of an important period. The 
first exhibits a general view of the Ahoriginal race who occupied the continent when the Euro- 
peans came. The second is a record of all the Discoveries and preparations for settlement made 
by individuals and governments. The third delineates the progress of all the SeUlevients until 
colonial governments were formed. The fourth tells the story of these Colonies from their 
infancy to maturity, and illustrates the continual development of democratic idsjas and republican 
tendencies which finally resulted in a political confederation. Tlie fifth haj a full account of the 
important events of the War for IndejJeiidence; and the sixth givesa coucise history of the Be- 
2)Ublic, from its formation to the present time. 

I have endeavored to show the cause of every important event, and thus, by developing the 
philosophy of our history, to make it more attractive and instructive than a bald record of facts. 
And wherever the text appeared to need further elucidation, I have given additional facts in foot- 
notes. These may be profitably consulted by teacher and pupil, for they will greatly aid them ia 
obtaining a clear understanding of the subject. 

The system of concordance interwoven with the foot-notes throughout the entire work, is of 
great importance to i:istruetor and learner. When a fact is named which bears a relation to an- 
other fact elsewhere recorded in the volume, a reference is made to the versa and jMge where 
Buch fact is mentioned. A knowledge of this relationship of separate events is often essential to a 
clear view of the subject, and witliout this concordance, a great deal of time would be spent in 
searching for that relationship. With the concordance the matter may be found in a moment. 
Favorable examples of the utility of this new feature may be found on page 91. If strict atten- 
tion shall be given to these references, the whole subject will be presented to the mind of the 
student in a comprehensive aspect of nnity not to be given by any other method. It will greatly 
lessen the labors of the teacher, and facilitate the progress of the learner. 

To economize space, and prevent confusion, the dates have been put in brackets in their proper 
places in the text. When the volume shall be used as a reading book, these inclosed figures may 
easily be omitted. So witli the references : they may be passed without notice ; and by these 
omissions the sentences will appear unbroken. The questions are few, and are suggestive and 
comprehensive. They are so constructed that the student will be compelled to acquire a thor- 
ough knowledge of the subject under consideration before a correct answer to the question can be 
given. Much of this part of the labor is left to the judgment of the teacher. 

The engravings are introduced not for the sole purpose of embellishing the volume, but to 
enhance its utility as an instructor. Every picture is intended to illustrate a fact, not merely to 
beautify a page. Great care has been taken to secure accuracy in all the delineations of men and 
things, so that they may not convey false instruction. Geographical maps have been omitted, 
because they must necessarily be too small to be of essential service. History should never be 
studied without the aid of an accurate atlas. 

With these few observations concerning the general plan of this work, I submit the volume to 
the public, willing to have its reputation rest upon its own merits. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE ABORIGINES. 

Section I. General characteristics of the Indian Tribes, T. — II. The Algouquins, VI. — III. The 
Huron-Irofiuois, IT.— IV. The Catawbas, 19— V. The Cherokees, 20.— VI. Tlie Uchees, 21. 
—VII. The Natchez, '21.— VIII. The Mobilian Tribes, 22. — IX. The Dahcotah, or Sioux 
Tribes, '23. — X. The Extreme Western Tribes, 25. 

CHAPTER II. 

1>XSC0VERIES. 

Section I. Scandinavian Voyages and Discoveries, 26. — II. Spanish Voyages and Discoveries, 27. 
— III. English and French Discoveries, 35. 

CHAPTER III. 

SETTLEMENTS. 

Section I. Periods of Settlement — Virginia, 4T. — II. New York, 5'). — III. Massachusetts, 5S. — 

IV. New Ilampshix-e, 0:1. — V. Maryland, 04. — VI. Connecticut, 00. — VII. Uhode Island, TO. 
— ^VIII. Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, T2. — IX. The Carolinas, 76. — X. Geor- 
{pa, 78. 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE COLONIES. 

Section I. Virginia, 81.— II. Massachusetts, 90.— IIL New York, 111.— IV. Maryland, 1'20.— 

V. Connecticut, l-'S. — VI. Rliode Island, r20. — VII. New Jersey, I'iT. — VIII. Pennsylvania, 
ir.n.— IX. The Carolinas, 132.— X. Georgia, 130.— XI. A Retrospect, 142.— XII. The French 
and Indian War, 147. 

CHAPTER V. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

Section I. Preliminary Events, ITT. — II. First Year of the War for Independence, 1ST. — III. 
Second Year of the War for Independence, 197. — IV. Third Year of tlic War for Independ- 
ence, 2U. — V. Fourth Year of the War for Independence, 224, — VI. Fiftli Year of the 
War for Independence, 231. — VII. Sixth Year of the War for Independence, '.:39. — VIII. 
Seventh Year of the War for Independence, '24T. — IX. Closing Events of the War for Indc- 
peudence, 25T. 

CHAPTER YI. 

THE NATION. 

Section I. Washinirton's Administration, 2G:i. — II. Adams's Administration, 270. — III. JetlVrsi.n's 
Administration, 2T'2. — IV. Madison's Administration, 2TS. — V. The Second War for Inde- 
pendence, 2S4. — VI. Tlie Second War for Independence continued, 203. — VII. Monroe's .Vd- 
mini.stration, liOI. — VIII. Adams's Admini.stration, 305. — IX. Jackson's Administratiim. 305. 
— X. Van Rnren's Administration, 314. — XI. Harrison's and Tyler's Administration, 31T. — 
XII. Polk's Administration, 320.— XIII. Taylor's and Fillmore's Admini.stration. 334.— XIV. 
Pierce's .Vdministration, 342. — XV. Buchanan's Administration, C40. — XVI. Lincoln's Ad- 
ministration, 351. — The Civil War, 354. 

SUPPLEMENT. 

The Declaration of Indcpenuencc, 393. — The Signers of the Declaration, 399. — Constitution of the 
United States, 400. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 







SIOUX I^DIA^S 

CHAPTER I. 

THE ABOIIIGINES. 

SECTION I. 



UED JACKET. 



1. The Aborigines, or first in- 
' habitants of a country, properly 
belong to the history of all subse- 
quent occupants of the territory. 
The several nations of red or cop- 
per-colored people, who occupied 
the present domain of the United 
States when Europeans first came, 
form as necessary materials for a portion of the history of our Republic, as the 
Frenchmen' and Spaniards'- by whom parts of the territory were settled, and 
from whom they have been taken by conquest or purchase. 

2. The history of the Indian' tribes, previous to the formation of settlements 
among them, by Europeans,'' is involved in great obscurity. Whence came 

1. Verse 2, page 148. 2. Verse 17, page 40. 3. Veise 12, page 31. 4. Before the year 1607. 

Question. — 1. What are Aborigines? anl what Ihcir historical positioa? 



8 THE ABOKIGINES. 



Origin of the American Indians. Strange stories concerning them. 

they ? is a question yet unanswered by established facts. In the Old World, 
the monuments of an ancient people often record their history. In North 
America such intelUgible records are wanting. "Within almost every State 
and Territory remains of human skill and labor have been found,' which seem 
to attest the existence here of a civilized nation or nations, before the ances- 
tors of our numerous Indian tribes became masters of the continent. Some 
of these appear to give indisputable evidence of intercourse between the 
people of the Old World and those of America, centuries, perhaps, before the 
birth of Christ, and at periods soon afterward." We have no proof that such 
intercourse was extensive ; that people from the Eastern hemisphere ever re- 
mained long enough in America to impress their character upon the country 
or the Aboriginals, if they existed ; or that a high degree of civilization had 
ever prevailed on our continent. 

3. Some refer the origin of the Indian tribes to the Phoenicians and other 
ancient maritime nations ; others to the Egyptians and Hindoos ; and others 
find their ancestors among the " lost tribes of Israel," who " took counsel to 
go forth into a farther country where never mankind dwelt,"' and crossed 
from Asia to our continent, by way of the Aleutian Islands, or by Behring's 
Straits.'' These various theories, unsupported as they are by a sufficiency of 
acknowledged facts, have no practical value for the young student of our 
history. The proper investigation of such subjects requires maturity of judg- 
ment when reason and reflection have succeeded the eager credulity of child- 
hood and early youth. 

4. When America first became known to Europeans, it afforded materials 
for wonderful narratives concerning its inhabitants and productions. The few 
natives who were found upon the seaboard, had all the characteristics com- 
mon to the human race. The interior of the continent was a deep mystery, 
and for a long time marvelous stories were related and believed of nations of 
giants and pigmies ; of people with only one eye, and that in the center of the 
forehead ; and of whole tribes who existed Avithout eating. But when sober 
men penetrated the forests, and became acquainted with the inhabitants, it 
was discovered that from the Gulf of Mexico to the country north of the 
chain of great lakes,* the people were not remarkable in persons and qualities, 

1. Remains of fortifications, similar in form to (hose of ancient European nations, have been discovered. 
Also fire-places, of regular structure ; weapons and ntensils of copper ; cataoonilis witli mummies ; orna- 
ments of silver, brass, and copper ; w^iIls of forts and cities ; and many other things which only a peopie 
advanced in civilization could have made. 

2. A Roman coin was found in Missouri : a Persian coin in Ohio ; a bit of silver in Oenesee county. New 
York, with the year of our I,ord fiOO engraved on it ; split wood and ashes, thirty feet below the surface 
of the enrlh, near Fredonia, New York ; and near Montevideo, South America, in ii tomb, were found two 
ancient «words, a helmet and shield, with Greek inscrij tions, showing that thev were made in the time of 
Alexander the Oreat. XV) years before Christ. X II. Esdras, xiii. 40-45. 

4. The people of nonh-castern Asia, and on the northwest coast of America, have B near resemblance in 
person, customs, and languages ; and those of the Aleutian Islands present many of the characteristics of 
both. Iicdyard said of the people of eastern Siberia, " Universally and circumstantially they resemble 
the Aborigines of America.*' 

5. Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. 



Questions— 2. How do we find the early history of the Aborigines of the United States? What appears 
to have been their relation to the rest of the world? H. What are the opinions of some respecting their or- 
igin? 4. What strange stories were told concerning some of the tribes? What did a correct knowledge 
of them show ? 



J 



THE ABORIGINES. 



Names of Indian nations. Their characteristics, employment, food, and clothing. 

and that a great similarity in manners and institutions prevailed over that 
whole extent of country. 

5. The Indians spoke a great variety of dialects/ but tliere existed not 
more than eight radically distinct languages among the whole aboriginals, liom 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and beyond, namely : Algonquin, Huron- 
Iroquois, Cherokee, Catawba, Uciiee, Natchez, Mobilian, and Dahcotau 
or Sioux. These occupied a region embraced within about twenty-four 
degrees of latituile and almost forty degrees of longitude, and covering a 
greater portion of the breadth of the north temperate zone. 

6. In physical character, moral sentiment, social and political organization 
and religious belief, all the nations and tribes were similar. They were all of 
a copper color ; were tall, straigiit, and well-proportioned ; their eyes black 
and expressive ; their hair black, lung, coarse, and perfectly straight ; their 
constitution vigorous; and their powers of endurance remarkable. Bodily 
deformity was almost unknown, and few diseases prevailed. They were in- 
dolent, taciturn, and unsocial; brave, and sometimes generous, in war; un- 
flinching under torture ; revengeful, treacherous, and morose when injured or 
ofil'nde<l ; not always grateful for favors ; grave and sagacious in council ; 
often eloquent in speech ; sometimes warm and constant in friendship ; and 
occasionally courteous and polite. 

7. The men were employed in war, hunting, and fishing. The women per- 
formed all menial services. They bore all burdens 

during journeys ; spread the tents ; prepared food ; 
dressed skins for clothing ; wove mats for beds, 
made of the bark of trees ; and planted and gathered 
the scanty crops of corn, beans, peas, potatoes, mel- 
ons, and tobacco. Their wigwams, or houses, were 
rude huts, made of poles covered with mats, skins, 
or bark of trees, and all of their domestic arrange- ^ wigwam. 

ments were very simple. 

8. Their implements were made of stones, shells, and bones, with which 
they prepared their food, made their clothing and habitations, and tilled their 
lands. Their food consisted of a few vegetables, fish, and the meat of the deer, 
buffalo, and bear, generally roasted upon the points of sticks, sometimes boiled 
in water heated by hot stones, and always eaten without salt. Their dress in 
.snmmer was a slight covering around the loins. In winter they were clad m 
the skins of wild beasts," often profusely ornamented with thc^n vs of the 

1. Dialect is the form of expression peculiar to the people of rlifferent provinces or sections "f " ^""'''""y 
where the same Innaunne is spoken. The people of T-onrton and Yorkshire have such dilTerent ™o'i^^ /" J^; 
pressinsr the F-nelisi, langnRge, that it is dimcult, sometimes, for them to understand each other, lue loi- 
mer is more correct and refined than the latter. , i.- .,,1 i.^ in the 

•2. See the enfrravinp at the head of this chapter. One of the men is dressed m a bear s sKin, »"" '■ " ' ' " 
act of rcprescntinfr that aniniMl Another has the horns of a butfalo and the feathers of eagles on nis iieau. 
For a notice of the portrait, see Note 3 page 10. 

QtiESTiovs.— 5. How mnnv distinct languages did the Indians possess ? Name them. What extent of 
territory did they occupy? '6. In what were the tribes similar? What was their general character r 7. 
What was the chief employment of men and woni.Ti ? 8. Of what did tlieir implements, food, and dress con- 
sist? 

1* 




10 



THE ABORIGINES. 



Indian money, writing, weapons, and wars. 




WAMPUM. 




bear, the horns of the buffalo, the feathers of birds, and the 
bones of fishes. Their faces were often tatooed, and generally 
painted with bright colors in hideous devices. TheAr money 
was little tubes made of shells, fastened upon belts or strung 
in chains, and called wampum^ It was used in traffic, in 
treaties, and as a token of friendship or alliance. Wampum 
belts constituted records of public transactions in the hands 
of a chief. 
9. The Indians had no written language, except rude hiero- 
glyphics, or picture writings.^ Their 
history, consisting of records of war- | 
like achievements, treaties of alliance, 
and deeds of great men, was, in the 
form of traditions, carefully handed _ ^-~^_/y_ijL/-/-/-^ C^ ^^."^^-^^ 
down from father to son, especially ^n-^'rrT'rTT^ 

„ , • n , 1 ■ /■ /-^l -1 1 INDIAN HIEROGLYPHICS. 

irom chiet to chiet. Children were 

taught the simple arts practiced among them, such as making wampum, con- 
structing bows, arrows, and spears, preparing matting and skins for domestic 
use, and fashioning rude personal ornaments. 

10. They were ambitious of distinction, and, 
therefore, war was their chief vocation.^ They 
generally went forth in parties of about forty bow- 
men. Sometimes a half dozen, like knights-errant,'' 
went out upon the war-patli to seek renown in 
combat. Their weapons were bows and arrows, 
^ hatchets (tomahawks) of stone, and scalping-knives 
of bone. Some wore shields of bai-k ; others wore 
skin dresses for protection. They were skillful in 
stratagem, and seldom met an enemy in open fight. Their close personal 
encounters were fierce and bloody. They made prisoners, and tortured them, 

1 Wampum is made of the clcr parts of tlie common clam shell. This part being split off, a hole is 
drilleil in il and the form, which is that of beads known as hnylex, is prodnced by friction. They are about 
hair an incli lonff generally disposed in alternate layers of wliile and bluish black, and valued, when they 
become a circulaliii!; medium, at about two cents for three of the black beads, or six of the while. They 
were stvnnp in iiarculs to represent a penny, three pence, a shilling, and five shillings of white ; and double 
that amount in black. A f;itboni of white was worth about two dollars and a half, and black about live 
dollars. They were of hss value at the time of our War for Iiulependeuce. The engraving shows a part of 
tt i^tring and a \,rn of WKniimm. , , , , .,, j 

L'. This is part of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left— one with a gun, and 
the other with the hatchet— denote prisoners taken by a warrior. The one without a head, and holding a 
bow and arrow, denotes that one was killed ; and the figure with a shaded part below the cross indicates a 
female prisoner. Then he goes in a war canoe, with nine companions, denoted by the paddles, after which 
a council is held by the chiefs of the Hear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude figures of these auimals on 
each side of a fire. 

.H. It was ofTensive to a chief or warrior to nsl; him his name, because il implied that his brave deeds were 
unknown. Red .Jacket, the gre.it Seneca chief, was asked his name in court, in compliance with a legal 
form. He was very indignant, and replied, " Look at the papers which the white people keep the most 
carefully"— eland ce>^^ion ireaties)— " thev will tell vou who I am." He was born near Geneva, New York, 
about 17.W, and died in IR'O. He was the'lnst great chief of the S^cnems. 

4. Knights-errant of Kurope, six hundred years ago. were men clnihed in metal armor, who went from 
country to country to win fame by personal combats with other knights. They also engaged in wars. 

5. a, bow and arrow ; 6, a war-dub ; r, an iron tomahawk ; d, a stone one ; e, a scalping-knifc. 




INDIAN WEAPONS 



QOESTIONS. — 8. What was their money and it« uses? 9. What were their lilerature and arls 
were ttie weapons of war, and what the warlike habits of the Indians ? 



10. What 



THE ABORIGINES. 



11 



Indian women, customs, burials, and religion. 




iind the scalps' of enemies were their trophies of war. Peace 
was arranged by sachems" iu council ; and each smoking the 
?amc'"pipe of peace," called calumet j^ was a solenui pledge of 
fidelity to the contract. 

11. Women were degraded to the condition of abject slaves, 
and they never engaged with the men in their amusements of 
leaping, dancing, target-shooting, ball-playing, and games of 
chance. They were allowed as spectators, with their children, 
at war-dances around fires, when the men recited the feats of 
their ancestors and of themselves. Marriage, among them, was 

111-11 CALnMETS. 

only a temporary contract; the men had the right to take 
wives, and dismiss them at pleasure. The aSbctions were ruled by custom, 
and those decorous endearments and attentions toward woman, which give a 
charm to civilized society, were wholly unknown among the Indians. The 
sentiment of conjugal love was not always wanting, and attachments for life 
were frequent. There was no society to call for woman's refining qualities to 
give it beauty, for they had but few local attachments, except for the burial- 
places of their dead. 

12. Their funeral ceremonies and methods of bin ial were similar throughout 
the whole continent. They lairl their dead, wrap- 
ped in skins, upon sticks, in the bottom of a shallow 
pit, or placed them in a sitting posture, or occasion- 
ally folded them in skins, and laid them upon high 
scaffolds, out of the reach of wild beasts. Their 
arms, utensils, paints, and food were buried with 
them, to be used on their long journey to the spirit- 
land. Over their graves they raised mounds, and 

planted beautiful wild flowers upon them. Relatives uttered piercing cries 
and great lamentations during the burial, and they continued mourning many 
days. 

• 13. Their religion was simple, without many ceremonies, and was univers- 
ally embraced. They had no infidels among them. They believed in the 
existence of two Great Spirits : the one eminentl}'' great was the Good Spirit, 
and the inferior was an Evil one. They also deified the sun, moon, stars, 
meteors, fire, water, thunder, wind, and every thing which they held to be 
superior to themselves, but they never exalted their heroes or prophets above 
the sphere of humanity. They also adored an invisible great Master of life, 
iu different forms, which they called Manitou, and made it a sort of tutelar 

1. They seized an enemy by the hair, and, by a skillful use of the knife, cut and fore from the top of ihe 
hcnd a hxrpe portion of the skin. 

2. Sarhenm were the civil heads of nations or tribes ; chief x were military leaders. 

•S. Tobacco was in (rsneral use among the Indians for xmnlnnff, when the white men came. The more 
filthy piaclice of rhfiring it was invented by the white people. The aihimet was made of pipe-clay, and 
often ornamented wiih feathers. 




mk- 



BnniAL-PLACE. 



QCERTIONS. — II. What was the cmdition of Indian women? What can von tell nbont Indian families? 1'^. 
How did they hiiry their dead ? How did the relatives of (he deceased behave ? 13. What was th: charac- 
ter of their relisrinn? Wh il were their chief articles of belief? 



12 THE ABORIGINES. 



Indian government. Fate of the Aborigines. The Algonquins. 

deity.' They had vague ideas of the doctrine of atonement for sins, and made 
propitiatory sacrifices with great solemnity. All of them had dim traditions 
of the creation, and of a great deluge which covered the earth. Each nation 
had crude notions, drawn from tradition, of their own distinct origin, and all 
agreed that their ancestors came from the North. 

14. Their government was a mixture of the patriarchal and despotic. All 
political power was vested in a sachem or chief, who was sometimes an her- 
editary monarch, but frequently owed his elevation to his own merits as a 
warrior or orator. While in power, he was absolute in the execution of en- 
terprises, if the tribe confided in his wisdom. Public opinion, alone, sustained 
him. It elevated him, and it might depose him. Every measure of import- 
ance was matured in council, which was composed of the elders, with the 
sachem as umpire. His decision was final. Whithersoever he led, the whole 
tribe followed. The utmost decorum prevailed in the pubhc assemblies, and a 
speaker was always listened to with respectful silence. 

15. Such were the inhabitants of the territory of the United States when 
discovered by Europeans. They were almost all wanderers, and roamed over 
the vast solitudes of a fertile continent, free as the air, and unmindful of the 
wealth in the soil under their feet. The great garden of the Western World 
needed tillers, and white men came. They have thoroughly changed the 
condition of the land and the people. The light of civilization has revealed, 
and industry has developed, vast treasures in the soil, while before its radiance 
the Aboriginals are rapidly melting like snow in the sunbeams. A few gen- 
erations will pass, and no representative of the North American Indian will 
remain upon the earth. 



SECTION 11. 

THE ALGONQUINS. 

1. The French gave the name of Algonquin to an extensive tribe of In- 
dians upon the Ottawa river in Canada, and it was afterward applied to that 
great collection of tribes north and south of the lakes,^ who spoke dialects' of 
the same language. They inhabited the territory now included in all of Can- 
ada, New England, a part of New York and Pennsylvania, the States of New 
Jersev, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, eastern North Carolina above 

1. Tliey believed every animal to have harl a great original, or father. The first huffalo, the first bear, the 

first hejiver, the first eagle, etc., was Ihe Manitou of the whole race of the different 

frn_ »■ creatures. They chose snni;; one of these originals as their special Manitou, or 

jSUB^ X^^ guardian, and hence arose the custom of having the figure of some animal for the 

^.,— w/^ Y^ arms or svmbol of a tribe, called 7V)^/OT. For example, each of (he fjic JN'oMmis 

' / 1 (see See. III.) was divided into several tribes, desic-nated The Woir, The Hear, The 

_-/ ^) Turtle, etc., and their respective totmnn -were rude representations of these an- 

,^^ X.^^- — ^/ iraals. When thev signed treaties with the white people, they sometimes sketched 

^.v/ ontlines of their Int'imv. The annexed cut represents the tnliim of Teyendagages, of 

the Turtle tribe of the Mohawk nation, as affixed by him lo a deed. 

TOTDM. 2. Note 5, page 8. 3. Note 1, page 9. 



Questions.— 14 What was the form of aboriginal government? What was the influence ol 
'hat 'has civilized man effected in their country? What is their probable destiny? 1. Who 



V(ri ., 

CONOtiiNS ? What portion of the United States did they occupy ? 



of a chief? 15. 
were the Al- 



THE ALGONQUINS. 13 



Tribes of the Algonquin nation. 



Cape Fear, a large portion of Kentucky and Tennessee, and all north and 
west of these States, eastward of the Mississippi. 

2. The Algonquin nation was composed of several powerful tribes, the 
most important of which were the Kimteneaux in the far north, the Ottawas, 
Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, ifenomonees, Miamies, Piankeshaws, Pottawato- 
mies, Kickapoos, Illinois, S/iawnees, Powhatans, Corees, Nanticokes, Lenni- 
Lenapes, or Delawares, Mohegans, the New England Indians, and the Aben- 
akes. There were smaller, independent tribes, the principal of which were 
Susquehannocks, on the Susquehannah, in Pennsylvania; the Mannahoacks, 
in tlie hill country between the York and Potomac rivers ; and the Monocans, 
on the head waters of the James river in Virginia. All of these tribes were 
divided into cantons or clans, sometimes so small as to afford only a war 
party. 

3. The Knisteneaux yet [1865] inhabit a domain extending across the con- 
tinent from Labrador to the Rocky Mountains, and are the hereditary enemies 
of the Esquimaux, their neighbors of the Polar Circle. The original land of 
the Ott.vwas was on the west side of Lake Huron, but they were seated upon 
the river bearing their name when the French discovered them. They claimed 
sovereignty over that region, and exacted tribute from those who passed to or 
from the domain of the Hurons.^ They assisted the Hurons in a Avar Avith 
the Five Nations^ in 1650, and suffered much. The Hurons Avere almost 
destroyed, and the Ottawas Avere much reduced in numbers. Some of them, 
Avith the Huron remnant, joined the Chip>pewas, and finally the Avhole tribe 
returned to their ancient seat [1680] in the northern part of the Michigan 
peninsula. Under their great chief, Pontiac, they were confederated with 
several other Algonquin tribes of the North-west, in an attempt to extermi- 
nate the Avhite people, in 1763.^ Within a fortnight, in the summer of that 
year, they took possession of all the English garrisons and trading posts in the 
West,-except Detroit, Niagara,'' and Fort Pitt.^ Peace was restored in 1764-5, 
the confederation was dissolved, and Pontiac took up his abode Avith the Il- 
linois, Avhere he was murdered. His broken nation sought refuge with the 
French, and their descendants may yet [1805] be found in Canada. 

4. The Chippewas and Pottaav atomies Avere closely allied by language and 
friendship. Tlie former were on the southern shores of Lake Superior ; the 
latter occupied the islands and main land on the Avestern shores of Green Bay, 
Avhen first discoA-ered by the French, in 17G1. Tliey afterward seated them- 
selves on the southern shore of Lake Michigan [1701], Avhere they remained 
until removed, l)y treaty, to lands upon the Little Osage river, Avestward of 
Missouri. They are noAV [1865] the most numerous of all the remnants of 

1. Between the Ottawan and Hurons were a tribe called Mi-sissaguies, who appear to have left the Algon- 
QUiNS and .joined the Five Nations, south of Lake Ontario. 

2. Ohap. I., Sec. III., Verse 2 ; also Verse 4. page 17. 

3. Verse 50, page 169 4. Verse 50, page 169. 5. Averse 50, page 169. 



QnKSTiONS.— ^ What were the chief tiilies of the Algonquin Nation? 3. Where did the Kniftenenuxi 
dwell? Where did the 0«a(fn-'i dwell? What are the chief events in their history ? 4. Wheve did the CAip 
jjcwos and the Pottawatomies dwell? Where is their present home ? 



14 THE ABORIGINES. 



The North-western tribes. 




the Algonquin tribes. The Chippeiuas and the Sioux, west of the Mississippi, 
are their deadly enemies. 

5. The Sacs and Foxes are really one tribe. They were first discovered by 
the French at the southern extremity of Green Buy, in 1680. In 1712, the 
French garrison of twenty men, at Detroit,' was attacked by the Foxes. The 
French repulsed them, with the aid of tlie Ottawas, and almost destroyed the 

assailants. They joined the luckajwos in 1722, in driving 
the lUinovi from their lands on the river of that name. The 
Illinois took refuge with the French, and the Kickapoos re- 
mained on their lands until 1819, when they went to the 
west bank of the Missouri, in the vicinity of Fort Leaven- 
worth. The Sacs and Foxes sold their lands to the United 
States in 1830. Black Hawk, a Sac chief, who, with his 
BLACK HAWK. pcople, jolncd the English in our second war with Great 
Britain," demurred, and commenced hostilities in 1832.^ The Indians were 
defeated, and Black Hawk,'' with many of his warriors, was made prisoner. 

6. The Menomonees were discovered by the French upon the shores of 
Green Bay, in 1699. They yet [1SG5] remain upon their ancient territory, 
but their southern neighbors and friends, the Winnebagoes, have gone west- 
ward of the Mississippi.^ 

7. The MiAMiES and Piankeshaws inhabited that portion of the Ohio lying 
between the Maumee river of Lake Erie, and the ridge which separates the 
head waters of the Wabash from the Kaskaskias. They were called Twight- 
ivees by the Five Nations and the English. Of all the Western tribes, these 
have ever been the most active enemies of the United States." They have 
ceded their lands, and are now [1865] far beyond the Mississippi. 

8. The Illinois formed a numerous tribe, twelve thousand strong, when 
discovered by the French. They were seated upon the Illinois river, and con- 
sisted of a confederation of five families, namely, Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tam- 
aronas, Michigamias, and Peorias. Weakened by internal feuds, the confed- 
eracy was reduced to a handful, by their hostile neighbors. They ceded their 
lands in 1818, when they numbered only three hundred souls. A yet smaller 
remnant are now [1865] upon lands west of the Mississippi. 

9. The Siiawnoese occupied a vast region west of the AUeghanies,'' and their 
great council-house was in the basin of the Cumberland river. At about the 



1. Verse 50. page 169. 2. Verse 6, page 2?0. 3. Verse .% page 309. 

4. Tlie picture is from a plaster cast of his face, taken when he was a prisoner in New York, iu 1832. See 
V.-rser., p.it,'c309. 

r> Tlir' W : nneJuigneK are the most dissolute of all the Indian remnants. In August, lf?53, a treaty was 
m:\'W with ihim to occupy the beautiful country above St. Paul, westward of the .Mississippi, between the 
C'rc.w anil ('lc:ir Water rivers. 6. Verse 5, page 280. 

7. The Alleghany or Appalachian mnnnlains extend from the Catpkills, in the State of New York, in a 
south-west direction, to Georgia and Alabama, and have been called the " backbone of the country." Some 
geographers extend them to the While mountains of New Hampshire. 

Questions. — .5. Who arc the Saci and Foxen? and where did (hey dwell ? What nre the principal events 
in their history ? 6. What do you know of the Menom-inees and their neighbors? 7- Where did the Miamies 
and PiankenhawK dwell ? and where are tbev now 1 8. What was Ihe condition, and where the residence of 
the VHnoi" tribe when first discovered? Name their divisions. What is their fate? 9. What legion did 
the Sfiatrnees inhabit? 



THE ALGONQUINS. 15 



Tribes of the Middle States. 



time when the English first landed at Jamestown' [1607], they were diivcn 
from their country by more southern tribes. Some crossed the Ohio, and set- 
tled on the Sciota, near the present Chilicothe ; others wandered eastward 
into Pennsylvania. The Ohio division joined the Fries and Andastes against 
the Five Nations, in 1672. Suffering defeat, the SJiawnoe/te Red to the coun- 
try of the Cataivbas, but were soon driven out, and found shelter with the 
Creeks." They finally returned to Ohio, and being joined by their Pennsyl- 
vania bretlireu, they ibrmed an alliance with the French against the English.^ 
They were subdued by Boquet in 1763,^ and again by Virginians, at Point 
Pleasant, at the mouth of the great Kenawha, in 1774.^ They aided the 
British during the Revolution, and continued to annoy the Americans until 
1795, when permanent peace was established." They were the enemies of 
the Americans during their second war with Great Britain. They are now 
[1S65J but a miserable remnant, and occupy lands south of the Kanzas river. 
The road from Fort Independence' to Santa Fe passes through their territorJ^ 

10. The PowHATANS constituted a confederacy of more than twenty tribes, 
including the AccohannocJcs and Accomacs^ on the eastern shore of the Chesa- 
peake Bay. Powhatan (the fiither of Pocahontas^) was the chief sachem, or 
emperor of the confederacy, when the English first appeared upon the James 
river [1607]. They remained nominally friendly to the white people during 
Powhatan's lifetime, but after his death they made two attempts to extermi- 
nate the English [1622, 1644]. They were subjugated in 1644," and from that 
time they gradually diminished in numbers and importance. Of all that great 
confederacy in Lower Virginia, it is believed that not one representative on 
earth remains, or tliat one tongue speaks their dialect. 

11. South of the Powhatans, on the Atlantic coast, were the Corees, Che- 
raws, and other small tribes, occupying the land once inhaljited by the power- 
ful Ilaiteras.^" They were allies of the Tuscaroras in 1711, in an attack upon 
the English," suffered defeat, and have now disappeared from the eartli. 
Their dialect is forgotten. 

12. The Nanticokes occupied the great peninsula between the Chesapeake 
and Delaware Bays. They were early made vassals, and finally allies on 
compulsion, of the Five Nations. They left their ancient domain in 1710, 
occupied lands upon the Susquehannah, in Pennsylvania, until the Revolu- 
tionary War commenced, when they crossed the Alleghanies, and joined the 
British in the West. They are now [18r)5] scattered among many tribes. 

13. The Lenni-Lenapes,'- who were frequently called Delawares, comprised 

I. Verse 10, page 50. 2. Veife ?, pape 22. 3. Verse 8, page 150. 
4. Note 7, page 169. 5. Note 4, page 193. 6. Verse 8, page 206. 
7. United States fort on the Missouri. Santa Fe is in New Mexico, 765 miles south-west of Foi t Inrlcpen- 

dence. 8. Verse 14, page 51. 9. Verse 12, page i-h. 

10. This trihe numbered about 3,000 warrior.s when Raleigh's expedition landed on Hoannlie Inland, hvii 
when the English made permanent settlements in that vicinity, they were reduced to about fifteen bowmen. 

II. Verse l.S, page 1,36. 

12. Original people. — This name has been applied to the whole Algonquin nation. The LenniLenapes 

Questions. — 9. Relate the chief events of the history of tlie ShaicneeJi . 10. Who were the Poirhatann? 
What their divisions? Whprc Uiiir country? 11. Where, and who were the Corees? 12. Who were the 
Nanticokes ? and what became of them ? 



16 THE ABORIGINES. 



The Lenni-Lenapes. The Mohegans. 

two powerful nations, namely, the Minsi and the Delawares proper. The for- 
mer occupied the northern part of New Jersey, and a portion of Pennsylvania, 
and the latter inhabited lower New Jersey, the banks ol' the Delaware below 
Trenton, and the whole valley of the Schuylkill. The Five Nations sub- 
jugated them in 1650, and brought them under degrading vassalage. They 
gradually retreated westward before the tide of civilization, and finally a por- 
tion of them crossed the Alleghanies, and settled in the land of the Hurons^ 
on the Muskingum, in Ohio. Those who remained in Pennsylvania, joined 
the Shawneesj- and aided the French against the Enghsh, during the French 
and Indian war.^ In 1768 they all went over the mountain-, and the great 
body of them, became friends of the British during the Revolution. They 
were at the head of the confederacy of Western tribes who were crushed by 
Wayne in 1794,'' and the following year they ceded all their lauds on the 
Muskingum, and seated themselves near the Wabash. In 1819, they ceded 
those lands also, and the remnant now [1865] occupy a territory north of the 
Kanzas river, near its mouth. 

14. The Mohegans were a distinct tribe, on the Hudson river, l)ut the name 
was given to the several independent tribes who inhabited Long Island and 
the country between the Lenni-Lenapes and the New England Indians.^ Of 
tliis family, the Pequods,'^ inhabiting eastern Connecticut, on the shores of 
Long Island Sound, were the most powerful. They exercised authority over 
the Montauhs and twelve other tribes upon Long Island. Their power was 
broken by the revolt of Uncas against his chief, Sassacus,'^ a short time before 
the appearance of the white people. The Manhattans were seated upon the 
Hudson, in lower Westchester, and sold Manhattan Island, whereon New 
York now stands, to the Dutch.* The latter had frequent conflicts with these 
and other River Indians." The Dutch were generally conquerors. The Mo- 
hawks, one of the Five Nations,'" were pressing hard upon them at the same 
time, and several of the Mohegan tribes were reduced to the condition of vas- 
sals of that confederacy. Peace was effected in 1665, by the English governor 
at New York. In the meanwhile, the Eugish and Narragan- 
sets had smitten the Pequods,'^ and the remaining independent 
Mohegans, reduced to a handful, finally took up their abode 
on the west bank of the Thames, five miles below Nor- 
wich,''^ at a place still known as Mohegan Plain, Tlieir 
burial-place was at Norwich, and there a granite monument 
rests upon the grave of Uncas. The tribe is now almost ex- 
tinct — " the last of the Mohicans" will soon sleep with liis 

UNOAS' MONUMENT. fatllCrS. 

cluimed lo have come from beyond the Mississippi, conquering a more civilized people on the way, who in- 
habited the great valleys beyond the Alleghany mountains. 

1. Verse I, page 17. •.'. Verse 9, page 14. 3. Chap. IV., Sec. XII. 4. Verse 8, page 2P6. 

5. Verse 15, page 17. 6. Verse 8, jinge 08. 7. Verse 11, page 69. 8. Verse 1, pago 111. 

9. Verse 6, page 1 1.?. 10. Verse 2, page is. ll. Verse 11, page 69. 12. Note 1, pager£6 




Questions. — 13. Who were the /icnni-irnape.* ." Where did they dwell? Relate the principal events in 
their history. 14. Who were the Moheyaim? Where wn.s their country? What were their chief tribesf 
Relate sorae of tlie principal events in their iiistory. 



THE HURON-IROQUOIS. - 17 



The New England Indians. 



15.- The New England Indians inhabited the country from Connecticut to 
the Saco river. The principal tribes were the Narragansets in Khode Island 
and the western shores of Narraganset Bay ; the Pokonokets and Wampanoags 
on the eastern shore of the same bay, and in a portion of Massachusetts ; the 
.Nipmucs in the center of Massaciiusetts ; the Massachusetts in the vicinity of 
Boston and the shores southward ; and the Fawtuckets in the north-eastern 
part of Massachusetts, embracing the Pennacooks of New Hanipsliire. These 
were divided into smaller bands, having petty chiefs. They were warlike, 
and were continually engaged in hostilities with the Five Nations or with the 
Mohegans. The English and Dutch effected a general peace in 1G73.' Two 
years afterward [1675], Metacomet (King Philip) aroused most of the New 
England tribes against the English. A fierce war ensued, but ended in the 
subjugation of the Indians and the death of Philip, in 1676.'^ The power of 
the New England Indians was completely broken. Some joined the more 
eastern tribes, and others took refuge in Canada, whence they very frequently 
came to the border settlements on errands of revenge.^ These incursions 
ceased when the French dominion in Canada ended in 1763.'' When the 
Puritans came^ [1620], the New England Indians numbered about ten thou- 
sand souls; now [1865], probably not three hundred representatives remain; 
and the dialects of all, except of the Narragansets, are forgotten. 

16. The Abenakes were eastward of the Saco. The chief tribes were the 
Penobscoh; Norridgeivocks, Androscoggins, and Passammaquoddies. These, 
with the more eastern tribes of the Mkmacs and Eichemitis, were made nom- 
inal Christians by the French Jesuits;'' and they were all firm allies of the 
French until the conquest of Canada by the English, in 1760.'' i\ll of the 
Abenakes, except the Penobscots, withdrew to Canada in 1754. A few scat- 
tered families of the latter yet [1865] dwell upon the banks of the Penobscot 
river, and wanderers are seen on the St. Lawrence. 



SECTION III. 

THE IIURON-IROQUOIS. 

1. The great body of the Iroquois tribes occupied almost the wliole terri- 
tory in Canada south of the Ottawa, between Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron ; 
a greater portion of the State of New York, and a part of Pennsylvania and 
Ohio along the southern shores of Lake Erie. They were completely sur- 
rounded by the Algonquins, in whose southern border, in portions of North 
Carolina and Virginia, were the Tuscaroras and a few smaller Iroquois tribes.* 

1. Verse 14, page HP. 2. Verse 30, page 102. .•?. Verse 3.5, page 104. 4. Verse 48. pa<re 1P8. 

S Verse 1 , pape 90. 6. Verse .'^.5, pape 104. 7. Verse 47, P'lgre 168. 

8. The Soulhern Iroquois were the Tufcaroras, Choicana, Meherrinn, and Nottoicayi. The three latter 

Questions. — \f>. What were the names, and where wc-e the ahorles of the tribes of New Knfrland In- 
dians? Relate \\iv principnl events in their history. 16. What were the chief tubes of il>o Ali^nalte.^ ? What 
region did they inhabit? What has become of thoin f 1. What region dii {.he Buron- ii oq tois tribes inhabit? 



18 THE ABORIGINES. 



The liuron-Iroquois. The Five Nations. 

The Hurons occupied the Canadian portions of the territory, and the land on 
the southern shore of Lake Erie, and appeared to be a distinct nation ; but 
their language was found to be identical with that of the Iroquois. The Hu- 
rons consisted of four smaller tribes, namely, the Wyandots, or Hurons proper, 
the Attiouandh'onSj^ the Eries, and the Andastes. The two latter tribes were 
south of the lake, and claimed jurisdiction back to the domains of the Shaw- 
noese.^ 

2. The Five Nations, or Iroquois proper, formed a confederacy composed 
of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and IJohaick tribes, all occupying 
lands within the present State of New York. The Great Council fire of tlie 
Confederation was with the Onondagas, and the mctropohs, or chief village, 
was near the present city of Syracuse. The French gave them the name of 
Iroquois ; the Algonquins called them Alingoes.'^ At what time the confed- 
eration was formed, is not known.'' It was strong and powerful when the 
French discovered them [1609], and they were then engaged in bloody wars 
with their kinsmen, the Wyandots. 

3. The FivK Nations resolved to strike a final and decisive blow against 
their western neighbors, in 1649, and, gathering all their warriors, made a 
successful invasion of the Wyandot, on Huron country. Great rmmbers of the 
Wyandots were slain and made prisoners, and the whole tribe was dispersed. 
Some of the fugitives took refuge with the Chippewas ; others fled to Quebec ; 
and a few became a part of the Iroquois confederacy. Yet the spirit of the 
Wyandots was not subdueil, and they claimed and exercised sovereignty over 

almost the whole of the Ohio country. They had great influence among the 
Algonquin tribes,* and even as late as the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the 
principal cession of lands in Ohio to the United States was made by the Wy- 
andot chiefs in council." They, too, are reduced to a mere remnant of less 
than five liundred souls, and now [18G5] occupy lands upon the Neosho river, 
a chief tributary of the Arkansas. 

4. The Five Nations were exceedingly warlike, and they made hostile ex- 
peditions against the New England Indians,' in the east, the Eries, Andastes, 
and Miamies in the west,^ and penetrated to the domains of the Cataivhas^ 
and Cherolcees^" in the south. They subjugated the Eries in 1655, and after a 
contest of twenty years, brought the Andastes into vassalage. They conquered 
the Miamies" and Ottawas'^ in 1657, and made incursions as far as the Roan- 



were upon the livers in lower Virginia, called by their respective names, and were known under the gen- 
ernl title of ri/.vrarora*. , , , , 

1. Xeiilrid Nntion. When the FTurom and Five Nations were at war, the AUwunndiron.i fled to the San- 
dusky and built a fort for each of the belligerents when in that region. liut their neutrality did not save 
thrm'fioni internal feuds, which Dnallv dismembered the tribe. One party joined the Wi/andoU; the other 
th ■ Irnnmiix. ' -■ Verse 9, page 14. 

:>■ Mitiiiiii-f, or Jfinqxns, was a term more particularly applied to the Mohatclc tribe. They called them 
.selves Kin/higefiaga—" vossesi^ots of the flint." The confederation assumed the title of Kwioyliiwi— 
" cabinhiiihl'ers " 4. Probably about the year 1.'39. 

."). Verse 2, page l"*. 6. Verse 8, page 2f>6. 7. Verse 15, page 17. 8. Verse 7, page 14. 

9. Verse 1, page 1.3. 10. Verse 1, page 20. 11. Verse 7, page 14. 12. Verse 3, p.ige 13. 

Ql'ESTiONS.— 1 . Of what tribes did the Hurons consist? 2. What tribes formed the Five Nations? What 
region did thev inhabit ? Rpbite the principal events in the history of the Five Nation?. What do you 
know of the Wi/amhl.' f i. Wbat was the character of the Five Nations ? What were their pr ncipal war 
expeditions? 



THE CATAWBAS. 19 



Confederacy of the Six Nations. Its exti .ctiou. The (Jatavvbixs. 

oke and Cape Fear rivers to the land of tlieirkindred in language, the Tuscaro^ 
ras, in 1701.' Thirty j'ears afterward, liaving been joined by the Tuscaroras, 
and the name of the confederacy changed to that of The Six Nations, they 
made war upon the Cherokee^" and Catawbas. They were led on by Hi-o- 
ka-too, a Seneca chief. The Catawbas were ahnost annihilated by them, after 
a battle of two days. So determined were the Five Nations to subdue the 
southern tribes, that when, in 1744, they ceded a part of their lands to Vir- 
ginia, they reserved a perpetual privilege of a war-path througli the territory. 
5. After the Tascaroras were defeated by the Carolinians, in 1712,' they 
came nortliward, and, in 1714, joined the Five Nations. From that time the 
confederacy was known as the Six Nations. They were generally the sure 
friends of the English and inveterate foes of the French.'* They were all 
friends of the British during the Revolution, except a part of the Oneidas. 
The Mohawks were the most active enemies of the Americans ; and Averc 
obliged to leave the State and take refuge in Canada at the close of the Revo- 
lution. The others were allowed to remain; and now [1865] mere fragments 
of that gr^t confederation exist, and, in habits and character, they are radi- 
cally changed. The confederacy was forever extinguished by the sale of the 
residue of the Seneca lands in 1838. In 1715, the confederacy numbered 
more than forty thousand souls; now [1865] they are probably less than four 
thousand, most of whom are upon lands beyond the IVIississippi. 



SECTION IV. 

THE CATAWBAS. 

1. The Catawbas occupied lands upon the Yadkin and Catawba rivers 
south of the Tuscaroras, on botli sides of the hue between Nortli and South 
Carolina. They were brave but not warlike, and their conflicts were usually 
in defense of their territory. They expelled the fugitive Shawnees [1672] * 
but were overmatched and desolated by the warriors of the Five Nations" 
[1701]. They assisted the white people of South Carolina against the Tasca- 
roras and confederates, in 1712 ;' but when, three years afterward, the south- 
ern tribes, from the Neuse region to that of the St. Mary's in Florida, and 
westward to the Alabama, seven thousand strong, confederated in an attempt 
to exterminate the Carolinians,' the Catawbas were among them. 

2. In 1760, the Catawbas were again the friends of the Carolinians when 
the Cherokees made Avar upon them,'-" and they remained true friends of the 
white people a fterward. They joined the Americans during the Revolution, 

V AVr"! ?.^' '"'"^ ]^^- 2. Verse 3, page 20. sTvci^elu^ap^Gy 

4. Aerbe 2.3, page 157. 5. Verse 9, pa^e 14. fi. A'erse 4. patre IR. 

7. A erse 14, page 136. & Verse 20, page 138. 9. Verse 49. page 168. 

a3F^^JI°^^~^- n'^!^''"""? 'I'e confederacy to he called the Six Natio.ns? AVIiat va-> their position 
during the American War for Tivlependence? 1. What region did the Cnlawba.-: inhnhi' ? What was their 
character? Wliat position dii they take in 1715? 2. Wh.it was their position afler 1700? 



20 THE ABORIGINES. 



The Cherokees. Tlieir wars and alliances. Their character. 



and have ever since experienced the fostering care of the State, in some de- 
gree.' Their chief village was upon the Catawba river, near the mouth of the 
Pishing Creek,= and there the remnant of the nation, numbering less than a 
hundred sonls, were living when the Civil War broke out in 1801. Their 
ancient language is almost extinct. 



SECTION V. 

THE CHEROKEES. 

1. "Westward, and joining the Tuscaroras^ and Catawhas* were the Chero- 
kees, the brave and noble mountaineers of the South. Their beautiful land 
extended from the Carolina Broad river on the east, to the Alabama on the 
west, including tlie whole of the upper portion of Georgia from the head 
waters of the Alatamaha, to those of the Tennessee. It is one of the most 
delightful regions of the United States. 

2. The Cherokees were the determined foes of the .§/i'rtW«ofsf,'* and finally 
drove them from the country south of the Ohio river. They joined with the 
Catawhas and the white people against the Tuscaroras in 1712,° but were 
members of the great confederation against the Carolinians, in 17 IS.' 

3. The Cherokees and the Five Nations had bloody contests for a long 
time. A reconciliation was effected by the English about the year 1750, and 
the Cherokees became the allies of the peace-makers, against the French. 
They assisted in the capture of Fort Du Quesne in 1758,* but their irregular- 
ities on their return, along the border settlements of Virginia, gave the white 
people an apparent excuse for killing two or three warriors. Hatred was en- 
gendered, and the Cherokees soon afterward retaliated by spreading destruc- 
tion along the frontiers." Hostilities continued a greater portion of three 
years, when peace was established in 1761, and no more trouble ensued. 

4. The Cherokees adhered to the British during the Revolution ; and for 
eight years afterward they continued to annoy the jieople of the upper county 
of the Carolinas. They were reconciled bv treaty in 1791. They were 
friends of the United States in 1812, and assisted in the subjugation of the 
Creeks.^" Civilization was rapidly elevating them from the condition of roving 
savages, to agriculturists and artizans, when their removal west of the Mis- 
sissippi was required. They had established schools, a printing press, and 
other means for improvement and culture, when they were obliged to leave 

1. In 182?, a Cataitha warrior m«de an eloquent appeal to the Legislntnre of South Oarolina for aid. " I 
pnrsuert the deer for subsistence," he said, " bnt the deer are disappearing, and T must starve, find ordained 
me for the forests, and my anihition is the shade. Hut the strensrlh of my arm decays, and my feet fail me 
in the chase. The hand tiiat fonsht for your liberties is now open to you for relief." A pension was granted. 

?. Yorkville district, South Carolina. 

3. Verse 4. page 18. 4. Verse 1, pnpe 19. 6. Verse 9, page 14. 6. Verse 14, page 136. 

7. Verse 20, page 138. 8. Verse 34, page 162. 9. Verse 49. page 168. 10. Verse 15, page 290. 

QuKSTiONS. — 1. What regions di.i \\\K Cherolcees inhabit? 2. What was their position toward the white 
people in 171 ', and afterwardf 3. What was their position during the French and Indian warf 4. Relate 
the chief events in the history of the Cherokees since the beginning of the War for Independence. 



THE NATCHEZ, 21 



The Uchees. The Natchez. Their collision with the French. 

their farms and the graves of their fathers, for a new home in the wilderneFS. 
They are in a fertile country, watered by the Arkansas and its tributaries, and 
are in a prosperou.'^ condition, notwithstanding tlie injuries indicted upon 
them bv tlie hite Civil War. 



SECTION VI. 

THE UCHEES 



1. The Uchees were but a remnant of a once powerful nation when 
Europeans discovered them. They wore seated in the pleasant cor.ntry ex- 
tending from the Savannah river, at Augusta, westward to Milledgeville, and 
along tiie banks of the Oconee and the head waters of the Great Ogeechee 
and the Chattahooche. Tliey claimed to be descendants of the most ancient 
inhabitants of the country, and had no tradition of their ever occupying any 
other territory than the domain on which they were found. Their language 
was exceedingly harsh, and unhke that of any other nation. They, too, have 
left the land of their fathers, and have become partially absorbed by the 
Creeks, with whom about one thousand souls yet [1865] remain. 



SECTION VII. 

THE NATCHEZ. 

1. The Natcoez occupied a small territory on the eastern side of the Mis- 
sissippi, about as large as that of the Uchees. It extended north-easterly from 
the Mississippi along the valley of the Pearl river to the upper waters of the 
Chickasahaw. For a long time they were supposed to belong to the nation 
of Mobilian tribes by whom they were surrounded, but their language proved 
them to be a distinct people.^ They became jealous of the French on their 
first appearance upon the Mississippi, and finally they conspired with others 
to drive the intruders from the country. The French fell upon, and almost 
annihilated the nation, in 1730. They never recovered from the shock, and 
after maintaining a feeble nationality for almost a century, they have become 
merged into the Creek confederacy. They now [18G5] number less than 
three hundred souls, and their language, in its purity, is unknown. 



1. Note 1, pnge rs, . . ... 

2. The Natchez worshiper! the sun ; and some have snpposed that they had once been in communication 
■with the sun-worshipers of Central and South America. Note 1, page 331. 



QnESTiovs —1. Where was the country, and what was the character of the XTehcea .» Where are they now f 
1. What region did the Natchez inhabit? What was their character? What caused their downfall ? 



22 



THE ABORIGINES. 



The Mobilian confederacies. 



The Seminoles and Creeks. 



SECTION VIII. 




THE MOBILIAN TRIBES. 

1. The Mobilian nation was composed of a great number of tribes, speak- 
ing difierent dialects' of the same language. Their territory was next in ex- 
tent to that of the Algonqcjins.'^ It stretched along the Gulf of Mexico from 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi, more than six hundred miles ; up the Missis- 
sippi as far as the mouth of the Ohio ; and along the Atlantic to Cape Fear. 
It comprised a greater portion of the present State of Georgia, tlie whole of 
Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi, and jiarts of South Carolina, Tennessee, and 
Kentucky. The nation was divided into three grand contederacies of tribes, 
namely, Muscogees or Creeks^ Choctaws, and CJiickasaws. 

2. The Creek Confederacy extended from 
the Atlantic westward to the liigh lauds 
which separate the waters of the Alabama 
and Tombigbee rivers, including a great 
portion of the States of Alabama and Geor- 
gia, and the whole of Florida. Oglethorpe's 
first interviews' with the natives at Savan- 
nah, were with the people of this con- 
federacy. 

3. The Seminoles of Florida and the Yamassees or Savannahs of Georgia 
and South Carolina, were of the Creek confederacy. The latter were strong 
and warlike. They were at the head of the Indian Confederacy irt 1715.' 
When the general dispersion followed, the Yamassees took refuge with the 
Spaniards of Florida. Small bands often annoyed the white frontier settle- 
ments of Georgia, but they were not engaged in general hostilities until the 
Revolution, when the whole Creek Confederacy^ took part with the British. 

4. The Seminoles were always liostile to their white neighbors, and band? 
of them went out upon the war-path, with the Yamassees. They joined the 
British in 1812-14; and in 1817 they renewed hostilities.'' They were sub- 
dned by General Jackson, and afterward remained comparatively quiet until 
18.'35, when they again attacked the white settlements.' They were subju- 
gated in 1842, after many lives and much treasure had been sacrificed.* A 
lew of them yet [1865] remain in th? everglades of Florida, but a greater 
portion of the tribe have gone west of the Mississippi, with the other mem- 
bers of the Creek Confederacy. The Creeks proper now [1865] number about 

1. Note 1, page 9. 2. Verse 1 pace 12. ". Veise 5, page 79. 4. Verse W>, P"Ke 138. 

5. This coiifc'leracy now consists of the Creeli-i proper, Scminolm, Cnrfadas, NatcJiez, Hichitties, and 
Alnhiimns: Tlie Creeks, like several other tribes, cliiim to he the original people. 

6. Verse 4, page 303- 7. Verse 10, page 311. 8. Verse 6, page 316. 



SOUTUEUN INDIANS. 



QOF.STIONS. — 1. Who wnre the Mnhilian tribes? Wliat territory rtitl they inhabit ? Name their grand divi- 
sions? 2. What region did the Creele conP'deracy inliahit? .S. What other tribes were of the Creek ron- 
fi-lcracy? Who were the Yamnnnee!! ? 4. What are the principal events in the history of the Seininolex? 
What i.s the present condition of the Creoles ? 



THE DAHCOTAH OR SIOUX INDIANS. 23 



The Choctaws and Chickasawii. Tiie Dahcotah or Sioux Indians. 



twenty-four thousand souls ; the number of the whole confederacy is about 
thirty thousand. They occupy lands upon the Arkansas and its tributaries. 

5. Tlie Choctaws inhabited the beautil'ul country bordering upon the Gulf 
of Mexico, and exteuding west of the Creclcs to the Mississippi. They were 
an agricultural people when the Eiuopeans discovered them ; and, attached 
to home and their c^uiet pursuits, they have ever been a peaceful people. 
Their wars have always been on the defensive, and they never had public 
feuds with either their Spanish, French, or English neighbors. They, too, 
have been compelled to abandon their native couirtry for the uncultivated 
Avilderness west of Arkansas, between the Arkansas and Red rivers. They 
now [1865] number about twenty-tlu'ee thousand souls. 

6. The Chickasaics inhabited the country along the Mississippi, from the 
borders of the Choctaw domain, to the Ohio river, and eastward beyond the 
Tennessee to the lanJs of tlu Cherokees' an I Shawnoese," This warlike tribe 
were the early friends of the English, and the most inveterate foes of the 
French, who had twice [1736-1740J invaded their country. They adhered to 
the British during the Revolution, but since that time they have held friendly 
relations with the Government of the United States. The remnant, about 
six thousand in number, are upon lands almost a hundred leagues westward 
of the Mississippi. 

7. Such is the brief history of the aboriginal nations with Avhom the first 
European settlers in the United States became acquainted. They have now 
no legal habitation eastward of the Mississippi ; and the fragments of those 
powerful tribes who once claimed sovereignty over twenty-four degrees of 
longitude and twenty degrees of latitude, are now [1865] compressed within 
a quadrangle of about nine degrees, between the Red and Missouri rivers.' 
Whether the grave of the last of those great tribes shall be within their pres- 
ent domain, or in fome valley among the crags of the Rocky Mountains, 
expediency will determine. 

i^ .» ♦ t. »i 



SECTION IX. 

THE DAHCOTAH OR SIOUX INDIANS. 

1. The early French explorers found a great number of tribes west of the 
Mississippi, who spoke dialects* of the same language. They occupied the 
vast region from the Arkansas on the south, to the western tributary of Lake 
Winnipeg on the north, and westward to the eastern slopes of the Rocky 

1. Verse 1, pajre 20. 2. Verse 9, page 14. 

3. Bancroft [II. 25S] makes the followinpr estimate of the entire aboriginal population in l(i5() : Alsonqnins, 
90,(101): Kastern Sioux, less tlian 3,001) ; Iroquois, inclurlinp: their southern kindrerl, a!)nut 17,000 ; Catawbas, 
3,000 ; Oherokees (now more numerous than ever). 12,000 ; Mobilian tribes, 50,000 ; Uehees, 1,000 ; Natchez, 
4,000 : in all, 180,000. 4. Note 1, page 9. 



Questions. — .5. Whei-e was the dwelline-place of the Chnrtairs? What has always been the character 
of ihe Chnrlairsf fi. Whit reeion ilifl the Chirlnnawn inhabit? Wliat was their character, and what became 
their condition? 7. What is the general condition of tlie ludian tribes, with whom the white people 6rst 
became acquainted ? 



24 THE ABOEIGINES. 



The northwestern tribes. 



Mountains.' They have been classed into four grand divisions, namely, the 
WiNNEBAGOES, who inhabited the country between Lake Michigan and the 
Mississippi, among the Algonquins ;■ tlie Assiniboins and Sioux proper, the 
most northerly nation ; the Minetaree Group in the Minnesota Territory, 
and the Southern Sioux, who dwelt in the country between the Arkansas 
and Platte rivers, and whose hunting-grounds extended to the Eucky 
Mountains. 

2. The Winnebngoes often made war upon the Sioux west of the Missis- 
sippi. They generally lived on friendly terms with the Algonquins, after 
their warlike spirit was somewhat subdued by the Illinois, who, in 1640, 
almost exterminated them. They were the enemies to the United States 
during the second war with Great Britain f and they confederated with the 
Sacs and Foxes in hostilities against the white people, under Black Hawk, in 
1832.* The tribe, now [1805] about four thousand strong, is seated upon the 
Mississippi, about eighty miles above St. Paul, the capital of ilinnesota. 

3. The Assinnihoins yet inhabit their native country. Having separated 
from the nation, they are called " rebels." Their neighbors, the Sioux proper, 
were first visited by the French in 1660, and have ever been regarded as the 
most fierce and warlike people on the continent. They occupy their ancient 
domain, and are now [1865J about eighteen thousand strong. 

4. The Mineiarees, Mandans, and Crows, form the Minetaree Group. 
They are classed with the Dahcotahs or Sioux, although the languages have 
only a slight affinity. The Mineiarees and Mandans number about three 
thousand souls each. They cultivate the soil and Uve in villages. The Cmws 
number about fifteen hundred, and are wanderers and hunters. The Man- 
dans are very light-colored. Some suppose them to be descendants of a 
colony from Wales, wliich, it is believed, came to America under Madoc, the 
son of a Welsh prince, in the twelfth century.^ 

5. The Southern Sioux tribes are eight in number, namely, Aj-kansas, 
Osages, Kanzas, lowas, Missouries, Otoes, Omahas, and Puncahs. They are 
cultivators and hunters. They live in villages a part of the year, and aro 
abroad, upon their hunting grounds, during the remainder. Of these tribes, 
the Osages are the most warlike and powerful. All of the Southern Siowr. 
tribes are upon lands watered by the Missouri and the Platte, and their trib- 
utaries. 

1 See picture at (he head of this chapter for representation of Iheir costume anrl rencrnl appearance. 
2. Verse 6, pajre 14. 3. Verse, G pape 280. 4. Vcrfe 5, pnpc .'^DO. 

b. It is said tliat Madnc, son of Prince Owen (iwvncdd, sailed from Wales wiili 10 ships and 300 men, 
about the year 1170, on an exploiinj; voyage westward, and never returned. 

QnESTioNS.— 1, Where aie the Sio'ix Indians located? Name their srand divisions in ihe Norlh. 2. 
What is the ch.-iracler and his-tniy of the Wimifhnqiifii y .■?. Whsit do yon krow of (he >f/!6?nj'")J)w .» What 
tribes form Ihe Mhutartp r/roup .' 4. What do you linow of the Minetarees and Mandans '/ 5. What are the 
names of the Southern Sioxix Indians f 



THE EXTREME WESTERN TRIBES, 25 



The tribes of the extreme weBt. 



SECTION X. 

THE EXTREME WESTERN TRIBES. 

1. Within our newly acquired possessions on the borders of Mexico and 
the Pacific coast, and the recently organized territories in the interior of the 
continent are numerous powerful and warlike tribes,' of whom Uttle is known, 
and wliose history has no connection with that of the people of the United 
States, except the fact that they were original occupants of the soil, and that 
some of them, especially the California Indians, yet dispute our right to sov- 
ereignty. Of these, the Camanches and Apaches of California are the most 
warlike. The Pawnees upon the Great Plains toward the Eocky Mountains 
are very numerous, but not so warlike ; and the Utahs, among the Wasatch 
and neighboring ranges, are strong in numbers. Further northward and 
westward are the Black-Feet, Crow, Snake, Nezperces, and Flathead Indians, 
whose domains stretch away toward the Knistenaux and Esquimaux on the 
extreme north. 

2. All of these tribes are destined to annihilation. The scytlie of civiliza- 
tion is steadily cutting its swaths over all their lands ; and the time is not far 
distant when the f jotprints of the Indians will be no more known within the 
domain of our Republic. In future years the dusky son of an exile, coming 
from the far-off borders of the Slave Lake, will be gazed at in the streets of a 
city at the mouth of the Yellow Stone, with as much wonder as the Oneida 
woman, with her blue cloth blanket and bead-work merchandise is now 
[18G5] in the city of New York. 

1. The whole number of Ir-iians within the present limits of the United States, in 1860, is reported in the 
Census to be a little move than 4Uil,0.HI. There are about 17,000 in the States eastward of the Mississippi, prin- 
cipally in New York, Michisran, and Wisconsin; the remainder, consisting of fherohees, Choctaics, and 
Seminoles, being in North Carolina, Mississip])!, and Florida. The number in Minnesota and along the 
fiontiers of the Western States and Texas (most of them emigrants from the country eastward of the Mis- 
sissippi), is estimated at 110,' 00. Those o.i the plains and among the Rocky Mountains, not within any 
organized Territory, at fi.3, 000 in Texas, at 29,000; in New Mexico, at 45,000"; in California, at 100,000; 
in Utah, at 12,000 ; in Oregon aad Washington Territories, at 2.3,01)0. For more minute accounts of the 
Indians, see Heekewelrter's Hhtori/ of the Imlinn Katinns ; Schnolcvafl's jl^^ic nemrches; McKenney's 
History of the Indiun Tribes ; Drake's Book of the Indians ; Catlin's Letters and Notet. 

Questions. — 1. Where are other Indian tribes within our territory? Name some of the principal tribes 
in the territories of our Unioii. 2. What is probably the ultimate destiny of all the Indian Tribes ? 




DISCOVERIES. 

SECTION I. 

SCANDINAVIAN VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 



1. Kecords of early 
P^ voyages fi'om Iceland to 
^- a continent south-west- 
^^ ward of Greenland, have 
been found. These, and 
the results of recent in- 
vestigations, appear to 
prove, by the strongest circumstantial evidence, that the 
New England' coast was visited, and that settlements thereon 
were attempted by Scandinavian navigators,'^ almost five 
hunilrcd years before Columbus undertook his first voyage 
to America. 

2. The northern navigators were remarkable for their bold- 



AMEKICO VESPUCCI. 




NORTHMAN. 



1. The States of our Union, eastward of N. Y., are collectively called New England. See verse 2 p. 58 
. 2- The ancient"! called the territory which contains modern Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Ice. 
land, Finland, etc., by the general name of Scandinavia. 

Questions.— 1. Why is it supposed that America was known to the people of Europe before the time of 
Columbus? 



SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 



27 



Voyages of tliu Nortlimen. 



First Europeans in America. 




NOKMAN 811 IP. 



ness and perseverance. They discovered and colonized Iceland nnd Green- 
land ; and there was traffic between these col- 
onists and the parent Norwegians and Danes, 
as early as the year 950. In the year 1002, 
according to an Icelandic chronicle, a Nor- 
wegian vessel, commanded by Captain Lielj 
sailed from Iceland for Greenland. A gale 
drove the voyagers to the coast of Labrador. 
They explored the shores southward to the 
region of a genial climate and a grape-bearing 
soil' Other voyages were afterward made by the adventurous Scandinavians, 
and they appear to have extended their explorations as far as Ehode Island 
— perhaps as far south as Cape May. 

3. Settlements in the pleasant climate were a1>- 
tempted ; and it is asserted that the child of a Scan- 
dinavian mother was boin upon the shore of Mount 
Hope Bay, in Rhode Island.^ But they left no 
trace? of their presence here, unless it be conceded 
that the round tower at Newpo' t," about the origin 
of which history and tradition are silent, was built 
by the Northmen. 

4. Information of these voyages seem not to have 
spread in Europe, and no records of intercourse with 
a western continent later than 1120, have been found. 
The great discovery was forgotten, or remembered 

only in dim traditionary tales of the exploits of the old "Sea- Kings"* of the 
North. When Columbus conceived the grand idea of reaching Asia by sail- 
ing westward, no whisper of those Scandinavian voyages was heard in 
Europe. 




TOWEK AT NEWPOET. 



SECTION II. 



SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 

1. During the first half of the fifteenth century, Spain, Portugal, and 
France engaged in vigorous efforts to share with Italy the rich commerce of 

1. Supposed to be the vicinity of Boston. 

2. Tlio old cliionicle referred to eajs tliat Gudiida, wife of a Scandinavian named Sncrre, gave birlli (o 
a child in America ; and it is further asserted that Thorwalsden, the great Danish sculptor, was a descend- 
ant of lliis early white American. 

3. This structure is of unhewn stone, laid in mortar made of the Rravel of the soil around, and oyster- 
shell lime. It is a cylinder resting upon eislit round columns, 2?. feet in diameter, and ::4 feet ii\ height. It 
was originally covered with stucco. It stood there when the white people first visiled Rhode Island, and 
the Narragnhnet Indi.ins had no tradition of its origin. Theic can be little doubt of its having been con- 
structed by tliose northern navigators, who miide attempts at settlement in (b;it vicinity. 

4. This name was given to bold adventurers of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, who rebelled against 
conquerors, forsook their country, settled upon the islands of the North Sea, and Greenland, and from 
thence went foith npon piratical expeditions, even as far south as the pleasant coasts of France. They 

Questions. — 2. What do yon know of the Scandinavian or Norman navigators? ?i. Is there any probable 
evidence of the Scandinavians having been in America? 4. What knowledge of these voyages had the 
Europeans in the time of (^lumbus ? 



28 



DISCOVERIES. 



Columbus at Lisbon. 



His philosophy and religious enthusiasm. 




COI.UMUDB. 



the East Indies. The ocean being the only highway for the rivals, maritime 
discoveries were prosecuted with untii'ing zeal. Popular belief pictured an 
impassable resrioa of fire beyond Cape Bajador, on the coast of Mrica ; but 
bold navigators, under the auspices of prince Henry of Portugal, soon pene- 
trated that dreaded latitude, crossed the torrid zone, and, going around the 
southern extremity of Africa,' opened a pathway to the East, through the 
Indian ocean. 

2. Lisbon soon became a point of great at- 
traction to the learned and adventurous. 
Among others came Christopher Columbus, the 
son of a wool-carder of Genoa, a mariner of 
great experience and considerable repute, and 
then in the prime of life. The rudiments of 
geometry, which he learned in the university 
of Pavia, had been for years working out a 
magnificent theory in his mind, and he came 
to Lisbon to seek an opportunity to test its 
truth. 

3. While in Lisbon, Columbus loved and 
married the daughter of Palcstrello, a deceased 

navigator of eminence, and he became possessed of nautical papei-s of great 
value. They poured new light upon his mind. He was convinced of the 
rotundity of the earth, and the necessity of a continent in the Atlantic ocean, 
to balance the land in the eastern hemispliere ; and he believed that Asia could 
be reached much sooner by sailing westward, than by going around the Cape 
of Good Hope." 

4. Columbus was imbued with a deep religious sentiment, and he became 
strongly impressed with the idea that there were people beyond the Atlantic, 
unto whom he was commissioned by Heaven to carry the Gospel.* With the 
lofty aspirations wliich his theory and his faith gave him, he prosecuted his 
plans with great ardor. He made a voyage to Iceland, and sailed a hundred 
leagues beyond, to the ice-fields of the polar circle. He probably heard, there, 
vague traditions of the early voyages to tiie western continent, 4 which gave 
strengtli to his own convictions ; and on his return, he laid his pkms first be- 

trafficked, as well as plundered, aud finally sweepin^c over Denmark and Germany, obtained possession of 
soma of the best portions of (raul. Tliey finally invaded the British Islands, and placed Canute upon the 
throne of Alfied. It was among these people that chivalry, as an institntion, originated; and back to 
tho«e " Sea-Kings" we may look for the hardiest elements of progress among the people of the United 
States. 

1. This point was first discovered by Diaz, a Portuguese navigator, who named it stormy Cape. But 
King John, believing it to be that remote extremity of Africa .so long sought, named it Cape of Good Hope. 
Va.sen de Uama passed it in 1497, and made his way to the East Indies beyond. 

•'. Thi.s was id years before (lopernicus announced his theory of (he form of the earth, and IGO before 
Galileo was persectited by the Roman Inrpiisition for declaring that the earth revolved. 

'X His name was suggestive of a mission. Christo or Christ, and Colombo, a pigeon — canier-pigeon. 
Bv this combination of significant words in his name, he believed himself to be a Chrint or Gospr! hearer, 
to the heathen, ar.d often signed his name Christo-ferens, or Christ -bearer. 4. Verse 2, page 26. 

Questions. — 1 . What motives had the governments of Spain and other countries for making voyages of 
discover.y ? What had been done on the oc^an? ■.'. Who was Columbus ? 3. What causes and opinions led 
Columbus to desire a westerii voyage? 4. What other motives than scientific discovery prompted (Columbus' 
What had been his experience ? 



SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 



29 



The trials of Columbus. 



Queen Isabella. 



Her noble promises. 



fore his countrymen, the Genoese (who rejected them), and then 'before the 
monarchs of Eagluud' and Portugal. 

5. King John of Portugal appeared to comprehend the grand idea of Colum- 
bus, but it was too lofty for the conceptions of his council and the wise men 
of Lisbon. For a long time Columbus was annoyed by delays on the part 
of those to whose judgment the king deferred. While awaiting a decision, 
his wife died. Tlie last link that bound him to Portugal was broken, and, 
taking his little son Diego by the hand, he departed on foot, to lay his propo- 
sition before Ferdinand and Isabella," the monarchs of Spain — occupants of 
the united thrones of Arragon and Castile. 

G. Poor and dispirited, Columbus arrived at the gate of a monaster}^, and 
begged food for himself and child. The good Father Marchena received him 
kindly, entered warmly into his plans, and was of essential service to him 
afterward. Through him Columbus obtained access to the Court ; but the 
war with the Moors, then raging, delayed an opportunity for an audience with 
the monarchs for a long time. At length a council of the learned men of the 
nation was convened at Salamanca, to consider his proposition.' The ma,jority 
pronounced his scheme vain and impracticable, and unworthy of the support 
of the government. 

7. Still encouraged by Father Marchena (who 
had been Isabella's confessor^), Columbus now 
obtained a personal interview with the queen. 
To her he revealed all his plans ; told her of the 
immense treasures that lay hidden in that far 
distant India' which might be easily reached by 
a shorter way, and pleaded eloquently for aid in 
his j^ious design of carrying the Gospel to the 
heathen of unknown lands. The last appeal 
aroused the religious zeal of Isabella, and with 
the spirit of the Crusaders, ° she dismissed Colum- 
bus with the assurance that he should have her 
aid in fitting out an exploring expedition, even if 

it should require the pawning of her crown jewels to obtain the money. 

8. Isabella was faithful to her promise. She fitted out two caravels (light 
coasting ships), and Columbus, by the aid of friends, equipped a third and 

1. Verse 2, page Zb. 

2. Isabella was a sister of the proflipate Henry the Fourth of Castile and Leon. She was a pious, virtu- 
ous, and high-minded woman, then almost a phenomenon in courts. 

S. See the picture at the head of this cliapter. The CJonncil was composed of the professors of the univer- 
sity, various dignitaries of the C'hurch, and learned friars. They were all pvejndied against the poor 
navigator, and he soon discovered that ignorance and bigotry wouMdefeat his purposes. 

4. .\11 Roman Calholics are required to confess their sins"to a priest. Rich and titled persons often had 
u priest confessor f .r themselves and their families exclusivelv. 

5. Travelers had related wondi'ifiil stories of the beantv and wealth of a conntrv hevond the limits of 
geographical knowledge, and had thus inflamed the avarice and ambilion of the rich aiid powerful. The 
country was called Xipmii/i, and also Callnii/. It mr-luded China and adjacent islands. 

6. About 7(K) years ago, ihe Clirislian powers of Europe fitted out expeditions to connner Palestine, with 
the avowed object of rescuing the sepulchre of .lesus, at Jerusalem, from the hands of the Turks. The.se 
were called cricsnihu—hnhj icarn. The lives of 2,I)(I(I,(H);) of people were lost in them. 

QuESTioxs.— 5. What difficulties did Columbus experiencelrTPortugal ? 6. Whither did he go from Por- 
tugal to obtain aid ? What occurred to him at first in Spai. I? 7. How came Isabella to aid him ? 




30 



DISCOVERIES. 



Departure of Columbus. 



The voyage. 



DiBcovery of land. 




larger one. With this little fleet, bearing one hundred and twenty persons, 

he left Palos, on the Tinto river in Andalusia, on Friday, the 3d of August, 

1492, to explore the stormy Atlantic.' 

9. It was a voyage of great trial for the navigator, after leaving the Canary 

Islands. His theory taught him to believe that he would reach Asia in the 

course of a few days. But weeks wore away ; the needle became unfaithful f 

alarm and discontent prevailed, 
and several times his followers 
were on the jjoint of compelling 
him to turn back. 

10. On the evening of the 
11th of October, the perfumes 
of flowers came upon the night 
breeze, as tokens of approach 
to land. Yet they hesitated to 
believe, for twice before they 
had been mocked by other in- 
dications of 

land being near.^ But at dawn the next morning their 

deliglited eyes saw green forests stretching along the 

horizon ; and as they approached, they were greeted 

by the song-s of birds and the murmur of human 

voices. 

11. Dressed in scarlet, and bearing his sword in one 

hand, and the banner of the expedition in the other, 

Columbus landed with his followers, and in the midst 

of the gorgeous scenery and the incense of myriads of 

flowers, they all knelt doAvn and chanted a hymn of 

thanksgiving to God. The natives had gathered in 

wonder and awe, in the grove near by, regarding the 

Europeans as children of their great Deity, the Sun.'' 

Little did they comprehend the fatal significance to them, 

of the act of Columbus, when be set up a rude cross 

upon the spot where he landed, and took formal 



THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS. 




EANNF.E OF THE 
EXPEDITION. 



1. Colnmhiis was appointed hiKh-admiral of all eeas which he mipht discover, with the attendant honors. 
Alxo viceroy of all lands discovered. He was to have one tenth of all profits of the first voyage, and by 
cnntiilintifiiJr fin ciphth of the expense of future voyages, was to have an cifihlh of all the profits. Although 
Isaliellii piiil till' whole cNpense, the contract was signed, also, by her hiislmnd. 

2. .NcLille, or [.(.inter, of the mariner's compass. This instrument was lirft known in Eurcpe, at Ainalfi, 
aliont l.'ll '. The Chinese claim to have possessed a knowledge of it more I li.-m llIXt years before the biilli 
of Ohist. The needle was supposed to point toward the north star at all times. There is a continual vari- 
ation from this line, now easily calculated, but unknown until discoveied lij Columbus. It perplexed hut 
did not dismay him. 

". They had seen birds, but they proved to be the petrel, an ocean fowl. Bits of wood and sea-weeds had 
also been seen. For an explanation of the latter, see Maury's T'hynnil Grnyraphy nf the Sfn. 

4. Almost all the nntives of the torrid zone of America, worshiped the Sun as ibeir chief vi-ible deity. 
The great temples of the Snn in Mexico and Peru, were among the most magnificent structures of the 
Americans, when Kuropcans came. 



QnESTiONS. — 8. With what sort of a fleet did Columbus leave Spain? When aid from whence did he 
sail ? 9. What occurred dm iiig the voyage? 10. What gave indications of land ? When wiio it discovered f 
11. Relate the incidents of the landing of Columbus. 



SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 31 



Columbus among the West India Islands. 



possession of the beautiful country in the name of Ferdinan 1 and Isa- 
bella.' 

12. The land first discovered by Columbus Avas ono of the Bahamas, now 
known as Cat Island. The navigator named it San Salvador (holy Saviour); 
and believiniT it to be near the coast of farther India, ho called the natives 
Indians. This name was aflerward applied to all the natives of the adjacent 
continent." 

13. After spending some time in becoming acquainted with the island, and 
natives, and unsuccessfully searching for " the gold, and pearls, and spices of 
Zipangi,"' he sailed southward, and discovered several other small islands. He 
finally discovered Cuba and St. Domingo, where he was told of immense gold- 
bearing regions in the interior. Impressed with the belief that he had dis- 
covered Ophir of the ancients, he returned to Spain, where he arived in March, 
149;J. 

14. Columbus was received with great honors,* but considerations of State 
policy induced the Spanish government to conceal the importance of his dis- 
covery from other nations. This policy, and the jealousy which the sudden 
elevation of a foreigner inspired in the Spaniards, depi-ived him of the honor 
of having the New World called by his name. Americus Vespucius,^ a Flor- 
entine, unfairly won the prize. In company with Ojeda, a companion of Co- 
lumbus during his first voyage, Americus visited the West Indies, and discov- 
ered and explored the eastern coast of South America, north of the Oronoco, 
in 1499. He published a glowing account [1504] of the lauds he had visited,' 
and that being the first formal announcement to the world of the great tliscov- 
ery, and as he claimed to have first set foot upon the Continent of the West, 
it was called America, in honor of the Florentine. 

15. Columbus made three other voyages to the West Indies,'' established 
settlements, and in August, 1498, he discovered the continent at the mouth 
of the Oronoco. This, too, he supposed to be an island near the coast of Asia, 
and he lived and died in ignorance of the real grandeur of his discoveries. 
During his absence, jealous and unscrupulous men poisoned the minds of the 
king and queen with false statements concerning the ambitious designs of 
Columbus, and he was sent back to Spain in chains. Isabella was soon unde- 

1. It was a common practice then, as now, for (he discoverer of new lands, to erect some monument and 
to proclaim the title of his sovereign to the territories so discovered. The banner of the expedition borne 
on shore by Colnmbus, was a white one, with a green cross. Over the initials, F. and Y. (Kerdinand and 
Ysabella) were golden mnral crowns. •>. Verse 2, page 7. ;'. Note 5, page 29. 

4. Columbns carried back wiih him several of the natives, ami a variety of the animals, birds, and plants 
of the New World. They excited the greatest astonishment. His jonrney from Palos to Barcelona, to meet 
the sovereigns, was like (he mirch of a king. His reception was still more magnificent. The throne of (he 
monarch was placed in a public square, and the great of the kingdom were there (o do homage to the navi- 
gator. The highest honors were bestowed npon ("olnmbns ; and the .sovereigns granted him .1 coat of a:mi 
bearing royal devices, and the motto, " To Castile and Leon, Colnmbus gave a New World." 

5. See portrait at the head of tliis Chapter. The Italians spell his name Amerigo Vcpucri r.\m-e-ree-.go 
\ es-pute-se|. He died while in (he service of the king of Spain, in 1,514. 

6. First in a letter (o I.o cnzo de Medici, tmd then [l.'.ii:] in a volume deihV.ated to the Duke of Lorraine. 
These publications revcahMl what the Spanish government wished to conceal. Note 5, page 46. 

7. In his second voyage ('41"], Colnmbus took with him several horses, a bull, and some cows. These 
were the first animals taken from Europe to America. 

Questions.— 1\ Whore did Columbns first land, and what did he sunnose it to be? 1". Wliat did Cohim- 
bns do, .soon a fier landing? U. How came Columbus to lose the houor of having his name given to Araeiica? 
Why was it called America? 



32 



DISCOVERIES. 



Other voyages by Columbus. 



The Fountain of Youth. 



ceived, and Columbus was allowed to depart on a fourth voyage. When he 
returned the queen was dead, his enemies were in power, and he who had 
shed such luster upon the Spanish name, and added a new hemisphere to the 
Spanish realm, was allowed to sink into the grave in obscurity and neglect. 
He died at Valladolid on the 20th of May, 1506. His body was buried in a 
convent, from which it was afterward carried to St. Domingo, and subse- 
quently to Havana, in Cuba, where it remains. 

16. The larger islands of the West India group were soon colonized by the 
Spaniards ; and the happy natives were speedily reduced to slavery. Bend- 
ing beneath the weight of Spanish cruelty and wrong, they soon sunk into 
degradation. The women were compelled to inteiTnarry with their oppres- 
sors, and from this union came many of the present race of Creoles, who form 
the numerical strength of Cuba and other West India islands. 

17. Tales of gold-bearing regions inflamed the aA^arice and cupidity of the 
Spaniards, and exploring voyages from Cul^a, St. Do- 
mingo, and Porto Rico, were undertaken. The eastern 
coast of Yucatan was discovered in 1506 ; and in 1510, 
Balboa, with a colony, settled upon the Isthmus of 
Darien. This was the first colony planted on the Amer- 
ican continent. Crossing the Istlinms, in search of gold, 
Balboa' saw [1513] the Pacific Ocean in a southerly di- 
rection, from the top of a high mountain, and he called 
it the South Sea. In full costume, and bearing the 
Spanish flag, he entered its waters, and took possession 
of the "seas, lands," etc., "of the South," in the name 
of his sovereign. 

18. Florida was discovered in 1512 by John Ponce 

BALBOA. de Leon, an old visionary who had been governor of 

Porto Rico. He sailed for the Bahamas in search of a fountain supposed to 

exist there, and whose waters possessed thequality of restoring old age to the 

bloom of youth, and making the recipient immortal. 

19. On Easter Sunday,'' the Pasquas de Flores^ of the Spaniards, Ponce de 
Leon approached the shores of the great southern peninsula of the United 
States, and landed [March 27, 1512], near the site of St. Augustine.'' The 
forests and the green banks were laden with flowers ; and when, soon after 
landing, Ponce took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, 
this fact and the holy day were regarded, and he called the beautiful domain 
Florida. He continued his searches for the Fountain of Youth all along the 

1. The picture prives a correct representntion of those armed Spaniards who attempted conquests in the 
New World. Balboa's fellow adventurers became jealous of his l^ame, and on their accusations he was put 
to death by the governor of Darien, in lnl7- 

2. The day on which is commemorated the resurrection of Christ. 

3. Feast of flowers. 4. Verse 15, page 39. 

Qdestions— 15. Relate the chief incidents of the remainder of his life. Where did he die? Where are 
Jiis remains? 10. Wliat befuU the natives of the islands discovered by Oolunibns? 17. What other explor- 
Ition.* were made? 18. What led to the discovery of Florida? 19. What can you tell of the discovery and 
naming of Florida? 




SPANISH VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 33 

Discovery of South Carolina. Discovery of Mexico. Cortez. 



coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but without success ; and 
he returned to Porto Rico an older, if not a wiser man. 

20. During Ponce de Leon's absence in Europe, some wealthy owners of 
plantations and mines in St. Domingo, sent D'Ayllon, one of their number, 
with two ships, to seize natives of the Bermudas, and bring them home for 
laborers. It was an unholy mission. A storm drove the voyagers into St. 
Helen's Sound, on the coast of South Carolina, and they anchored [1520] at 
the mouth of the Combahee river. The natives were kind and generous ; and 
judging their visitors by their own simple standard of honor, they unsuspect- 
ingly went upon tlie ship in crowds, to gratify their curiosity. While below, 
the hatches were closed, the sails were inmiediately spread, and those free 
children of the forest were borne away to work as bond-slaves in the mines of 
St. Domingo. But the perpetrators of the outrage did not accomplish their 
designs. One of the vessels was destroyed by a storm ; and almost every 
prisoner in the other refused to take food, and died. This act made the In- 
dians hate the white people intensely. 

21. Soon after D'Ayllon's voyage, Ponce de Leon, as governor of Florida, 
proceeded to plant settlements there. In attempts to do so, the angry na- 
tives, who had heard of the treachery of the Spaniards, attacked him furiously. 
He was mortally wounded, and almost all of his followers were killed. D'Ayl- 
lon was then appointed governor of the country which he had discovered and 
named Clncora. He went thither to conquer it, and was received with ap- 
parent friendship by the natives on the banks of the Combahee.' Many of 
the men were induced to visit a village in the interior, when the natives prac- 
ticed the lesson of treachery which D'Ayllon had taught them, and massacred 
the whole party. The commander himself was attacked upon his own ship, 
and it was with difficulty that he escaped. 

22. In 1517, Cordova commanded an expedition from Cuba, and discovered 
Mexico. His report of a people half civilized, and possessing treasures in 
cities, awakened the keenest cupidity of the Spaniards ; and the following 
year Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, sent another expedition to Mexico, 
under Grijalva. That captain returned with much treasure, obtained by 
trafficking with the Mexicans. 

23. Velasquez now determined to conquer the Mexicans, and possess him- 
self of their sources of wealth. An expedition, consisting of eleven vessels, and 
more than six hundred armed men, was placed under the command of Fer- 
nando Cortez, a brave but treacherous and cruel leader. He landed first at 
Tobasco, and then at San Juan d'Ulloa," near Vera Cruz [Apiil 12, 1519], 
where he received a friendly deputation from Montezuma, the emperor of the 
nation.' By falsehood and duplicity, Cortez and his armed companions Avere 

1. D'Ayllon namel this river Jordan, for he reprarded the country as the new Land of Promise. 

2. Pronnimred San-whan-ria-Oo!oo-ah. Verse 24, page 329. 

.". The Mexicans, nt that time, were mnking rapid advances in the march of civilization. They were nc- 

OuERTinxs — "fl. Who else made a vnyage to Florida? What was the result? 21. What was the refult 
of efforts tn conqiier the naiives of Florida? -1\ When was Mexico discovered, and by whom? 2;'. What 
efforts were made to conquer Mexico? 

o* 



84 DISCOVERIES. 



Conquest of Mexico. Spanish expeditions in Florida. The Mississippi. 

allowed to march to Mexico, the capital. By stratagem and boldness, and the 
aid of native tribes who were hostile to the Mexican dynasty, Cortez' suc- 
ceeded, after many bloody contests during almost two years, in subduing 
the people. The city of Mexico surrendered to him [August 23, 1521], and 
the vast and populous empire of Montezuma became a Spanish province. 

24. Seven years later [1528], Narvaez having been appointed governor of 
Florida, went from Cuba, with three hundred men," to conquer it. Hoping 
to find a wealthy empire, like Mexico, he penetrated the unknown interior as 
far as the southern borders of Georgia. Instead of cities filled Avith treasures, 
he found villages of huts, and the monarch of the country living in a wigwam.* 
Disappointed, and continually annoyed by hostile savages, who had heard of 
the treachery at the Combahee,^ he turned southward, and reaching the 
shores of Apallachee Bay, near St. Marks, he constructed rude boats, and em- 
barked for Cuba. The commander and most of his followers perished. 

25. The misfortunes of Narvaez did not suppress the spirit of adventure, 
and Florida (the name applied to all North America), was still regarded by 
the Spaniards as the new Land of Promise. All believed that in the vast in- 
terior were mines as rich, and people as wealthy, as those 
of Mexico and Yucatan. Among the most sanguine of 
these, was De Soto, a brave cavalier who had gained 
riches and military honors, witli Pizarro, in Peru.^ 

26. De Soto obtained permission of the Spanish emperor 
to conquer Florida at his own expense. He was ap- 
pointed governor of Cuba, and also of Florida, and with 
ten vessels and six hundred men, all clad in armor, he 
sailed for the New World. Leaving his wife to govern 
Cuba, he proceeded to Florida, landed on the shores of 
Tampa Bay [June 10, 1539], sent most of his vessels back, and then made his 
way, among hostile savages, toward the interior of tlie fancied land of gold." 
In the spring they crossed the Apallachian mountains, and penetrated the 
beautiful country of the CheroheesJ 

27. For several months De Soto and his followers wandered over the hills 
and valleys of Alabama, in vain searches for treasure, fighting the fierce Mo- 
hilian tribes,' and becoming diminished in numbers by battle and disease. 
They passed the winter in the land of the Chichasaws ;" and in the spring of 

quainted with many of the useful arts of enlightened nations, and appear to have been as far ndv.nnced ii 
science, law, religion, and domestic and public organization, as were the Romans at the close of the repub- 
lic. See note I, page 331. 

\. Rfirn, H85, in I'Istramadura, Spain. Died in l.'VJ4. lie committed many crimes in Mexico. 

?. They took with Ihem ahnut forty horses, the first ever landed upon the soil of the present United States. 
These all perished by starvation, or 'the weapons of the Indians. 

3. Verse?, papre!). - 4. Verse L'O, pnfrc 33. 

•>■ j''^'*''™ ^''^s " follower of Ualboa. He discovered Pern in l.")!-!, and conquered it in 153;', af(er much 

2"t^ "^ '^''"* ''"''" '" •^^^'ii'miidura, Spain, in IJTri. Was murdered at Tinui, in Peru, in IMl. 

6 He Soto had a large number of horses. He also landed some swine. These rapidly increased in the 
forests. They were tlic first of their species seen in .America. 

7. Verse 1, page LO. 8. Sec. VIII., page 22. 9. Verse 6, page £3. 

QUESTIONS. — "4. What can you tell of another Spanish expedition to conquer Florida? 2.5. What opinion 
of Florida did the Spaniards possess? 26. What were the principal incidents of the first year of De Soto'i 
expedition to Florida? 




ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 35 



End of De Soto's expedition. Excitement in Europe. The Cabots. 

1541, they discovered and crossed the Mississippi rivei\ There, in the pres- 
ence of ahnost twonty thousand Indians, De Soto erected a cross, made of a 
huge pine-tree. Tlio ensuing summer and winter were spent in tlie wilder- 
ness watered by the Arkansas and its tributaries, and in tlie spring they re- 
turned to the Mississippi, where De Soto sickened and died, after appointing 
his successor.' They had marclied full three thousand miles. 

28. The followers of De Soto were now reduced to half their original num- 
ber, and, after wandering over the prairies watered by the tributary streams 
of the Red river for many months, they returned to the ]\Iississippi. In rude 
boats they reached the Gulf of Mexico ; and in September, half-naked and 
starved, they arrived at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Panuco, 
north of Tampico. 

29. This was the last attempt of the Spanish cotemporaries of Columbus 
to explore, or to make settlements within the present territory of the United 
States, previous to the appearance of the English'' in the same field. They 
were impelled by no higher motive than the acquisition of gold; and treach- 
ery ami violence were the instruments employed to obtain it. They were ntjt 
worthy to possess the magnificent country which they coveted only for its 
supposed wealth in precious metals ; and it w^as reserved for others who came 
afterward, with loftier aims, better hearts, and stronger hands, to cultivate the 
soil, .nnd to establish an empire founded upon truth and justice. 



SECTION III. 

ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 

1. The Spanish court could not conceal the fiict that a new world had been 
discovered^ and over Continental Europe and the British Isles, were spread 
the most extravagant tales of gold-bearing regions beyond the Atlantic Ocean. 
Monart'hs and wealthy subjects projected new expeditions. Among those 
■whose zeal in the cause of maritime discovery was newly awakened, was 
Henry the Seventh of England, who had turned a deaf ear to the appeals of 
Columbus before his great first voyage.* 

2. Bristol was then one of the most important maritime towns in England ; 
and among its adventurous seamen, who had penetrated the polar waters, 
probably as far as Greenland, Avas Sebastian Cabot, son of a wealthy mer- 
chant of Bristol, whose father sought the aid of the king in making a voyage 
of discovery. Willing to secure a portion of the prize he had lost, Henry 
readily yielded to the solicitations of Cabot, and gave him and his sons a 

1 . De Soto's followers sunk the body of their leader deep in the Mississippi, so that the Indians should not 
find it. 2. Verse l-'I, page 4l. 3. Verse II, page 31. 4. Verse 4, page 28. 

Questions. — C7. What happened during the remainder of De Soto's career T 2S. What was (he result of 
De Soto's expedition? 20. What were the chief motives of the Spaniards in making discoveries? What 
design of I'rovidence do we see in their failure? 1. What was the effect of the Sp.inish discoveries on other 
portions of Europe? ". What movement in the direction of discovery look place in England? 



bb 



DISCOVERIES. 



Sebastian Oabofs discoveries. 



Kis subsequent voyages. 



Newfoundland 




3UJABTIAN OA.BOT. 



commission of discovery [March 16, 149G] similar, in some respects, to that 
which Columbus had received from Ferdinand and Isabella.' 

3 Young Cabot sailed from Bristol in May 
1497, with two vessels, freighted by his father 
and others of that port, and of London. He 
steered north-westerly until he encountered im- 
mense fields of ice, westward of Cape Farewell, 
when he turned to the south-west, and on the 3d 
of July [1497] he saw first the rugged coast of 
Labrador, and then the shores of Newfoundland. 
lie then hastened to England to announce the 
fact that he had first discovered a great western 
continent. 

4. The following year, young Cabot,- although 
only twenty-one years of age, was placed in command of another expedition, 
fitted out by his father and some Bristol merchants, for the purpose of dis- 
covering a north-west passage to India. Ice in the polar seas presented an 
impassible barrier, and he was compelled to go southward. He explored the 
coast from the frozen regions of Labrador to the sunny land of the Carolinas. 
Nineteen years afterward [1517] he navigated the northern waters, as far as 
the entrance to Hudson's Bay ; and nine years later [1526], while in the serv- 
ice of the monarch of Spain,^ he explored the coast of Brazil, and discovered 
and named the great Rio de la Plata. To the Cabot?, father and son, belongs 
the imperishable honor of first discovering the coast 
of the United States, through, at least, ten degrees of 
latitude.'' 

5. Cabot perceived the immense numbers and com- 
mercial importance of the cod fishes in the vicinity of 
Newfoundland ; and within five or six years after these 
first voyages, many fishermen Avent thither from En- 
gland, Brittany, and Normandy, for those treasures of 
the deep. Every French vessel tliat went to America, 
was on a commercial errand only, until 1523, wdien 
Francis the First sent John Verrazzani, an eminent Florentine navigator, to 
explore the coasts of the New World. Verazzani sailed in December, 1523 

1. Note 2, pnpe TO. 

2. lie was made Gvand Pilot of Enerlanrt, and published a Map of the World. Born 14/7 ; died 1557. 
?•. Charles ilie First, who was also j^mpernr of Germany. 

4. Kine John of Portupal, like Henry of Enjrland, had refused to aid Oolnrabns, and lost the great prize. 
After (he return of the navipalor, he felt a desire to fit out an expedition for discoveries in the New 
World, but the Pope havinfr given to ,«pain the whole region westward, beyond an im.Tginary line three 
hundred leagues west from the Azores, he dared not intcrfe-c with the Spanish ni.nriners. But when the 
rnrthern voyages of the Cabots became known. King .Inhn despatched an expedition in that direction, 
under Oaspar Cnrtoreal, toward the close of the year 151)0, for the ostensible purpose of seeking a north- 
west passage to India. Cortoreal coasted along the shoves of Labrador several hundred miles, and then 
freighting l-.is ship with lifiy natives whom he had cunght, he returned to Portugal, and .sold his living 
cargo, for slaves. Finding the adventure profitable, he sailed for another cargo, but he was never heard 
of afterward. Almost sixty years later some Portuguese settled on Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and 
first introduced cattle and swine there. 




VEKKAZZANI. 



QnF:9T0NS.— ."<. What discoveries did the Cabots 
lian Cabot ? What honor belongs to Italy ? 



oake? 4. What can you tell of the discoveries of Sebas- 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 



37 



Verrazzani's discoveries. 



Cartier's voyages. 




CAETIEE 8 BlIU'. 



explore the coasts of the New World. He proceeded due west from the 
;M;uloiriis [Jan. 27, 15'24], and first touched tlie American Continent [.March] 
near the muuth of the Cape Fear River, in North Carolina. After seeking a 
good harbor for fifty leagues further south, he sailed northward, and explored 
the coast from the CaroUnas to Newfoundland. He anchored in the bays of 
Delaware and New York,' the harbor of Newport, 
and probably that of Boston, and held intercourse 
with the native?, who were sometimes fiiendly and 
sometimes hostile. Verrazzani gave the name of 
New France to the vast regions within the latitudes 
of the coast which he had discovered. 

6. The French king was too much engrossed and 
impoverished by war with the Spanish monarch, to 
pay much attention to the important discoveries of 
Verrazzani, or to listen to plans for future expedi- 
tions. Ten years elapsed before Admiral Chabon 
induced Francis to encourage another exploring en- 
terprise, when a plan for making settlements in New France was arranged 
[1534], and James Cartier, a mariner of St. Malo, was appointed to the com- 
mand of an expedition. He reached Newfoundland early in June, 1534. 
After exploring its coasts, he passed through the Straits of Belleisle into the 
Gulf beyond, planted a cross with the arms of France 
upon it, on the shore of Gaspe inlet, and took possession 
of the Avhole country in the name of his king. After 
discovering the mouth of the great river of Canada, he 
sailed for France, in time to avoid the Autumn storms 
on the American coast. 

7. Cartier's success was hailed with great joy. He was 
commissioned for another voyage ; and in May following 
[1535] he sailed for Newfoundland, accompanied by sev- 
eral young noblemen of France. They passed the straits 
of BeUeisle and entered the Gulf on the day dedicated to 
St. Lawrence ; and Cartier gave the name of the martyr 
to the broad sheet of water over which they were sailing. 
They passed up the river which afterward received the 
same name, and mooring their ships at Quebec," pro- 
cee led in a pinnace and boats to Jlochelaga, the capital of the Huron king.^ 
The natives were everywhere fricMidly an'l hospitable. 

8. Cartier ascended the mountain in the rear of the Indian town ; and so 
impressed was he with the glorious view from its summit, that he called it 

1. TleckeweMcrsavs (hat Verrazzani landed where the lower extremity of New York oity is. 

2. Pronounced Ke"bec. ■'■ Ver'c 1. pacre 17. 

QCESTIONS.— 5. What cnmmerpial disrovpiy did yoiiiiR Cabot make? What did the French do? What 

can vou tell of Verrazzani's vnrapr? 6. What caused a cessation of I^'renrh efforts at discovery? What 
expedition was fitted out in 1.^4? What discoveries were made? 7. What Europeans first asceuded the 
St. Lawrence ? How far did they go ? 




Aiiiis OF ruANc::. 



88 DISCOVERIES. 



Roberval's expedition. Cartier on the St. Lawrence. French Reformation. 




FBENCH NO;!LEMAN 



Mont-Real (royal mountain), which name the fine city at its base yet retains. 
They returned to Quebec, passed the severe Winter on board their sliips, and 
in the Spring sailed for France. Their departure was disgraced by an act 
of treachery. The hospitable Huron king was decoyed on board one of the 
vessels, an<l carried off to France. 

9. Four years elapsed before another expedition was 
planned. At length, Francis de la Roque, better known as 
lord of Roberval, in Picardy, obtained permission of the 
king to make further discoveries, and to jolant settlements 
in New France.' The king gave him the empty title of 
Viceroy, and Cartier was commissioned for a subordinate 
command in the expedition. He was ready long before 
Roberval's extensive preparations were completed, and 
being unwilHng to bow to the new Viceroy's authority, he 
sailed [June, 1541] some montlis before his official superior. 

10. The broken-hearted Indian monarch had died in 
France. It was an unfortunate occurrence. The natives 
received Cartier first with coldness, and then showed open 

Tn 154(C""' hostility. Fearing the Indians, the French built a fort 
near Quebec. They passed the Winter without accom- 
plishing any important achievement, and in June [1542] following, departed 
for France, just as Roberval arrived at Newfoundland, with two hundred 
persons. Roberval passed up the St. Lawrence, built two more forts near 
Quebec, endured a Winter of great distress, and abandoning the idea of set- 
tlement, returned to France in the Spring of 1543. Six years afterward, he 
again sailed for the St. Lawrence, and was never heard of again. 

11. Now was the era of the Reformation in France.'^ The doctrines and 
the teachings of Calvin and others, in opposition to the faith and practice of 
the Roman Catholic Church had already arrayed great masses of the people 
in violent hostility to each other. The religious war was an absorbing idea, 
and for fifty years the French government made no further attempts at dis- 
covery or colonization. But private enterprise sought to plant a French set- 
tlement in the land discovered by D'Ayllon.^ 

12. The Huguenots, or French Protestants, had a powerful friend in Jasper 
Coligny, admiral of France, but a weak protector in the reigning monarch, 
Charles the Ninth. The fires of persecution were continually burning, and 
Coligny conceived the noble idea of providing a place of refuge for his Prot- 
estant brethren, beyond the Atlantic. The king granted him a commission 
for that purpose, and early in 1562 [Feb. 28], a squadron, under John Ribault, 
sailed for America. 

1. Verse 5, page 36. 2. Note 14, page 48. 3. Verse 21, page 33. 

QrESTiONS. — 8. What is the origin of the town and name of Montreal ? What were the incidents of Oar- 
tiev's stay at Qiiehec ? 9. What other expedilion went to the St. Lawrence? 10. What do yon know of the 
French in (^anada in 1542 and 154' ? 11. Why did the French cease making voyages of discovery? 12. 
What Frencli .stttlement was attempted in America in 1552, and by whom? 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 89 



The Huguenots in Florida. Preparations to expel them. 



13. The little Huguenot fleet touched first near the harbor of St. Augustine, 
in Floriilu.' Sailing nortlnvard, they saw the mouth of the beautiful St. 
John's river [May, 15G2], and, it being the fifth month of the year, they 
named it May. Making their way along the coast, they discovered Port Royal 
entrance, were charmed with the beauty of the scene, chose the spot for their 
future home, and built a small fort, which they named Carolina, in honor of 
tlie king. Leaving a garrison to defend it, Ribault went back to France with 
the ships, ibr reinlbrcements. Bitter disappointment ensued. Civil war was 
raging in France, and Cohgny was almost powerless. The reinforcements 
were not supplied, and the little garrison, in despair, built a frail vessel, jmd, 
with insulhcieiit stores, embarked lor France. T(?mpests assailed them, and 
famine Avas menacing them with death, when they were picked up by an 
English bark. Thus perished the first seeds of religious freedom which the 
storms of persecution bore to the New World. 

14. Coligny was not discouraged ; and, during a lull in the tempest of civil 
commotion, another expedition was sent to America, under the command of 
Laudoimiere, who had accompanied Ribanlt on his first voyage. They arrived 
in July [15(34], pitched their tents on the banks of St. John's, and built another 
Fort Carolina. There were elements of dissolution among these emigrants. 
Many were idle, vicious, and improvident ; and provisions soon became scarce. 
Under pretext of returning to F"" ranee, to escape famine, quite a large party 
sailed [December] in one of the vessels. They turned pirates, and depredated 
extensively upon Spanish property in the West Indies. The remainder be- 
came discontented, and were about to embark for France, when Eibault arrived 
with emigrants and supplies, and took command.^ 

15. Wlien the Spanish monarch heard of the settlement of the French 
Protestants within his claimed territoiy, and of the piracies of some of the 
party, he adopted measures for their expulsion and punishment. Pedro 
Melendez, a brave but cruel military chief, was appointed governor of Florida, 
on condition that he should expel the Frenchmen from the soil, conquer the 
natives, ami plant a colony there. He came with a strong armed force, 
landed in a fine harbor on the coast of Florida, laid the foundations of St. 
Augustine [Sept. 17th, 1565], and proclaimed the king of Spain to be mon- 
arch of all North America. 

16. On hearing of the arrival of the Spaniards, a large party of the French 
proceeded to attack them. A tempest wrecked every vessel ; and most of 
the survivors, who fell into the hands of the Spaniards, were put to death. 
In the mean while, Melendez made his way through the swamps and forests 
to the defenseless French settlement, where he massacred about nine hundred 

1. Verse 15, page .'9. 

2. James LcMoyne, a skillful painter, was sent with this expedition, wilh inB'mclions to make colored 
drawings of every objert worthy of prepcrvalion. His illustrations of the costume and customs of the 
natives are very interesting, becauFe aullienlic. 

Questions. — 13. Oan yon relate the principal events connected with the attempt to make a Huguenot set- 
tlement in America ? 11. What was the character and conduct of the people of a second exptdition to plant 
a serllement 7 15. What expedition was fitted out against the French Protestants in Florida ? 16. What was 
the fate of the French settlers.' 



40 DISCOVERIES. 

De Grourges's foray upon the Spaniards. English navigators. The Carolina region. 

men, Avomen, and children, and over their dead bodies placetl an inscription, 
avowing that he slew them, not " because they were Frenchmen, but Luther- 
ans.'" Upon that field of blood he erected a cross, and laid the foundation 
of a church to commemorate the deed. 

17. The feeble Charles of Franco took no steps to avenge this outrage. 
But one of his subjects, a fiery soldier of Gascony, named De Gourges, in- 
flicted retribution. He hated the Spaniards, and fitting out three ships at his 
own expense, he sailed for Florida with one hundred and fifty men. He at- 
tacked the Spaniards, made two hundred prisoners, and, hanging his captives 
upon the trees almost upon the spot where his countrymen had been mur- 
dered, he placed over them the inscription — " I do not this as unto Spaniards 
or mariners, but unto traitors, robbers, and murderers." Too weak to brave 
the vengeance of Melendez, who was at St. Augustine, De Gourges im- 
mediately left the coast, and returned to France. The natives were deUghtcd 
at seeing their common enemies thus destroying each other. The Spaniards, 
however, held possession, and a Spanish settlement was ever afterward main- 
tained at St. Augustine, except during a few years. 

18. Although the English seem not to have wholly relinquished the idea 
of planting settlements in America, it was not until almost eighty years after 
the discovery of the continent by Cabot,^ that healthy efforts to found col- 
onies in the New World, were made by them. Frobisher^ (an eminent nav- 
igator) and others had explored the north-western coast of North America, 
to the dreary region north of Hudson's Bay,^ in search of precious metals and 
a north-west passage to India, ^ but without beneficial results. Newfound- 
land was visited every year by numerous English and French fishing vessels, 
and the neighboring continent was frequently touched by the hardy mariners. 
Yet no feasible plans for colonization were matured. 

19. When the public mind of England was turned from the cold regions 
of Labrador and the fancied mineral wealth in its rugged mountains, to the 
milder South, and the more solid benefits to be derived from 2^^(^ntations than 
mines, a new and brilliant era in the history of civilization began. This 
change was produced incidentally by the Huguenot adventurers." The rem- 
nant of Coligny's first colony, who were picked up at sea and sent to En- 
gland, informed the queen of the glory of the climate and the fertility of the 
soil, of Carolina. When De Gourges returned fi-om his foray upon the 
Spaniards, Walter Raleigh, then a young man of much promise, was learn- 
ing the art of war with Coligny, in France, and he communicated to his 
friends in England that Chevalier's account of Florida, which was yet a wil- 

1. The Protestants were often called liy the general name of Luiherwis, hecause (he later Reformation was 
commenced by (he bold opposition of Martin Luther to the allesed corrupt practices of tl:e Komish Church. 
Note 14, pHKc iS. 2. Verse S, page ?6. 

3. Horn ill Yorksliire, England; w«i trained in (he navigator's art, and died of wonnd» received in a 
naval battle in l.')94. 4. No(e 7, page 45. 5. Niite 4, page 36. 

6. Verse 13, page C9. 



Questions. — 17. How did (he French retaliate the cruelty of the Spaniards? 18. Wliere and how did (ho 
Knglish attempt settlements in America? 1. What events led to the efforts of England to plant settlements 
in the middle regions of America? 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES, 41 



Scheme of Gilbert and Raleigh. Roanoke. Virginia named. 

derness free for the sons of toil. The Protestant' feeling of England was 
strongly stirred by the cruelties of Alelendez, and soon many minds were 
employed in planning schemes for the colonizing of the pleasant middle 
regions of North America. 

20. The first healthy plan for settlement was proposed by the learned Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert, a step-brother of Walter Raleigh. In June, 1578, he ob- 
tained a liberal patent from the queen. Raleigh gave liim the aid of his 
hand and fortune ; and early in 1579, Gilbert sailed for America, with a 
small squadron, accompanied by his step-brother. Heavy storms and Spanisli 
war-vessels compelled them to return, and the scheme was abandoned for a 
time. Four years afterward [1583] Gilbert sailed with another squadron; 
and after a series of disasters, he reached the harbor of St. John's, in New- 
foundland. There he set up a pillar with the English arms upon it," proclaimed 
the sovereignty of his queen, and then proceeded to explore the coast south- 
ward. After being terribly beaten by tempests oiBF the shores of Nova 
Scotia and Maine, and losing his largest ship, he turned his vessel toward 
England. At midnight, during a gale, his own little bark went down, with 
all on board [Sept.], and only one vessel of the expedition returned to En- 
gland to relate the dreadful narrative. 

21. Raleigh now obtained a patent for himself [April 153] Vv-hich made 
him lord proprietor of all lands that might be 
discovered by him in America, between the 
Santee and Delaware rivers. He despatched 
Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, with two 
well-furnished ships, to explore the American 
coast. They approached the shores of Caro- 
lina^ in July, and landing upon the islands of 
Wocoken and Roanoke, in Pamlico and Al- 
bemarle Souncls, they took possession of the 
country in the name of Elizabeth. They re- 
mained a few weeks, exploring the Sounds 
and trafficking with the natives, and then 
returned to England with two sons of the raleigh. 

forest." The glowing accounts of tlie newly discovered country filled 
Raleigh's^ heart with joy; and the queen truly declared the event to be one 
of the most glorious of her reign. In memorial of her unmarried state, she 
gave the name of Virginia to the enchanting region. 

22. Raleigh now indulged in brilliant dreams of wealth and power to be 
derived from the New World, and he made immediate preparations for 

1. Note H, p. 48. 2. Note 1, p. 31. 

3. The French Protestants had piven the name of Carolina to the region where they attempted eetllcment, 
and it has ever sinee retained it. See verse 13, page : 9. 

4. ManUn and W'anrhere, natives of the adjacent continent : probably of the IJatlerns tribe. 

5. Horn in Devonshire, Enplanfi, 1.552. He wrote a History of the" World while in prison under a false 
charge of high treason, for which he was beheaded in liondon, October 29th, 1628. 

Questions.— 20. What canyon tell of the expediiion nnder Sir Hnmphrev Gilbert? 21. What expe- 
ditions did Sir Walter Raleigh fit out ? What was the result? 




42 DISCOVERIES. 




The English and Indians on Eoanoke. Destruction of adventurers. 

planting settlements on his trans-Atlantie do- 
mains. He despatched a fleet of seven vessels 
[April 19, 1585], under the command of Sir 
Eichard Grenville. Tiiey narrowly escaped de- 
struction on the Carolina coast [June], and in 
consequence Grenville named the point where 
their peril was greatest, Cape Fear. They landed 
upon the Island of Eoanoke, in Albemarle Sound, 
and there prepared for a permanent residence. 
23. Instead of looking to the fruition of seed- 
oxE OF EALEiGii's SHIPS, ^jj^jg foj. ^pue rlchcs, the English turned from the 
wealthy soil upon Avhich they stood, and went upon vain searches for gold 
in the forests of the adjoining continent. They treated the kind natives -with 
harshness, and made them their enemies ; and schemes for the destruction of 
the white intruders were speedily planned. As soon as Grenville departed 
with the ships, for England, the natives withheld supplies of food, drew the 
English into perilous positions by talcs of gold-bearing shores along the 
Eoanoke river, and finally reduced the colony to the verge of ruin. At that 
moment, Sir Francis Drake arrived from the West Indies, Avith his fleet, and 
afforded them relief. But they were anxious to leave the country, and were 
all conveyed to England by Drake in June, 158G. A few days after their 
departure, a well-furnished vessel, sent by Ealeigh, arrived ; and a foi-tnight 
later, G-renville entered the inlet with three ships well-provisioned. After 
searching for the departed colony, Grenville sailed for England, leaving fifteen 
men upon Eoanoke. 

24. Ealeigh now adopted a wiser policy, and instead of sending out mere 
fortune hunters,' he collected a band of agriculturists and artizans, with their 
fiimilies, and despatched them [April 26, 1.587] to found an industrial State in 
Virginia. He gave them a charter; and John White, who accompanied 
them, was appointed governor of the colony. They reached Eoanoke in 
July. There all was desolation. The bones of tlie fifteen men left by Gren- 
ville lay bleaching on the ground. Their huts were in ruins, and wild deer 
were feeding in their little gardens. They had been murdered by the Indians. 

25. Manteo,- who returned in 1585, did not share in the Indian hatred of 
the white people, and like Massasoit of New England,' he remained their 
friend. By command of Ealeigh he received Christian baptism, and was in- 
vested, by White, with the title of Lord of Roanoke, the first and last peerage 
created in America. Yet Manteo could not avei-t nor control the storm that 
lowered among the Indian tribes, and menaced the English with destruction. 
The colonists perceived that fearful perils were gathering, and White hastened 

1. Verse 1-3, page 52. 2. Note 4, pape U. 3. Verse 2, page 90. 

QUESTiON-s.— 2^ What other efforts did RMei'ieh make ? 2.S. What oupht the English to have soupht instead 
of Rold? What liefell the Knplish on the island of Roanoke? IIow were the.v saved? Who came wilh 
relief? 24. What new scheme did Raleigh undertake? What did the new adventurers find on RonnokcT 
25. What can you relate of an Indian Sachem? What iiiteresling event occurred in Viginia at that lime. 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 43 




Vir"iniii Dare. Abandoiiinent of America.. New expeditions. 

to England toward the close of the year for reinforcements and provision?, 
leavino' behind him his daughter, Eleanor Dare (wife of one of his lieutenants), 
who had just given birth to a child [August 18, 1587], whom they named 
Virginia. Virginia Dare was the first offspring of English parents born 
-within the territory of the United States.' 

26. When White reached England, the great Spanish Armada" was pre- 
parin"- for an invasion of Great Britain ; and Raleigh, Grenvillc, and others, 
were deeply engaged in public affairs. It was not until 
the following May [158'J], that White departed, with two 
ships, lor Virginia. According to custom, he went by 
the way of the West Indies, and depredated upon Spanish 
property found afloat. He was beaten in an engagement, 
lost one of his vessels, and was obliged to return to En- 
gland. It was not until 1590 that White was allowed to 
go to Roanoke in search of his daughter and the colony he 
had left. Both had then disappeared. Roanoke was a 
desolation ; and, though Raleigh, who had abandoned all 
thoughts of colonization, had five times sent mariners, 
good and true, to search for the emigrants, the}' were 
never found.^ Eighty years later, the Corees* told the En- 
glish settlers upon the Cape Fear river, that their lost englisu uestleman, 
kindreil had been adopted by the once powerful Haiteras 

tribe," and became amalgamated with the children of the wilderness. The 
English made no further attempts at colonization at that time ; and so, a cen- 
tury after Columbus sailed for America, there was no European settlement 
upon the North American continent. Drake had broken up the military 
post at St. Augustine [1585], and the Red Men'^ were again sole masters of 
the va.?t domain. 

27. Twelve years after the failure of Raleigh's colonization efforts, his 
friend, Gosnuld, sailed in a small bark [March 26, 1602] directly across the 
Atlantic for the American coast. After a voyage of seven weeks, he dis- 
covered the continent near Nahant [May 14, 1602], and sailing southward, he 
landed upon a sandy point which he named Cape Cod, on account of the 
great number of those fishes in that vicinity. Continuing southward, he dis- 
covered Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the group known as Elizabeth 

1. Note 2, pase &3. 

2. This was a great naval avmament, fitted out bv Spain, for the invasion of England in the summer of 
rSS. It consisted of 150 ships, 2,05U great guns, and 30,000 soldiers and sailors. It was defeated |Julj 2C1 
by Admirals Drake and Howard. 

3. While Raleigh was making these fruitless searches, the Marquis de la Roche, a wealthy French noble- 
man, attempted to plant a French colony in America. Ho was commissioned by the King of France for 
the purpose, and in 159S sailed for America with a colony, chiefly drawn from the prisons of Paris. Upon 
the almost desert island of Sable, near the coast of Nova Scotia, La Roche left forty men, while he returned 
to Fiance for supplies. He died soon afterward, and for seven years the poor emigianls were neglected. 
Wlien a vessel was finally sent for them, only twelve survived. They were taken to France, their crimes 
were pardoned by the king, and their immediate wants were sufiplied. 

4. Verse 11, page 15. 5. Note 10, page 15. C. Verse 1, page i. 

Questions— 2B. What probably became of While'.s colony? What was the condition of America in re. 
gard to settlements a century after the voyage of Columbusf 27. What were the chief incidents of an 
e.\peditiou under Gosuold? 



44 DISCOVERIES. 



Explorations of the coast of Maine. De Monts's expedition 

Islands. Upon one of them, which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his 
sovereign, Gosnold and his eoinpany prepared to found a settlement. Upon 
an islet, in a tiny lake, they built a fort and store-house.' Becoming alarmed 
at the menaces.of the Indians and the want of supplies, they freighted their 
vessel with sassafras roots, and returned to England in June, 1602. 

28. The glowing accounts of the country which Gosnold gave, awakened 
the enterprise of some Bristol merchants,^ and the following year [1G03J they 
fitted out two vessels for the purposes of exploration and traffic with the 
natives. The command was given to Captain Pring, who discovered the 
shores of Maine, near the mouth of the Penobscot [June], and coasting west- 
ward, entered and explored several of the larger rivers of that State. He 
sailed along the coast to Martha's Vineyard,Mrading with the natives; and 
fiom that island he returned to England, after an absence of only six months. 
Pring made another voyage to Maine in 1606, and more thoroughly explored 
the country. Maine was also visited in 1605, by Captain Weymouth, who 
had explored the coast of Labrador in search of a north-west passage to 
India.* He took formal possession of the country in the name of King James, 
lie decoyed five natives on board his vessel, and then sailed for England. 
These excited much curiosity; and the narratives of other mariners of the 
West of England, who visited these regions at about the same time, gave a 
new stimulus to colonizing efforts. 

29. In 1603, De Monts, a wealthy French Huguenot,^ obtained a commis- 
sion of vice-royalty over six degrees of latitude in New France," extending 
from Cape May to Quebec. He prepared an expedition for settlement, and 
arrived at Nova Scotia,''' with two vessels, in May, 1604.* He passed the 
Summer there, trafficking Avith the natives ; and in the Autumn he crossed 
over to the mouth of the St. Croix (the eastern boundary of Maine), and 
erected a fort there. He had left a few settlers at Port Eoyal (now Annapo- 
lis) under Poutrincourt. These De Monts joined the following Spring [1605], 
and organized a permanent colony. Tie named the place Port Royal ; and 
the territory now included in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent 
Islands, he called Acadie.^ 

30. In 1008, De Monts obtained a grant of the monopoly of the fur-trade 
tipon the St. Lawrence, for one year, and a new commission to plant a colony 
elsewhere in New France. The new expedition was placed un ler the com- 
mand of Samuel Champlain, and on the 3d of June, 1608, he arrived, with 

1. Dr. Belknap discovered the cellar of this storehouse in 1797- 

2. Verse 2, paRC 35. 3. Propeily 3/a)(t(i'6 Vineyard. 4. Note 1, pajre .340. 
5. Verse 12, page S<. C. Verse 5, page 30. 7. Note 3, page W. 

8. Do Monts iirst brought swine, and other domestic animals, into this portion of America. Some were 
nlso taken from there to Frencli settlements planted in Canada r. few years later. The company of wiiich 
lie was chief, fitted out four vessels. De Monts commanded the two "here named, assisted by "Champlain 
and Poutrincourt. 

9. In VA'i, Samuel Argall made a piraiical visit to these coasts, under (he direction of the governor of 
the Virginia colony, lie destroyed the remnant of Dc Monts' settlement at St. Croix, broke up the peace- 
ful colony at Port Koyal, and plundered the i.cople of every thing of value. 

QtTESTiosp. — 28. What were the effects of flosnold's voyage ? Relate the incidents of Pring's voyage. 
Who visited ilie coast of Maine in 1605? What effects followed? 1,9. What were ihe principal incidents of 
the expedition of De Monts ? 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 



45 



Settlement of Quebec. 



Hudson's exploring voyages. 



two vessels, at the mouth of the Saguenay, on the St. Lawrence. Th(>y 
ascended the great river, and on the site of Quebec, near where Cartier built 
his fort almost seventy years before,' they planted the first permanent French 
settlement in the New World. The following Sunmier, Champlain ascended 
the Richelieu or Sorel river, with a war party of Indians, and discovered the 
beautiful lake which bears his name, in the north-eastern part of the State of 
New York." 

31. While the French were exploring, and making efforts nt settlement in 
the direction of the St. Lawrence, the English 
were not idle. Several private enterprises were 
in progress, among the most important of which 
was that of a company of London Merchants 
who sent Henry Hudson, an intimate fi'iend of 
Captain Smith, ^ to search for a supposed north- 
eastern ocean passage to India. He made two 
unsuccessful voyages to the regions of polar ice 
[1607-8], and the attempt was abandoned. Anx- 
ious to win the honor of first reaching India by 
the northern seas, Hudson apj^lied to the Dutch 
East India Company* for aid. The Amsterdam 

directors afforded it, and on the 4th of April, 1609, Hudson departed from 
Amsterdam, in command of the Half-Moon, a yacht of eighty tons. He 
sought a north-eastern passage, but the ice was impassable. Turning his 
prow, he steered across the Atlantic, and first touching the continent on the 
^ shores of Penobscot Bay, he arrived in sight of the 

Capes of Virginia in August, 1609. 

32. Proceeding northward, Hudson entered the 
mouths of several large rivers, and finally passed 
the Narrows^ and anchored in New York Bay. 
He proceeded almost sixty leagues up the river 
that bears his name, and took possession of the 
country in the name of the States General of Hol- 
land.® He returned to Europe' in November 1G09, 
TUE UALF-Moox. and his report of the goodly land he had discovered 






the present villaec of Canaprlaifrnn. ('hnmplain I'iert in 16' 4. 



4. Dntch mariners, fotlnwirK llie track of ilie Portngnese, opened a snccessfnl traffic ivilli Ea.Miiii Ana, 
about the year 1594. Thi various Dntch advpnttirers in the India trade, were united in one corporate Dmly 
in lfil)2, with a cnpilal of over a million of dollars, to whom was piven the exchisive privilege ot Iradiiig 



in the seas east of the Tape of Good Ilnpe. This was the Pntch East India Company. 

5. Entrance to New York Bav between Long and Statcn Islands. 

6. This was the title of the (Joveniment of Holland, answerinp, in a degree, to onr Cmigrefn. 

7. Hudson, while on another vovapc in search of a north-west passage, discoveied the great bay 



Questions.— "0. What diil Pe Monts afterward do? What did Champlain achieve? 31. What were the 
Kiiglish doing at this time? For what was Henry Hudson employed? What brought hira to AmericaT 
32. What were the results of Hudson's voyage to America ? 



46 DISCOVERIES. 



Results of explorations. Reflections concerning the explorers. 

set in motion those commercial measures which resulted in the founding of a 
Dutch empire in the New World.' 

33. Now commenced the epoch of settlements. The whole xYtkntic coast 
of North America had been thoroughly or partially explored, the general 
character and resources of the soil had become known, and henceforth the 
leading commercial nations of Western Europe — England, France, Spain and 
Holland — regarded the transatlantic continent, not as merely a rich garden 
without a wall, where depredators from every shore might come, and, with- 
out hinderance, bear away its choicest fi-uit, but as a land where the perma- 
nent foundations of vast colonial empires might be laid, from which parent 
states would receive almost unlimited tribute to national wealth and national 
glory. 

Whon we contemplate these voyages across the stormy Atlantic and con- 
sider the limited geographical loiowledge of the navigators, the frailty of their 
vessels^ and equipments, the vast labors and constant privations endurer^ by 
them, and the dangers to which they were continually exposed, we can not 
but feel the highest respect and reverence for all who were thus engaged in 
opening the treasures of the New World to the advancing nations of Europe. 
Although acquisitiveness, or the desire for worldly possessions, was the chief 
incentive to action, and gave strength to resolution, yet it could not inspire 
courage to encounter the great dangers of the deep and the wilderness, nor 
fill the heart with feith in prophecies of success. These sentiments must have 
been innate ; and those who braved the multitude of perils were men of true 
courage, and their faith came from the teachings of the science of their day. 
History and Song, Painting and Sculpture, have all commemorated their 
deeds. If Alexander the Great was thought worthy of having the granite 
body of Mount Athos hewn into a colossal image of himself,^ might not 
Europe and America appropriately join in the labor of fashioning some lofty 
summit of the AUeghanies^ into a huge monument to the memory of the 
Navigators who lifted the vail of forgetfulness from the face of the New 
World r 

northern regions, which bears his name. He was (here frozen in the ice during the winter of 1610-11. 
While enrleavorijig to make his way lioraeward in the Spring, his crew became mutinous. They finally 
seized llnd.son, bomid his arms, and placing him and his son, and seven siek compain'ons, in an open boat, 
set them adrift upon the cold waters. They were never heard of afterward. 1. Verse 6, page 57. 

2. The first ships were generally of less than one hundred tons' burden. Two of the vessels of Columbus 
were without decks, and the one in which Frobisher sailed was of only twenty-five tons' burden. 

8. Dinocrates, a celebrated architect, offered to cut Mount Athos into a statue of Alexander the Great fo 
large that it might hold a city in its right hand, and in its left a basin of sutiiciont capacity to hold all ilie 
waters that poured from the mountain. 4. Note 7, page 14. 

5 Verse 1, p:ne 7. There has been much discussion concerning the claims of certain navigators 1o 
the honor of first discovering the continent of America. A Memoir of Seliastian Cahot, illustrated by docu- 
ments from the Rolls, published in London in 1S32, appears to prove coiiclni^ivfly that he, and not /(/» 
father, was the navigator who discovered North America. A little work eiitiilcii Jiesearchex respceting 
Americits Vexp'irius, and his Voynrjes, prepared by Viscount Santarem, ex-prime minister of Portugal, 
casts just doubts upon the statemeiifs of Vespucius, concerning his command on a voyage of discovfi.y 
when, he claims, he discovered South America [ver»e. H, page ;'.ll in 1499. He was doubtless an ollicer 
under Ojeda : and it is quite certain that he got possession of the narratives of Ojeda and published them as 
his own. The most accessible works on .Vmerican Discoveries, are IrvUip'n L{ll'e o^ Colnmbint ; Prescott'a 
Ferdinand and Isahella ; Lives of Cahot and Hudson, in Spark's American Biography, and History of tho 
United States by Hancroft and Hildreth. 



QPESTIONS. — "3. What epoch in the History of the New World now commenced? How was America 
regarded? What was the ciiaracter of the first voyagers to America, and their ships? What reverence 
is due to them ? 




CIIVPITR III. 

I 1 r I L M P N T S . 

SECTIOX I. 

Tiir act of l(jitninL, <i settle- 
ment 1-^ not cquualcnt to the es- 
t ibli'^limc nt of a colony oi the 
foundin^r of a state It is the 
initicitoiy stc p to\\ cird such an end, 
and iniy, oi may not txlubit per- 
manent results. A colony be- 
comes such only when settlements 
assume permanency, and organic laws, subservient to those of a parent gov- 
ernment, are framed for the guidance of the people. It seems proper, there- 
fore, to consider the era of settlements as distinct from that of colonial organi- 
zation. 

2. The period of settlements within the bounds of the thirteen original 
colonies which formed the Confederacy in the War for Independence,' extends 
from 1607 to 1733. For fifty year^ previous to the debarkation [1007] at James- 
town,^ fishing stations had been established at various points on the Atlantic 
coast ; and at St. Augustine,* the Spaniards had kept a sort of military post alive. 



JOHN SMITH. 



1. Chap, v., Sec. II. 



2. Verse 10, page .50. 



3. Verse 15, page 39. 



Questions.— 1. What constitutes a colony ? 2. What is the period of settlements in the United States T 



48 SETTLEMENTS. 



Settlements of the colonies. Great changes In Europe. The reformation. 



Yet the time of the appearance of the English in the James river, is the true 
point from which to date the inception or beginning of our great confederacy 
of free States. 

3. Twelve years [1607 to 1619] were spent by English adventurers in 
efforts to plant a permanent settlement in Virginia.' For seventeen years 
[1609 to 1G23] Dutch traders were trafficking on the Hudson river, before a 
permanent settlement was established in New York.'- Fourteen years [1606 
to 1620] were necessary to effect a permanent settlement in Massachusetts ;' 
and for nine years [1620 to 1631] adventurers struggled for a foot-hold in New 
Hampshire.* The Roman Catholics were only one j^eai- [1634-5] in laying the 
foundation of the Maryland colony.s Seven years [1632 to 1639] were em- 
ployed in effecting permanent settlements in Connecticut;'^ eight years [1636 
to 1643] in organizing colonial government in Rhode Island ; ' and about fifty 
years [1631 to 1682] elapsed from the landing of the Swedes on South river,' 
before Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (whose several histories of 
settlements are interwoven), presented colonial features.^ Almost sixty years 
[1622 to 1680] passed by before the first settlements in the Carolinas became 
fully-developed colonies;'" but Georgia, the youngest of the thirteen States, 
had the foundations of its colonial government laid when Oglethorpe, with the 
first company of settlers, began to build Savannah in the winter of 1733." 
The first permanent settlement within the bounds of the original colonies 
was in 

Virginia. [1607-1619.] 

4. Before the lapse of a century after the discoveries of Columbus [1492],'^ 
a great social and political revolution had been effected in Europe. Commerce, 
hitherto confined to inland seas and along the coasts, was sending its ships 
across oceans. The art of printing had begun its wonderful work;'= and, 
through its instrumentality, intelligence had been generally diffused. Mind 
thus acting upon mind in vastly multiplied opportunities, had awakened a 
great moral and intellectual power, whose presence and strength had not been 
suspected. The Protestant Reformation''' had weakened the bonds of spir- 
itual dominion, and allowed the moral facuhies fuller play ; and the si adows 
of feudal institutions," so chilling to individual effort, were rapidly disappear- 
ing before the rising sun of the new era in the history of the worl(i 

1. Verse ?0,paee 57. ^Verse 6, pape 57. »• Verse l.\ pape^ Vltltt V ^"It "t 

5 Verse (> pace 66. 6- Verse 1 ', papre 70. 7. Verse , , pape 72. 8. \ei s-e 4. P-P? >\- 

q Verse 1.^ pape 76. 10. Verse6,paBe 78. 11. Verse 5, pape <'J. l','.. Chap n..,!-ec. II 

13 About ihe vear 14.'0. Rurte printinR from engraved blocks was done before that iinie ; but when I eler 

Sehceffer east the first raetal tvpes, each letter separately, at ahont \m\ the art of printing truly had bii ih. 

John Fansres hli/hed "min'linK ofliee at Mentz, in ll«. John GnttenbniK invented cut melal types and 

used the^in prinlinra B We whieb was eommenced in UJ.'',, and finished in 1.60. The names of these three 

men are nsuiiUv as^ocin1ed as the inventors of printing. ..,„,, t ,> • ,i 

V Commenced bv WieklilTe in Knpland, in 1300 ; by Huss in Bohemia, in 1 05 ; by Lniber in Germany 
in HI7 From (bis period until 1V2, the movement was general throuKhout Europe. It w-s a„ effort to 
puree the CbrislianChurchof alleged impurities, by reforming its doclnne and ntual. The Refoimeis pro- 
fessed ng^iinsribcpraeliees of the Roman Catholic Church and the title of the movement was therefore, 
the Protestant Reformation. The name of Protestants was first given to Lntlier and olhe-s, in 1.5.9. 

1-.. The nature of feudal lawjjnay be illu strated by a singl^e^xamiT^e: William, the Norman Conqueror 
ODFSTiON<i —3 Can you nan^the time of settlement of each of the thirteen original coloniesf 4. WJ'"* 
causes had" produced a revolution in society in Etuope, duiiug a century succeeding the discoveries of Co- 
lumbus? 



VIRGINIA. 49 



Growth of toleration. Men ready for adventures. Division of Virginia. 

5. Freedom of thought and action expanded the area of ideas, and gave 
birth to those tolerant principles which lead to brotherhood of feeling. The 
new impulse developed nobler motives for human action than the acquisition 
of wealth and power, and these soon engendered healthy schemes for found- 
ing industrial empires in the New World. Aspirations for civil freedom, 
awakened by greater religious liberty, had begun the work, especially in En- 
gland, where the Protestants were already divided into two distinct parties, 
called, respectively, Churchmen and Puritans. The former supported the 
throne and aU monarchical ideas ; the latter were more republican ; and from 
their pulpits went forth doctrines inimical to kingly power. These rehgious 
differences had begun to form a basis of political parties, and finally became 
prime elements of colonization. 

G. A long contest between England and France ceased in 160i. SokUers, 
an active, restless class in England, were deprived of employment, and would 
soon become dangerous to the public peace. While population and general 
prosperity had greatly increased, there was another large class, who, by idle- 
ness and dissipation, had squandered fortunes, and had become desperate men. 
The soldiers needed employment, eitlier in their own art or in equally excit- 
ing adventures ; and the impoverished spendtlirifts were ready for any thing 
which promised gain. Such were the men who stood ready to brave ocean 
perils and tlie greater dangers of the Western World, when others of enlightened 
minds devised new schemes for colonization. The weak and timid James the 
First,' who desired and maintained peace with other nations during his reign, 
was glad to perceive a new field for restless and adventurous men to go to, 
and he readily granted a Uberal patent [April 20, 1606] to the first company 
formed after his accession to the throne, for planting settlements in Virginia. 

7. The English claimed dominion over a belt of territory extending from 
Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and indefinitely 
westward. This was divided into two districts. One extended from the 
vicinity of New York city northward to the present southern boundary of Can- 
ada, including the whole of New England, and westward of it, and was called 
North Virginia. This territory was granted to an association in the west of 
England, called the Plymouth Company.'^ The other district extended from 
the mouth of the Potomac southward to Cape Fear, and was called South 

of England, divided the land of that country into parts, called baronie-', and gave them to certain of his fa- 
voiites, who became masters of the conquered peonle on their respective estates. For these pifts. and cei - 
tain privileges, the fjarmi,--, or masters, were to fnrnisli Ihc kinsr with a stipulated amount of money, anil a 
stated number of men for soldiers, when required. The pp-ipJi" had no voice in this matter, nor in any pub- 
lic affairs, and were made essentially slaves to the barons. Out of this state of thinps originated the exclu- 
sive piiyile!?es yet enjoyed by the nobility of Europe. Except in Russia, the people have been emancipated 
from iliis vassalasre, and the ancient forms of feud»l power have disappeared. 

1. He was the sixth James of Scotland, of the house of Stuart, and son of Mary, Queen of Scotlnnd. by 
Jjord Darnley. The crowns of England and Scotland were united by his accession to the throne of the for- 
mer kingdom, in March, Tj'.S 

2. The chief members nf the companv were Thnmas fTanh-im, Sir John nnd Raleigh (lilbert fsons of Sir 
Humphrey (Jilbert), William P.arker, Oenrge Popbiim, Sir John Popham (Lord Chief Justice of England), 
and Sir Feruando Gorges, Governor of PIvmouth Fort. 



QcTESTiONs — .1. What causes produced a religions and political revolution in England favorable to coloni- 
zation? '■>. What classes in England needed exciting employment? Who enconratred emig'-ation to .\mer- 
ica? What made Kinir James favorable to emigration? 7- What territory in America did the English 
claim? How was it divided? and what were the boundaries? 



60 SETTLEMENTS. 



London and Plymouth companies. First emigration to Virginia. Jamestown. 

Virginia. This was granted to a company, chiefly residents of London, called 
the London Company} The intermediate domain of almost two hundred 
miles, was a dividing hne, so broad that disputes about territory could not 
occur, as neither company was allowed to make settlements more than fifty 
miles beyond its own boundary. 

8. The poUtical character of this charter was unfavorable to the best inter- 
ests of all. The king reserved to himself the right of appointing all officers, 
and of exercising all executive and legislative power. Tlie colonists were to 
pay homage to the sovereign, and a tribute of one fifth of the net products of 
gold and silver found in Virginia ; yet they possessed no rights of self-govern- 
ment. They were to be governed by a council of seven appointed by the 
king, who were allowed to choose a president from among tliemselves. There 
was also a Supreme Council in Engknd, appointed by the king, who had the 
general supervision of the colonies, under the direction of the monarch. That 
charter proved totally inadequate as a constitution of government for a free 
people. 

9. The Plymouth Company made the first attempt at settlement, and failed.^ 
The London Company sent Captain Christopher Newport with three vessels, 
and one hundred and five emigrants [Dec. 1606], to make a settlement upon 
Eoanoke Island.^ Among them was Bartholomew Gosnold,'' the projector 
of the expedition. They presented very poor materials for a colony. There 
was no family among them, and only " twelve laborers and a few mechanics." 
The remainder were " gentlemen,"" many of whom were vicious, dissolute 
men, totally unfit for such an enterprise, and quite unworthy to be actors in 
the glorious events anticipated by Gosnold and liis enlightened associates at 
home. 

10. Newport did not arrive upon the American coast until April, 1607, when 
a storm drove his vessels into Chesapeake Bay, where he found a good har- 
bor. He named the capes at the entrance Charles and Henry, in honor of 
the king's sous. The noble river which he soon afterward entered he called 
James. Sailing up the broad stream about fifty miles, the immigrants landed 
upon a beautifully shaded peninsula,* where they chose a site for the capital of 
the new empire, and called it Jamestown. 

11. Disputes had arisen during the long voyage. As the silly king had 
placed the names of the colonial council in a sealed box, Avith instructions not 
to open it until their arrival in Virginia, there was no competent authority on 

1. Tlie chief members of the cnmri^ny were Sir Thomas (Jales, Sir George Snme' s, Richard Ilalilnyt (ihe 
historian), and Kdward Maria Wingfiuld, who was the first povernor of Virginia. 

2. Verse 1, p.".gc t?. .'•!. Verse :?I, paee 41. A. Verfe 1", pnpe 51. 
5._ This name was (fiven to wealthy men who we-c not engaprod in any industrial p'lrsnit, aid often STi"nt 

their lives in idleness and dissipation ; a class which, in onr day and co-intry, nnmber, happily, very few. 
Labor is worthily honored as more noble than idleness. 

6. This my he called an island, frvr ihe marsh which conncts it with the mainland is often overflowed. 
The currents of (he river have washed away large portions of the original island. 

QrFSTIONS. — ". What was the political character of the first charter granted for forming ppttlements in 
America? 0. Whom did the T.nndon Company send tn make settlements in America? What was the 
character of the settlers? IJ. Wlio commanded the expedition? and what occurred when they arrived on 
Iho American coast ? 



VIRGINIA. 51 



Captain John Smith. Powliatan. Suflferings of the settlers. 



board to restore harmony. Captain Smith/ who was the most able man 
among them, excited the envy of his companions ; and being charged with a 
design to murder the council, usurp government, and proclaim himself king, 
ho was placed in confinement. On opening the sealed box, it was discovered 
that Smith was one of the council. Then he demanded a trial upon the ab- 
surd charges. The accusation was withdrawn, and he took his seat in the 
council, over which the avaricious Edward Maria Wingfield was chosen to 
preside. 

12. Newport, Smith, and twenty others, ascended the James river to the 
Falls at Richmond, and visited the emperor of the Powhatans,^ whose resi- 
dence was a mile below the foot of the rapids. The title of the emperor was 
Powhatan. He was a man of great ability, and commanded the reverence of 
the whole confederation. He was friendly to the English, notwithstanding his 
people murmured at their presence ; and the visitors returned to Jamestown 
much gratified. 

13. Newport sailed for England in June, 1607, for more settlers and pro- 
visions. The httle band of immigrants soon perceived the perils of their sit- 
uation. A large portion of their provisions was spoiled during the voyage. 
They had not planted, therefore they could not reap. The neighboring tribes 
evinced hostility, and withheld supplies. Poisonous vapor arose from the 
marshes ; and, before the close of summer, one half of the adventurers per- 
ished by disease and famine. Among the victims was Gosnold. Then it 
was discovered that president Wingfield was living on choice stores, and was 
preparing to abandon the colony and escape to the West Indies in the pin- 
nace^ left by Newport. He was deposed, and Eatcliffe, a weak and wicked 
man, was chosen his successor. He, too, was speedily dismissed ; and the 
settlers, with one consent, wisely turned to Smith, as ruler. 

14. Smith soon restored order, and by his courage and energy, inspired the 
Indians with awe, and compelled them to bring him supphes of food. In 
October, wild game became plentiful ; and at the beginning of November, the 
abundant harvest of Indian corn was gathered by the natives, and they sup- 
pUed the settlers with all they needed. Having established a degree of com- 
fort and prosperity, Smith started, with some companions, to explore the 
surrounding country. He ascended the Cjickahomminy river, and then, with 
two companions, penetrated the vast forest that covered the land. Smith's 
companions were slain by the natives, and he was made a captive. After 
being exhibited in several villages, he was taken to Opechancanough,* the 
eldest brother of Powhatan, who, regarding Smith as a superior being, 



1. Sep pnrtrnit nt (he he:i'1 nf (lii"! elinpter. Smith -wns ope of the most remarkable men of his time. He 
wai born in Linrnln-Iiivo K^s'innrl ; nni\ after many adventures in Europe, went to Amciicn He died m 
K-ar n» wroto a ///.(orv f>mVff>"ia, etc. "• Verse T', P"pe 15. 

3. A small, light vessel, with sails and oars. 4. .Note 4, pase 83. 

QPFISTIONS— '1 What produced trouble on their arrival? Wb^t treatment bad Captain John Sniiih 
received? 1?. What did Smith and others do on their Rrrival ? WTio did they visit ? \:'. What soon oc- 
curred to the colonists? 1 1. What effect did Smith's anthoritv have on the condition of the colonists? 
Relate the adventures of Smith and his companions. What did I'oeahontas do? 



52 



SETTLEMENTS. 



Captain Dniith and Pocahontas. 



More emigrants. 



Character of tlie settlers. 




POCAHONTAS. 



spared his life, and conducted him to the em- 
peror, then at Weroworomoco, on the York 
river.' A solemn council decided that the cap- 
tive must die, and Smith was led out to execu- 
tion. His head was placed upon a stone, and 
the heavy clubs of the executioners were raised 
to crush it, when Pocahontas, a child of "ten or 
twelve years,"" the favorite daughter of Pow- 
hatan, rushed from her father's side, and casting 
herself upon the captive, besought the king to 
spare his life. Powhatan consented, and Smitli 
was conducted in safety to Jamestown by a 
guard of twelve men, after an absence of seven 
weeks. 

15. Smith's captivity was a pubhc benefit. lie had acquired a knowledge 
of the Indian character, and of the countiy and its resources, and also had 
formed friendly relations with the sachems and chiefs. Had his companions 
possessed half as much energy and honesty as Suiith, all would have been 
well. But they were idle, improvident, and dissolute. He found every thing 
in disorder on his return. Only forty men were living, and the greater por- 
tion of tiiem were on the point of escaping to the West Indies in the pinnace. 
IG. Early in 1608 Newport arrived with supplies, and one hundred and 
tAventy immigrants. These were no better than the first adventurers. In- 
stead of agriculturists and mechanics, with families, they were idle " gentle- 
men," " packed hither," as Smith said, " by their friends, to escape ill destinies." 
There were also several goldsmiths, the very men least needed in the colony. 
Some glittering earth in the vicinity of Jamestown,^ was mistaken for gold ; 
and in spite of the remonstrances of Smith, the Avhole industry of the colony 
was directed to the supposed treasure. " There was no talk, no hope, no 
work, but dig gold, work gold, refine gold, load gold." Newport loaded his 
vessel with the wortliless earth and returned to England with the foolish 
hope that he was exceedingly rich. 

17. Smith remonstrated against idleness, and pleaded for industry, but in 
vain. He implored the settlers to plow and sow, that they might reap and be 
happy. They refused to listen, and he turned from Jamestown with disgust. 
With a few sensible men, he went to explore the Chesapeake in an open boat. 
He went up the Potomac to the falls above Washington city. He entered the 
Patapsco, and ate Indian corn on the site of Baltimore. He went up the 
Susquehannah to the beautiful vale of Wyoming.'' He penetrated the forests 
even to the territory of the Five Nations,^ and established friendly relations 

1. At Shelly, nearly opposite tlie mouth of Queen's Creek, Gloucester conftv, Virg:iiiia 

2. Verse :i7, page .W. 3. Verse 10, pafje r)il. 4. Verse 8, pape 228. P. Verse 2, pape 18. 

QuF,STio:;s.— 15. What was the efTert of Smith's captivity ? What continued to be the character of the set- 
tlers while Smith was nhsent? Ifi. What was the rharacter of the scconrl company of emicrants to Virfrinia? 
Wh it chiefly enKagert their attention? How (lid Newport show his folly? 1'. Why did Smith leave James- 
town? >Vhat places did he visit during an exploring voyage? What was the chaiacter of that voyage ? 



VIRGINIA. 58 



Smitli's exploring voyage. Smith made President. Commissioners. 

with the dusky tribes. Within three months he traveled three thousand 
miles. It was one of the most wonderful of exploring expeditions, considered 
in all its aspects, ever recorded by the pen of history. The map of the 
country which Smith constructed on his return, is yet in existence in England, 
and is remarkable for its general accuracy. 

18. Three days after Smith's return [Sept. 10, 1608], he was formally made 
president of the settlement. Newport arrived soon afterward, with seventy 
immigrants, among whom were two females, the first English women seen 
upon the James river.' Smith exerted all his energies to turn the little in- 
dustry of the settlers to agriculture, and succeeded, in a degree. He wrote 
to the Supremo Council' to send over a different class of men. " I entreat 
you," he said, "rather send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, 
fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, and diggers of trees' roots, well provided, 
than a thousand such as Ave have." Yet, with all his exertions, idleness and 
improvidence prevailed. At the end of two years from the first landing at 
Jamestown,' and when the settlement numbered two hundred strong men, 
not more than forty acres were under cultivation ; and to the Indians the 
wliite people were compelled to look for their chief supply of food. 

19. Disappointed in their expectations, the London Company^ sought and 
obtained a new charter [.June 2, 1609], which gave them more ample privi- 
leges. The territoiy of Souxn Virginia^ was extended northward to the 
head of the Chesapeake. The Supreme Council was vested with power to 
fill vacancies in its own body, and to appoint a governor for Virginia, whose 
rule was made absolute. The lives, liberties, and property of the settlers 
were at his disposal. They were compelled to contribute a certain share of 
their earnings to the proprietors, and Avere mere vassals at will, under a petty 
despotism. 

20. Lord De la Warr (Delaware), an enlightened peer, was appointed 
governor of Virginia, for life, under the new charter; and soon afterward 
Newport sailed for America [June 12, 1609], with nine ships, and more than 
five hiuidred emigrants." Sir Thomas Gates, the governor's deputy, sailed 
with Newport, accompanied by Sir George Soraers. These three were com- 
missioned to administer the government until the arrival of Delaware. When 
near the coast, a hurricane dispersed the fleet, and the vessel bearing the com- 
missioners was wrecked on one of the Bermuda Islands. Seven vessels of 
the squadron reached the James river in safety. 

21. A greater portion of the new immigrants were more profligate, if pos- 

1. Verse 3, page 82. 2. Verse 8, page ."iO. 3. Terse 10, page CO. 

•I. Verse 7. iiape 4P. ■'>. Verse?, page .'0. 

6. nnmestic animals were now first taken to Virginia. They corfistcd of 6 mares, 1 horse, 600 swine, a 
few pheep and goats, and 5t0 domestic fowls. Two years later 100 cows and some other cattle were 
brought over. 

Qdestioms. — IS. Wliat h.ippened three <livs after Smith's return to .Tamestown? What dii he ask the 
roun''il of the London Company to do? What was the contlition of the colony at the end of two years? 
19. Why did the liondon Oompauy ask for a new charter? What was the charaeter of the nernnd charier? 
i'fl. What first took place under the new charter? Who werg appointed commissioners to administer the 
government, and what occurred to them ? 



54 SETTLEMENTS. 



Bad conduct of the settlers. Indian hostilities. Destitution and relief. 

sible, than the first. They were dissohjte scions of wealthy famihes, and 
many of them came to avoid punishment for crimes at home. They regarded 
Virginia as a paradise for hbertines, and believed the colony to be without a 
head until the arrival of the governor or his deputy. Smith, on the contrary, 
boldly asserted his authority as president, and maintained it until an accident 
in Autumn compelled him to go to England for surgical aid,' when he dele- 
gated his authority to G-eorge P^rcy, brother of the Duke of Northumberland. 

22. Eeleased from the control of Smith, the settlers now gave themselves 
up to every irregularity of life. Their ample stock of provisions was rapidly 
consumed. The Indians had great respect for Smith, but after his departure, 
they openly showed their contempt for the English, withheld supplies of pro- 
visions, and conceived a plan for their total extermination. Famine ensued, 
and the winter and spring of IGIO were long remembered as " the starving 
time." Those who went to the cabins of the Indians were murdered ; and, 
finally, the time for striking the exterminating blow was fixed. Again Poca- 
hontas performed the part of a guardian angel.'^ On a stormy night she 
hastened to Jamestown, revealed the plot, and tlius saved the colony. 

23. The horrors of destitution increased, and the settlement of five hun- 
dred persons, was reduced to sixty within six months after Smith's departure. 
The commissioners^ constructed a rude vessel upon the barren island where 
they were wrecked, and in it reached Virginia, in June, 1610. Instead of 
being greeted by a flourishing people, they were met by a mere remnant, 
almost famished. Gates determined to sail immediately for Newfoundland,* 
and distribute the immigrants among the English fishing vessels there. James- 
town was utterly abandoned, and toward Hampton Roads^ the dejected set- 
tlers sailed in four pinnaces. Early the next morning white sails greeted 
their visions. Lord Delaware had arrived with provisions and immigrants ; 
and that very night, Jamestown, abandoned to pagans in the morning, was 
made vocal with hymns of thanksgiving to the true God, by the returned 
settlers. 

24. Lord Delaware was a virtuous and prudent man, and under his admin- 
istration the colony began to pros];)cr. Failing health compelled him to return 
to England tlie following spring [March, IGll]; and he left the government 
in the hands of Percy, Smith's successor, who managed with prudence until 
the arrival of Sir Thomas Dale, with supplies." Dale assumed the govern- 
ment, and ruled by martial law. Early in September following, Gates arrived 
with six ships, and three hundred immigrants. A large portion of them were 

1. While nassiTig down the James river, in a boat, from the Falls, Smith's bag of powder ignited, and the 
expI"sion almost killed him. His wounds were so severe as to require the most skillful sinpeiy. 

2. Verse 14, paee r.l . c^. Verse 2", page .')''. 4. Verse fi, page X. 5. Note 1, page 234. 
6. Delaware .ifterward sailed for Virginia, to resume the reins of government, but died on the voyage. 



QnrsTiONS. — 21. What was the character of the new liodv nf immigrants? How did they regard Vir- 
ginia? 22. What occurred after Smith sailed for Knglaud ? What danger threatened the English, and how 
were they saved? 2.3. Whiit further occurred to the Colonists? Ry what means did the commissioners get 
to Virginia? In what condition did they find the Colonists? What then occurred? 21. What can you tell 
of Lord I)elaw<i'-e and his successors in office, in Virginia ? What was Ihc character of emigrants who 
came with Sir Thomas Gates? 



VIllGINIA. 5) 



Change in domestic policy. Marriage of Pocahontas. A great want. 

sober, industrious men, and their arrival gave great joy to the four hundred 

colonists at Jamestown. Gates assumed the functions of governor, and Dale 
went up the river to plant new settlements at the mouth of the Appomattox 
and near the Fulls.' 

25. A wise change in the domestic policy V7as now made. Hitherto the 
laud had been worked in common, and the product of labor was deposited in 
public storehouses, for the good of tlie community. The industrious created 
food for the indolent, and an incentive to effort was wanting. It was found 
iu the assignment of a few acres of land to each man, to be cultivated for his 
own priv-^ate benefit. This regulation gave a powerful impulse to industry. 
Larger assignments were made, and soon the community system was aban- 
doned, and industry on p ivate account created an ample supply of fsod for all." 

26. The London Company' obtained a third charter in 1612 [March 22] by 
which the control of the king was annulled. The Supreme Council was abol- 
ished and the whole company, sitting as a democratic assembly, elected the 
officers and ordained the laws, for the colony. Yet no political privilege was 
granted to the settlers. They had no voice in the choice of rulers and the 
enactment of laws. But they were contented; and at the beginning of 1613 
there were a thousand Enghshmen in Virginia. 

27. At about this time an event occiuTed which proved of permanent bene- 
fit to the settlement. Powhatan had continued to manifest hostile feelings 
ever since the departure of Smith. Under pretense of extorting advantageous 
terms of peace from the Indian king, Captain Argall (a sort of buccaneer),* 
at the head of a foraging party, stole Pocahontas, and carried her on board 
his vessel. There a mutual attachment grew up between the maiden and 
John Rolfe, a young Englishman of good family. He instructed her in lef^ 
ters and religion ; and, witli the consent of Powhatan, she received tlie rite 
of Christian baptism, and became the wife of Rolfe in April, 1613. This 
union brought peace, and Powhatan was ever afterward the friend of the 
English. 

28. The settlement now prospered remarkably, yet the elements of a per- 
manent state were wanting. There were no families in Virginia, and all the 
settlers indulged in anticipations of returning to England. Gates went home 
in March, 1614, leaving the administration of government with Sir Thomas 
Dale, who ruled with wisdom and energy for about two years, and then de- 
parted, after appointing George Yeardley deputy-governor. During Yeard- 
ley's administration, the culture of the tobacco plant^' was promoted, and so 

1. Near the present City Point and Riclimonrt. 

2. A similar result was seen in tVie operations of the Pljinonth colony. See verse 5, pape 92. 

3. Verse 7, page • 0. 4. Note 0, papre Ai. 

5. This plant, yet very extensively cnltivafeil in Virginia and nijoining States, was first discoveveil by 
Sir Krancis Drake, near Tahaco, in Yueatan : hence its name. Drake and Ralcifth first introduced it into 
Encl.ind. Kins .lames conceived a great hatred of it, and wro<e a treatise against its use. Tie forbade its 
cultivaiion ill F.nprland, but could not prevent its importation from Virginia. It became a very p-ofitabla 
article of commerce, and the streets of .faniestown were planted wilh it. Olher agricultural productions 

QtJESTIONS. — 2'i. What change took place in ihe domestic pr.licv of the settlement ? ;'6. What was the charac- 
ter of i he third charter obtained bv Ihe London Conipanv ? What was the condition and number of the settlers 
in 1613? 27. What event favorable to the settlers now" occurred ? 28. What element of » permanent State 
was yet wanting? What kind of industry was encouraged by Governor Yeardley, and what was Ihe result? 



56 SETTLEMENTS. 



Dawn of KcpublicanisiD. First Representative Assembly in America. 



rapidly did it gain in favor, that it soon became not only the principal article 
of export, but the currency of the colony.' 

29. Argall the buccaneer,- was appointed deputy-governor in 1G17. He 
was a despot in feehngs and practice, and soon disgusted the people. He Avas 
succeeded by Yeardley, who was appointed governor in 1G19; and now 
dawned the natal morning of Virginia as a Republican State. Yeardley 
abohshed martial law, released the planters from feudal service to the colony,^ 
and established representative government.'' The settlement was divided 
into eleven boroughs, and two representatives, called burgesses, were chosen 
by the people for each. These, with the governor and council, constituted the 
colonial government. The burgesses were allowed to debate all matters per- 
taining to the good of the colony, but their enactments were not legal until 
sanctioned by the company in England. 

30. On tlie 28th of June, 1619, the first representative assembly ever con- 
vened in America, met at Jamestown. Then and there, the foundations of 
the Virginia commonwealth were laid. The people now began to regard 
Virginia as their home, and "fell to building houses and planting corn." 
Within two years afterward, one hundred and fifty reputable young women 
were sent over to become wives to the planters.^ The tribes of gold-seekers 
and " gentlemen" were extinct, for "it was not the will of God that the new 
State should be formed of such material ; that such men should be the fathers 
of a progeny born on the American soil, who were one day to assert Amer- 
ican hberty by their eloquence, and defend it by their valor."'' 



SECTION II. 

NEW-YORK, [1609-1623.] 

1. On his return to England [Nov. 1609], Henry Hudson forwarded to his 
emploj'ers in Amsterdam,' a brilhant account of his discoveries in America. 
Jealous of the maritime enterprise and growing power of the Dutch, the 
British king would not allow Hudson to go to Holland, fearing that he might 
be employed in making further discoveries, or in planting settlements in 
America. This narrow and selfish policy of James was of no avail, for the 
ocean pathway to new and fertile regions, once opened, could easily be tra- 
versed by inferior navigators. 

were ncKlcted, and wliile oarcroes of tobacco were preparing!; for Engrland, (he necessaries of life were 
Tvantiiip. The money value of tobacco was abont GG cents a j'onnd. 
]. NoieS, pape :.■>. 2. Note ". pnpe 44. 3. Verse 10, paRC 53. 

4. Yeardley found the people po^.^cs-'cd with an iiilc ri'c desire for that f'oedom whi"!! the lOnjiIish consfi- 
t'ltion f;a>'e(o every snbj^rt of llic Tcnlni, ;ind it wa'; impassible lo re"oncile Ih-it feeii'ifc wifli (ho exercise 
of Ihe arbitrary power which Inul hitherto prevailed. lie, the'pfore, framed a plan for a popular assembly 
as similar to the Rnplish Parliament as circumstances would allow. 

5. Verse 3, page 8i 6. Bancroft. 7. Vcrse."2, p.ige 45. 

QnESTiONS. — 29. What was the character of Argall? What rtid Yeardley do for the benefit of the settlers? 
.'?(). What important events occiirre'I in Virginia in IfilO? What other important events nrrurrcd soon 
afterward? What appeared lo be the designs of Providence? 1. What did Hudson do? What did King 
.lame.i do? 



NEW YORK. 57 



Dutch traders in America. Founding of New Netherland. 

2. In 1610, some wealthy merchants of Amsterdam, directors of the Dutch 
East India Company,' sent a ship from the Texel, laden with merchandise, to 
traOic for furs and peltries with the Indians upon the ^lauritius,^ as the pres- 
ent Hudson river was then called. Hudson's ship (the Half-Moon^) was also 
sent hither the same year on a like errand, and others soon followed. Among 
otlier connnanders came Adrian Block, the first navigator of the dangerous 
strait in the East river called Hell-Gate. Block's vessel was accidentally 
burned in the Autumn of 1613, when he and his companions erected some 
rude huts fo? shelter, near the site of Bowling Green, in New York. These 
huts formed the germ of our great commercial metropolis. During the 
winter they constructed a vessel from timber upon Manhattan Island, and 
early in the spring sailed along the coast to Nahant. 

3. Dutch trading vessels now frequently ascended the Mauritius, and a 
brisk trade was opened with the Indian tribes, almost two hundred miles 
f.om the ocean. The traders built a fort and storehouse upon a little island 
just below Albany [1614], which they called Fort Nassau ; and nine years 
later. Fort Orange was erected on the site of Albany. 

4. In the autumn of 1614 [October 11], a special charter was granted to a 
company of Amsterdam merchants, giving them the monopoly of trade in the 
New World, from the latitude of Cape May to that of Nova Scotia, for three 
years. The territory was named New Netiierland in the charter, wliich 
vitle it held until it became an English province in 1664.* Notwithstanding it 
was included in the grant of James to the Plymouth Company,^ the Dutch 
were not disturbed in their traffic." 

5. The trade in furs and peltries became very lucrative, and the company 
made an unsuccessful application for a renewal of their charter. More exten- 
sive operations were in contemplation ; and in 1621 [June 3], the States Gen- 
eral of Holland' incorporated the Dutch West India Company^ and invested it 
with almost regal powers, for planting settlements in 
America from Cape Horn to Newfoundland ; and in 
Africa, between the Cape of Good Hope and the Tropic 
of Cancer. The special object of its enterprise was New 
Netherland, and especially the region of the Mauritius. 
The company was not completely organized until the 
spring of 1623, when it commenced operations with vigor. 

6. The first effort put forth by the company was to beai. of new nethkb- 
plant a permanent colony, and thus establish a plausible land. 
pretext for territorial jurisdiction, for now the English had built rude cabins 
on the shores of Massachusetts Bay.* In April [1623] thirty families, chiefly 

1. Note 4, pafre 4'. 2. So named from Prince Maurice, of Nassau. 3. Verse 31, pngc i- . 

4. Verse 12, iinpe 115. 6. Verse 7, pa{je 40. 
fi. See Brorthciul's Ilutory of the State of Xew York : Appendix E. 

7. Note 6, pase 45. 8. Verse 13, page C3. 

Questions. — 2. What occmred on Manhattan island ? 3. What did the Dutch traders now do? 4. TIi'W 
wa'* a T;ew territory formed, and what w.''s its name? What is said of tlie quiet erjojed by the Dutch r 5. 
What did the government of Hollar. d do? 

o * 




58 SETTLEMENTS. 



Explorations of the New England coast. Captain Smith in New England. 



Walloons (French Protestants who had fled to Holland), arrived, under the 
charge of Cornelius Jacobsen May, who was sent to reside in New Nether- 
land, as first director, or governor. Eight of the famihes went up Hudson's 
river, and settled at Albany ; the remainder chose their place of abode across 
the channel of the East river, and settled upon lands now covered by the 
eastern portion of Brooklyn.' Then were planted the fruitful seeds of a 
Dutch colony — then Avere laid the foundations of the future commonwealth 
of New York." The territory was erected into a province, and the armorial 
distinction of a count was granted.^ 



SECTION III. 

MASSACHUSETTS. [1606-1620.] 

1. The Plymouth Company* dispatched an agent to examine North Vir- 
ginia, soon after obtaining their charter [August 22, 1606]. His vessel was 
captured by a Spanish cruiser. Another, commanded by Martin Pring, was 
sent, and reached America. Pring confirmed the accounts of Gosnold and 
others,^ concerning the beauty and fertihty of the New Engl;uid region. The 
following year [1607] George Popham" came, with one hundred immigrants, 
and landing at the mouth of the Sagadahoc or Kennebeck [August 21], they 
erected a small stockade, a storehouse, and a few huts. All but forty-five 
returned to England in the vessels ; these remained, and named their settle- 
ment St. George. A terrible winter ensued. Fire consumed their storehouse 
and some of their provisions ; and the keen frosts and deep snows locked the 
waters and the forests against the fisherman and hunter. Famine menaced 
them, but relief came before any Avere made victims. Of all the company, 
only Popham, their president, died. Lacking courage to brave the perils of 
the Avilderness, the settlement Avas abandoned, and the immigrants Avent back 
to England [1608] at the \'ery time Avhen the Frenchmen, who Avere to build 
Quebec,' Avere upon the ocean, TrafQc Avith the Indian tribes was continued, 
but settlements Avere not again attempted for several years.' 

2. The interior of the country, now called New England, was an unknown 
land, until Captain John Smith, Avith the mind of a philosopher and the cour- 

1. The first white cliild born in New Nelherlanrl was Sarah Rapelje, daughter of one of the Wnlloon set- 
tlers. Her birth occurred on ihe 7th of ilune, 1J25. She has a number of descendants on Long Island. 

2. Verse 1, pape 11] 

3. Several hundred years aRo there were large districts of country in England and on (he continent, gov- 
ernc'l by earls, who were stibject to the crown, however. These districts were called counties, and the 
name is still retained, even in the trnited Slates, and indicates certain judicial an 1 other jurisdiction. New 
Netherland was constituted a county of Holland, having all the iudivirUml privileges appertaining to an earl- 
dom, or separate government. The armorial distinction of an earl, or count, was a kind of cap, called cor- 
onet, seen over the shield in the engraved representation, page.'", of Ihe seal of New Netherland. The figure 
of a beaver, on the shield, is emblema'.ic of the Hudson river regions, where they abounded, and of one of 
till! grand objects of settlement here, the trade in furs. 

4. Verse 7, page 49. .">. Verse 2.M, page 44. 6. Note 2, page 40. 7. Verse 10, page 33. 

8. The celelirated Lord Bacon and others fitted out an expedition to Newfoundland in 1610, but it was un- 
successful. 



Qdestions. — fi. What did the Dutch AVest India Company do? What emigrants went to New Netherland, 
an<i where did they settle? 1. What did the Plymouth Company attempt? What ci;cui;jstances attended 
their first efforts at settlement? 



MASSACHUSETT.^. 59 



New Eagland named. A new company. Its material unfavorable. 



Ijage of a liero, came in 1G14, and explored not only the coasts, but the rivera 
which penetrated tlie wilderness. With only eight men, Smith examined\ 
the region be3-ond Cape Cod and the Penobscot, constructed a map of thej' 
country, and after an absence of less than sev^en months, he returned to 
England, and laid a report before Prince Charles, the heir-apparent to the 
throne. The delighted prince confirmed the title which Smith had given, to^ 
the territory delineated on the map, and it was named New England. Crime,j| 
as usual, dimmed the luster of the discovery. Hunt, commander of one of the! 
vessels of tlie • expedition, kidnapped twenty-seven of the Indians, with 
Squanto,' their chief, took them to Spain, and sokl some of them into slavery.^ 
And now, at various points from Florida to Newfovmdland, men-stealers of 
different nations, had planted the seeds of hatred and distrust,^ whose fruits, 
in after j'ears, were wars and complicated troubles. 

o. The following year the Plymouth Company employed Smith to make 
further explorations in America, and to plant a colony. He sailed on the 4th 
of Jul}'^, 1615, but his vessel was captured by a French pirate, and himself and 
crew were taken to France. Smith escaped to England in an open boat, and 
aroused the sluggish energies of the Plymouth Company and others, who 
planned vast schemes of colonization, and made him admiral for life. Eager 
for gains, some of the members, joining with others, applied for a new char- 
ter. The king, after much delay, granted one on the 3d of November, 1620, 
to forty of the wealthiest and most powerful men in the realm, who assumed 
the coi-porate title of The ConxciL of Plyaiouth, and superseded the original 
Plymouth Company.^ The vast domain of more than a million of square 
miles, lying between the 40th and 48th degree of north latitude, and west- 
ward to the South Sea,^ was conveyed to them, as absolute owners of the 
soil. It was the finest portion of the continent^ and now embraces the most 
flourishing States and Territories of our confederacy. 

4. This vast monopoly was unpropitious, in all its elements, to the founding 
of an empire. It was composed of speculators and mercenary adventurers, 
and these were not permitted to people this land. The same year w^hen that 
monopoly was formed [1620], a company of devout men and women in Hol- 
land, who had been driven from England by persecution, came to the ■wilder- 
ness of the New World to erect a tabernacle, where they might worship the 
Great God in honest simplicity and freedom, and to plant in tlie wilderness 
the foundation of a commonwealth, based upon truth and justice. Who were 
they ? Let History answer. 

5. Because the Pope of Rome would not sanction one of the most flagrant 
of his social crimes, Henry the Eighth of England defied the authority of the 

1. Vorse 2, pape 9J. 

2. WI>3n somo benevolent friars heard of nunt's intentions, tbey took nil the Indians not yet sold, to in- 
BtrucT Ihera as misnonavies, Amor.fr Ihcm was Scjiianlo, 

3. Verse 20, p.ipre S3 ; also note 4, page 36 ; verse 8, pane 37. 4. Verse 7. page 40. 5. Verse 17, page 32. 

QtJERTioNs. — 2. What i!i(l Captain Pmiih aceoniplish in 1 "14? IIow came our pnsteni States to be called 
New England? What nnlrap ■ cliil oi^e of Sniiili's commanriers pei-pctrale? 3. Wliat rlid Smith attempt^ 
an'l what befell him? Whut dianpe in the Plymonlh Company was eflecled? 4. Wliat was the charao; 
ter of llic :-i'.v.- Oon);>ai y y WImt olli."- pccplc crime to America? 



60 SETTLEMENrS. 



Papal authority defied. The Puritans. Persecutions in England. 

head of the Church,' and by the Act of Supremacy,'' Parliament also cast off 
the papal yoke. The people were not benefited, lor the king was pope of 
Great Britain, and they were his slaves. They enjoyed no religious freedom. 
Heresy was a high crime ; and expressions of freedom of thought and opinion 
Avere not tolerated. The doctrines and rituals of the Romish Church were 
enforced, while the autJwrity of the pope was denied. The people discovered 
that in exchanging spiritual masters, tliey had gained nothing, except that the 
thunders of excommunication^ had lost their effect upon the pubhc mind, and 
thus one step toward emancipation was gained. 

6. Henry's son, Edward, established a more liberal Protestantism in En- 
gland [1574], and soon the followers of Luther and Calvin* 
drew the tangible line of doctrinal difference which existed 
between them. The former retained or allowed many of 
the ceremonials of the Church of Rome ; the latter were 
more austere, and demanded extreme simplicity in wor- 
ship, and great purity of life. For this they were called 
Puritans, in derision ; a name which soon becatne honor- 
able. When Parliament established a liturgy for the 
Church, the Puritans refused conformity, for they acknowl- 
edged no authority but the Bible in matters of religion. 
They became a distinct and influential party in the State 
[15S0], and were specially commended by the continental 
reformers. 
A PTJEiTAN. y_ jj^ j553^ ^j^g Catholic Queen Mary, daughter of 

Henry the Eighth, re-established Romanism, and Lutherans and Calvinists 
were equally in peril. The fires of persecution were lighted, and the first 
Protestant martyrs were consumed at the stake.^ She was succeeded by her 
half-sister, Elizabeth [1558], a professed Protestant, and the flames were ex- 
tinguished. Elizabeth Avas no Puritan. She endeavored to reconcile the 
magnificent rituals of a visible Church with the simple requisitions of the 
Gospel. There was no affinity, and trouble ensued. The Puritans, struggling 
for power, asserted, in all its grandeur, the doctrine of private judgment in re- 
ligious matters, and of untrammeled religious liberty. From this high position 
it was but a step to the broad rock of civil freedom. The Puritan pulpits be- 

1. The vicious Idnjr nsked Pope Julius ITT. to divorce him from his queen, Calharire of Arinpon, in order 
that he might marry the beautiful AnncTiolevn. Tlie pope properly refuse 1 to give his sanction to the ciime ; 
and the licentious monHrch, who hnd been so much of a fricid of (he Roman ponlifl as to receive the title 
vi Defender of Ihe Faith, ciuarreleil wilh the pope, and professed Protestantism. [Note 1), page 48.1 

2. An act of I'ailianicnt |15."5-t], which declared Ihe liing of England the superior head of the Church in 
that realm, and made Protestantism the established religion of England. 

3. The I'ope of Rome assumes the right to excommunicate, or expel fiom Chrisfian commnnion, whomso- 
ever he pleases. In former times, even kings were not exempt. An cxcommnnicaled per.=on lost sociil 
caste ; and for centuries this was an iron rod in the hand of ecclesiastic? to l<eep ihe people in submission to 
Fliirit'ial authority. Happily Ov- manliind, this species of de'poiism, likj uia.iy other-, has lost its power. 

4. See note 14, page 4-. Calvin was (lie lending French Reformer. 

5. John Rogers, a pious minister, and .lohn Hooper, Bishop of (iloucesfer. 




Questions.— 5. Why did King Henry profess Protestantism? What was the condition of his people? 
and what had (liey gained? 6. What was the origin of the name of Puritan? What was the character and 
the position of Ihe Puritans? 7. What persecutions occurred? What did Queen Elizabclh a'.tcmp! ? What 
wns the result ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



61 



Persecutions in England. 



John Kobinson. 



The Pilgrims. 



ciuue the tribunes of the common people, and the preachers often promulgated 
the doctrine, that the sovereign was amenable to public opinion ivhen fairly ex- 
pressed. Tlie jealousy and the i'ears of the queen were aroused ; and aili;r 
several years of effort, the Tliirty-Nine Articles of belief, which constitute the 
rule of faith in the Church of England, were confirmed [1^)71] l)y an act of 
Parliament. 

-y-S. In 1583 a court of high commission was established, for the detection 
and punishment of Non-Conformists,' with powers almost as absolute as the 
Roman Inquisition. Persecution now began its work in earnest, and contin- 
uetl active for twenty years. The Puritans looked to the accession of James 
of Scotland [1604]- with hope, but were disappointed. When lairly seated on 
the English throne, he said of them, " I will make them conform, or 1 will 
harrie them out of the land." There were then more than thirty thousand of 
them in England. During the first year of James's reign, three hundred of 
their ministers were silenced, imprisoned, or exiled. The long struggle of the 
Established Church with the Roman Catholics on one hand, and the Puri- 
tans on the other, was now decided. It had been a struggle of three quar- 
ters of a century, not so much for toleration as for supremacy ; and the Church 
of England was the final victor. 

9. Among the devout men who fled from England, was the Reverend Jolin 
Robinson, pastor of a flock gathered in the northern counties. Informed that 
there was "freedom of religion for all men in Holland," he fled thither, with 
his people [IGOS], and established a church at Leydcn. They were soon 
joined by others from their native country. Their purity of Ufc and lofty 
independence commanded the admiration of the Dutch ; and their loyalty to 
the country from which they had been driven, 

was respected as a noble virtue. 

10. Charmed by the narratives of the Dutch 
voyagers to America, the Puritans, who felt 
that they were only Pilgri.ms, resolved to go 
there, far away from persecutions. A deputa- 
tion' went to England [1017], and through the 
influence of powerful friends,* obtained tlu; 
consent of the Plymouth Company^ to settle 
in North Virginia," and also a promise from 
the king that he would wink at their heresy, 
and let them alone. They asked no more. may-floweb. 

1. This was the litle of all those Protestants in Knphmd who refused to conform to the doctrines nnd cere- 
monials of the Kstablished Chnrcli. Tliis nnme whs lirs-t pivcn in 157?. Ni"ety years nfterward [lOr.2), 2,1)00 
m'nislers of tha Kstablished Chnroh, unwilling to snbsoiihe to the Thirty-NineArlicIep, sece'lcl, mnl w.^ie 
called Dissenters ; a name yet upplied to all British Protestants who are "not attached to the C'liiurh of En- 
E'a "<■ 2. See Note 1, page 4'.'. 

;'•. John Carver and Robert Cnsihman. 




i. Sir Edward Sandys [verse 3, p. 82] was one of their chief advocates in England. 
5. Verse 7, page 49. 



C. Verse 7, page 40. 



Qdestioss. — 8. For wh.-it pnrpose was a commission appointed? How were the Puritans disappoi-'ed, 
and treated? What s'nigple was coucli:i!cd ? 9. WhcCedfiom KcRland? and whiiher did tliey go? IIuw 
we,c they esteemed .ibroad ? 



62 SETTLEMENTS. 



Departure of the Pilgrims for America. The May-Flower. Government 

Some London merchants formed a partuersliip with them, and furnished cap- 
ital for the expedition.' Captain Sniitli offered his services, but on account 
of his aristocratic notions, they were declined. Two ships {Speedwell and 
May-Flower) were furnished," and in the summer of 1620, a portion of the 
Pilgrims in Holland — " the youngest and strongest" — embarked from Delft- 
ITaven for England.^ Robinson and the larger portion of his flock remained 
at Leyden,^ and elder Brewster accompanied the voyagers as their spiritual 
guide. 

11. The two ships left Southampton, in England, on the 5th of August, 
1G20. The courage of the captain and company of the Speedwell failed, and 
the vessels put back to port. The sails of the May-Flower were again spread, 
in the harbor of Plymouth, on the Gth of September, and forty-one men, 
most of them with families^ (one hundred and one in all) — the winnowed 
remnant of the Pilgrims who left Delft-Haven — crossed the stormy Atlantic. 
These were they who came to the New World to lay, broad and deep, a por- 
tion of the foundations of our happy Repubhc. 

12. After arboisterous passage of sixty-three days, the May-Floiver an- 
chored within Cape Cod.° Before proceeding to the shore, the Pilgrims 
agreed upon a form of government, and committed it to writing.' To that 
first written constitution of government, ever subscribed by a whole people, 
the forty-one men affixed their names, and then elected John Carver to be 
their governor.^ This was done in the cabin of the May-Flower, and that 

1. The services of each emigrant were valued as a capital of ten pounds, and beionged to the compaiij. 
All proHts were to be reserved till the end of seven years, when all the lands, houses, and every producion 
of tlieir joint industry were to be valued, and the amount divided amonp the shareholders, atcordii g- to their 
respective interests. This was a community of inteiest, similar, in character, to those which have been 
proposed and attempted in our day, under the respective titles of Communism, Fourieiism, and Socialism. 
It failed to accomplish its intended purpose, and was abandoned. 

2. The Spffiltrelt was a vessel of 60 tons : the MayFloicer of ISO tons. 

3. See head of Chapter IV., page 81. That is a copy of Weir's picture of The Ertibarhadon of lite Pil- 
griinx, in the Rotunda of the.VationaJcapitol. 

4. Kobinsou was never permiiietl to see America. Notes Sand 5, pagre 92. 

5. The following are their namts : — John I'arver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, William Krews- 
ter, Isaac AUeiton, Captain Miles Standisb, .John Alden, Samuel Fuller, Christopher Martin, William 
Mullins, William White, Richard Warren, John Howland, Stephen Hopkins, Edward Tilly, John Tilly, 
Peter IJrown, Richard IJritteridge, (Jeorpe Soule, Richard Clark, Richaid Gardiner, Francis Cook, 
Thomas Rngeis, Thomas Tinker, John Ridgale. E<iward Fuller, John Tumer, Francis Eaton, James 
Chilton, Jolin Craekston, John Billington, Moses Fletcher, John Goodman, Pegory Priest, Thomas Wil- 
liams, Gilbert Winslow, Edward Margeson, John Allcrton, Thomas English, Edward Dotey, Edward 
Leister. Howland was Carver's servant ; Soule was Winslow's sei vant ; and Dotey and Leister were serv- 
ants of Hopkins. 

6. The foolish statement has often been made, that iha PiLnnivs intended to land at Manhattan Island 
(New York;, but the commander of the 3/<i?/-F/o?rer having been bribed by the Dutch to do so, landed ihcm 
further east beyond the Dutch possessions! Coppin, the pilot, bad been on the coast of New England be- 
fore, and, in navigating (he May-Floirer, he only followed his old track. The story is a fable. 

7. Tii2 following is a copy of th'; instrument : " In the name of God, Amen. We whose names arc nnder- 
wrilten, the loyal snbjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King J.imes, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, 
France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undeitaken, for the glory of God and the 
advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony 
in the northern parts of Virginia- do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of (iod and 
of one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering 
and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid ; and by virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and 
frame just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices from lime to time, as shall be thought 
most rneet and convenient for the general good of the colony ; unto which we promise all due submission 
and obedience. In witness wheieof we have hereto subscribed our names, at Cape Cod, the eleventh of 
November, in the vear of the reiern of our sovereign Lord, King James of England, France, and Ireland, 
the Eighteenth, and of Scotland the Fifly-fnurth. Anno Domini, lfi2tl." 

8. John Carve was born in England, went with Robinson to Holland, and on the 3d of April, 1C21, 
while Governor of Plymouth colony, he died. 

QOF.STIONS.— 10. Wbat did the Puritans resolve to do? What did they accomplish? 11. What occurred 
after the first departure from Englnnd until their arrival in America? 12. What did the Pih/rims do before 
landing? What made the J/a.v-F/o/rcr remarkable? 



NEAV HAMPSHIRE. 63 



Landing of the Pilgrims. Tlieir sufferings. Laconia. 



vessel was truly the cradle of liberty in America, rocked on the free Avaves 
of the ocean. 

13. After many hardships, exploring parties' selected a place for landing 
anil on the '22d day of December, 1620, the Pilgrim Patheks first set foot 
upon a bare rock on the bleak coast of Massachusetts Bay, -while all around 
the earth was covered with deep snow." They called the 
lauding place New Plymouth, and there a flourishing vil- 
lage is now spread out.^ Dreary, indeed, was the prospect 
before them. Exposure and privations had prostrated 
one half of the men before the first blow of the ax had 
been struck to build a habitation. Faith and hope nerved 
tlie arms of the healthy, and they began to build. One 
by one perished. The governor and his wife died in ^.^^ cAnvFu'^^oiAiu 4 
April 1621 ; and on the first of that month, forty-six of 
the one hundred emigrants were in their graves, nineteen of whom were 
signers of the Constitution. At one time only seven men were capable of 
assisting the sick. Fortunately the neighboring tribes, weakeqpd by a pesti- 
lence,^ did not molest them. Spring and Summer came. Game became 
plenty in the forest, and they caught many fishes from the waters. They 
sowed and reaped, and soon friends from England joined them." The settle- 
ment, begun with so much sorrow and suffering, became permanent, and 
then and there the foundations of the commonwealth of Massachusetts 
were laid. 




SECTION IV. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1622-1680.] 

1. Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason (the latter secretary to the 
Plymouth Council for New England') obtained a grant of land [1622], ex- 
tending from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, and inland to the St. Lawrence, 
and named the territory Lacokia. The same year a colony of fishermen, 
under David Thompson, seated themselves on the Piscataqua river, just be- 
low Portsmouth. Another party, under two brothers named Hilton, London 

1. Their leader was Miles Standisli, a brave soldier, who had served in the Netherlandf. He was very 
active in the colony as military coramander-in-chief, in both fighting and treating with the Indians, and is 
called " The Hero of New England." He was a magistrate many years and died at Duxburv, Mass., 
in 1656. 

2. While the explorers were searching for a landing place, the wife of William While, a bride bnt a short 
time before leaving Holland, gave birth to a son, " the IJrst Englithman born in New England." Tlicy 
named him Peregrine, and the cradle in which he was rocked is yet preserved. He died at Marshlield 
in 1704. 

3. "Plymnnth Rock" is famous. It is now (18571 in two pieces. One part remains in its original 
position at Hedge's Wharf, Plymouth ; the other is in the center of the town, surrounded by an iron railing. 
It was dragged thither in 1774, by twenty yoke of oxen, and over it the H'AiV/v [Note 3, page 185.) erected a 
liberty pole. 

4. This was the throne upon which sat the first Christian monarch of New England. Governor Carver 
was at the head of a new State, and, as chief m.igistralc, held the same relative posi;ion as King James of 
England, whose seat was richly ornamented and covered with a canopy of silk and gold. 

5. Verse 1, page 90. 6. Verse 3, page 91. 7. Verse 3, page 5'.'. 
Questions. — 13. Where did the Pilgrims land? What then occurred to them:' What had happened to 

the neighboring Indian tribes? How were the i'tV^rim.s relieved from want and distress? 1. What settle- 
ments were made northward and eastward of Massachusetts? 



64 SETTLEMENTS. 



Founding of New Hampshire. Coalition with Massachusetts. Maryland. 

fishmongers, commenced a settlement [1623] a few miles above, at Dover; 
but these were only fishing stations, and did not flourish. 

2. In lG2y the E,e\\ Mr. Wheelwi'ight' purchased from the Indians the 
wilderness between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua, an 1 founded Exeter. 
The same year Mason obtained from Gorges exclusive ownership of that same 
portion of Laconia. He named the domain jSTev/ IlAMPsnrRE,- and in 1G31 
built a house upon the site of Portsmouth, the name which he gave to the 
spot. Other settlements upon the Piscataqua, and along the present coast of 
Maine, as far as Portland, were attempted. At the latter place a company 
had a grant of land forty miles square, and formed an agricultural settlement 
[1631] called Ligoxia.^ Pemaquid Point was another settlement, which re- 
mained an independent community for almost forty years. Trading houses 
were established as far east as Machias, but they were broken up by the 
French, and the western limits of Acadie* were fixed at Pemaquid Pointy 
about half way from the Penobscot to the Kennebec. 

3. In 1641 the several feeble and scattered settlements in New Hampshire 
formed a coal^ion with the flourishing Massachusetts colon}'', and remained 
dependencies of that province until 1680, when they were separated liy order 
of the king, and New Hampshire became a royal province. Its first govern- 
ment consisted of a governor and council appointed by the king, and a house 
of representatives elected by the people. Then was founded the common- 
wealth of New Hampshire. 



SECTION V. 

MARYLAND. [1G34.] 

1. Maryland was first settled by persecuted Roman Catholics from England 
and Ireland. While King James worried the Puritans on one hand, for non- 
conformity," the Roman Catholics, at the other end of the religious scale, 
were subjected to even more severe penalties. As the Puritans increased in 

1. Mr. Wheelwiigbt was a bvolher-in-law of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who was banished from the Mas- 
sachusetts colony on a cliaige of i-edition. Veisc 12, page 94. 

2. Mason liail been governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire County, England, and these names were given 
in memory of his former residence. 

3. The jieople of these eastern settlements which formed the basis of the present commonwealth of JIaine, 
dill not like the government attempted to be established by the proprietor, and, taking political power into 
thiMr own hands, placed themselves under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts in 1652. The Territory was 
erectc<l into a county, and called Yorkshire. In liWI, King James, as sovereign of Scotland, placed Ihc 
Scottish seal to a charter granting to Sir William Alexander, afterward [IfiSS] Earl of Slirling, the whole 
territory eastward of the State of Maine, under the title of Xorn Srotia, or New Scotland. The Krench had 
already occupie 1 places along the coast, and called the country Aradie. Tlie Scotch proprietor never at- 
tempted settlements, cither in this territory or Canada, which Chnrlcs the First had granted to him, and 
the whole country passed into the hands of the French, by treaty. The carl died in 164n, and all connec- 
tion of his family with Nova Sco'lia ceased. His title was held afterward by four successors, the last of 
whom died in 17i)9. In 17.^9 William Alexander (General Loni Stirling during our War for Independence) 
made an unsuccessful claim to the title. The next claimant was Alexander Humphrey, who cominenccd 
operations in the Scottish courts in 181,n, and by forgeries and frauds was parlially successful. The whole 
was exposed in IKW. Humphrey was in this cnimlry in ISS^, prejising his claims to the monopoly of the 
Eastern Fisheries, by virtue of the grants of Kings James and Chatles more than 200 years ago I 

4. Verse 29, page 44. 5. Note 1, page fl. 

Questions. — ". What efforts at settlem'^nt occurred in 16:9? Wh.it was the origin of New H.impshire? 
What settlements were made in Maine? What occurred to trading posts there? 3. What did the settlers in 
New Hampshire do? When was the province of New IIamp^hire established ? 



MARYLAND. Qo 



Lord Baltimore. Maryland charter. Civil and religious freedom. 

numbers and inQuence, their cry against the Roman Catholics grew louder 
and fierccFj and while defending themselves from persecution with one hand, 
they were inflicting as severe a lash upon the Romanists with the other. 
Thus subjected to twofold opposition, the condition of the Roman Catholics 
became deplorable, and in common with other sufferers for opinion's sake, 
their eyes were turned toward free America. 

2. Among the most influential professors of Catholicism was George Cal- 
vert, an active member of the London Company,' and Secretary of State at 
the tune when the PiLORms" were preparing to emigrate to America. lie 
was so much more loyal in action to his sovereign than to his faith, that he 
did not lose the king's favor, although frankly professing to l)e a Roman 
Catholic ; and for his services he was created an Irisli peer [1G21], with the 
title of Lord Baltimore. He also obtained from James a grant [1G22] to 
l^lant a Roman Cathohc colony on a portion of Newfoundland. 

3. Lord Baltimore now went to Virginia [1G28], with a view of establish- 
ing a colony of his brethren there. But he found the Virginians as intol- 
erant as the crown or the Puritans, and he turned his back upon their narrow 
prejudices and went to examine the beautiful, unoccupied regiOTi beyond tl e 
Potomac. He was pleased with the country, and applied for a charter to es- 
tablish a colony there. The London Company was now dissolved,^ and the 
soil had become the property of the monarch. King Charles readily granted 
a charter, but before it Avas completed, Baltimore died [April 25, 1632]. It 
was soon afterward issued to Cecil, his son and heir [-Tune 20]. and in lionor 
of the queen, Henrietta Maria,'' the province 
was called Maryland. The territory defined 
in the charter extended along each side of 
Chesapeake Bay, from the 30th to the 45 th 
degree of north latitude, its western lino being 
the waters of the Potomac. 

4. The Maryland charter was drawn, it is 
believed, by the first Lord Baltimore's own 
hand. It was the most liberal one yet 
granted, both in respect of the proprietor and 
the settlers. The government of the province 
was independent of the crown, and equality 
in religious rights and civil freedom, was se- "'^"'''^ ^'"''''"' "■"''" '-'^■''^^^^ 
cured to every Christian sect. The king had no power to levy the smallest 
tax upon the colonists, and all laws were invalid until sanctioned bv a ma- 
jority of the freemen,' or their deputies. 

5. The first company of emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics, sailed for 

1. Verse 7, V'lee 49. 2. Verse 10, pnpe fil. 3. Verse 8, page 83. 

4. She was a Roman Catholic and sister of Louis iliu TliiiUenlh of France. 

Questions.— I. What was the condition nf Roman Calhnlios nnder K^np James? 2. WIio wns Genrge 
Calvert? and what did he doV ?,. When Lord lialiininie, how was lie received in Viririiiia? For what 
territory was a charter given to him f What was the name and extent of the new province ? 4. By wliom 
■was thi; Maryland charter drawn? aud what was its character ? 




66 ■" SETTLEMENTS. 



Settlement of Maryland. First Legislature. The Dutch in Connecticut 

America on the 2d of December, 1633, under Leonard Calvert, brother of the 
proprietor, and governor of the province. They arrived in March, 1634, and 
after saiUng up the Potomac, as far as Mount Vernon, they descended the 
stream, almost to its mouth. They landed upon an estuaiy of the Chesa- 
peake, purchased an Indian village, and laid the foundation of a town [April, 
1634], which they named St. Mary.' The honesty of Calvert in paying for 
the land, secured the good will of the Indians ; and the settlers experienced 
no sufferings from want, or the hostilities of the Aborigines.* 

G. The first legislative assembly was convened at St. Mary on the 8th of 
March, 1635. Every freeman being allowed to vote, it was a purely demo- 
cratic legislature. As the number of colonists increased, this method of mak- 
ing laws was found to be inconvenient, and in 1639, a representative govern- 
ment was established^ the people being allowed to send as many- delegates as 
they pleased. The first representative assembly made a declaration of rights, 
defined the powers of the proprietor, and took measures to secure to the 
colonists all the civil liberties enjoyed by the people of Old England. Then 
was founded Uie commonwealth of Maryland. 



SECTION VI. 

CONNECTICUT. [1632-1639.] 

1. The Connecticut river was first explored, as far as Hartford, by Adrian 
Block,^ in 1614, who named it Versche, or Fiesh Water River.* Soon after- 
ward Dutch traders were upon its banks, and might have carried on a peaceful 
and profitable traffic with the Indians, had honor and honesty marked their 
course. But the avaricious agent of the Dutch imprisoned an Indian chief on 
board his vessel, and would not release him until a ransom of one hundred 
and forty fathoms of wampum^ had been paid. The exasperated Indians 
menaced the traders, and near the site of Hartford, a place yet known as 
Dutch Point, the latter commenced the erection of a fort. The Indians were 
conciliated, and the fort was abandoned for awhile. 

2. In 1627, friendly intercourse was opened between the Dutch of New 
Netherlands and the Puritans." "With the guise of friendship, but really for 

1 TradiiiR posts were estaliHsherl a little earlier than lliis, within the Maryland pio%inoe. In \(x\ 
William Clayborne obtained a license fiom llie kinpto tiaffic willi the Indiars ; and wlicn Calveit and Irs 
company came, he had two setdemenis, one on Kent Island, nearly opposite Am.apnlis, and arollier at the 
present Ilavre de Grace, at the mouth of (he Siistiuehannah. lie refused to acknowledge the anihority of 
Ballimore, and trouble ensued. He collected bis people on the eastern shore of Maryland in 1(53.', will) a 
determination to defend bis claims by force of arms ; and in May (piite a severe skirmish ens\ied between 
his forces and those of the colonists. Olayborne's men were taken prisoners, and he fled (o Virginia. He 
■was declared guilty of treason, and sent to Eiifrland for trial. His estates were forfeited; but, being 
acquitted of the charge, he returned to Maryland and incited a rebellion. See verse 2, papre 120. 

2. Verse I'', page 1.5, and verse 10. page iT. ."!. Verse 2, page 5". 

4. Connecticut is the Knglish orthography of the Indian word Qwon-eh-ta-cut, which signifies "(he long 
river." 5. Probably about $4(K). See note 1, page 10. 6. Verse 6, page CO. 

QCESTIONS.— r>. What kind of emigrants first settled in Maryland? f!an you relate the incidents of their 
arrival and settlement ? 6. Where did the first legislative assembly convene in Maryland? What did it ac- 
complish? 1. Uy whom was the Connecticut river first e.xplored? What occurred between the Dutcd and 
ludians? 



CONNECTICUT. • 67 



Policy of the Dutch and Indians. Puritan settlement on the Oonnec.icut. 

the purpose of strengthening the claiin»of the Dutch to the Connecticut val- 
ley, by having an Enghj^h settlement there, under the jurisdiction of New 
Netherland, governor Minuit' advised the Puritans to leave the barren land 
of Massachusetts Bay, and settle in the fertile region of the Fresh Water 
river. In 1631, a Mohegan chief, then at war with the powerful Pequods,"^ 
desirous of having a strong barrier between himself and his foes, urged the 
English to come and settle in the Connecticut valley. The Puritans clearly 
perceived the selfish policy of both parties, and hesitated to leave. The fol- 
lowing year [1G32], however. Governor Winslow, of the Plymouth colony,' 
visited that fertile region, and, delighted with its appearance, resolved to pro- 
mote emigration thither. 

3. In the mean while, the Council of Plymouth^ granted the soil of Con- 
necticut [1630] to the Earl of Warwick, who, in 1631, transferred his interest 
to Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, and others. The eastern 
boundary of the territory was " Narraganset river," and the western (like all 
other charters at that time) was the Pacific Ocean.' The Dutch became ap- 
prized of the movements of the English ; and perceiving no advantage (but 
detriment) to themselves, they purchased of the Indians the land at Hartford 
and vicinity, completed their fort," and placed two cannons upon it [1633], 
with the intention uf preventing the English ascending the river. 

4. In October [1633], Captain William Holmes and a chosen company 
arrived in the Connecticut river, in a sloop. Holmes was commissioned to make 
a settlement, and he brought with him the frame of a house. When he ap- 
proached the Dutch fort he was menaced with destruction. But he was not 
intimidated, and saiHng by unhurt, he landed at the site of Windsor, and 
there erected his house. The following year the Dutch made an unsuc- 
cessful attempt to drive him from the country. 

5. Holmes's colony flourished, and in the Autumn of 1635, a party of sixty 
men, women, and children, from the Puritan settlements, commenced a jour- 
ney through the wilderness [Oct. 25] fo join him. With 

their cattle,' they made a slow and dreary journey of a 
hundred miles through dark forests and dismal swamps ; 
and when they arrived upon the banks of the Con- 
necticut [Nov. 25], tlie ground was covered with deep 
snow, and the river was frozen. It was a winter of 
great trial for them. Many cattle perished.^ A vessel 
bearing food for the colony was lost on the coast, and 
the settlers were compelled to subsist upon acorns, ^^'^'^ meiting-house. 
and scanty supplies of Indian corn from the natives. Many returned to Bos- 

1. Verse 1, page 111. ?. Verse 14, pare If.. 3. Verse 13, pape G3. 

4. Verse 3, page 59. 5. Verse ?, page 59. 6. Verse 1, page 66. 

7. This was Ihe first introduction of cattle into Connecticut. 

8. The loss in cattle was estimiitcd at about 51,000. . 

QoESTioxs. — 2. What overtures wee made to the Puritans by the Dutch and Indians? What did the 
Puritans do? S. To whom was the soil of Cnnnctinii granted ? What movements did the Dutch make? 
4. Can you relate the adventures of Holmes wiil\ the Diiicli? 5. What settlers went to the Connecticut river f 
VVTiat occurred to them ? Wh.at pious act did they perform ? 




68 SETTLEMENTS. 



Hooker's emigration to Connecticut. Murders by the Pequods. WilUams's interposition. 

ton by water. With the opening of Spring the necessities of those who re- 
mained were supplied. They erected a small house for worship on the site 
of Hartford; and m April, 163G, the first court, or organized government, was 
held there. 

6. At about the time when tliis company departed, a son of governor Win- 
throp' of Massachusetts, Hugh Peters and Henry Vane, arrived at Boston 
from England, as commissioners for the proprietors of Connecticut, with 
instructions to build a fort at the mouth of the river of that name, and to plant 
a colony there. The fort was speedily built, and the settlement was named 
Saybrook, in honor of the two peers named in the charter." 

7. In June, 1G36, Rev. Thomas Hooker, the " light of the western churches," 
with other ministers, their families, and flocks, in all about one hundred, left 
the vicinity of Boston for the Connecticut valley. It was a toilsome journey 
through the swamps and forests. They subsisted upon the milk of their cows 
which they took with them, and on the 4th of July [163G], they stood upon 
the beautiful banks of the Connecticut. A great portion of the company set- 
tled at Hartford. Some chose Wethersfleld for a residence ; and others, from 
Eoxbury, went up the river twenty miles, and settled at Springfield. There 
were now five distinct English settlements upon the Connecticut river. 

8. A storm was now gathering. The powerful Peqitocl Indians^ became 
jealous of the white people, because they appeared to be the friends of their 
enemies the Mohegans on the West, and of their more powerful foes, the 
Narragansets, on the East. They first commenced petty annoyances; then 
kidnapped children, murdered men in the forests, and attacked families on the 
outskirts of the settlement at Saybrook. Their allies of Block Island* cap- 
tured a Massachusetts trading vessel, killed the captain^ [July, 1636] and 
plundered her. An inefficient expedition from Boston and vicinity penetrated 
the Pequod country, Avhich resulted in only increasing the hatred and hostility 
of the savages. The Pequods became bolder, and finally sought an alliance 
with their enemies, the Narragajisets^ in an effort to exterminate the white 
people. 

9. Roger Williams, who had been banished from Massachusetts," was now 
a friendly resident in the country of the NarragansUs, and heard of the pro- 
posed alliance. Forgetting the many injuries he had received, he warned the 
doomed people of the Bay Colony, of impending danger. At the risk of his 
own life, he descended Narraganset Bay in an open canoe, on a stormy day, 
visited Miantonomoh, the Narraganset sachem, at his seat near Newport, 
while the Pequod embassadors were there in council. The latter menaced 
WiUiams with death ; yet that good man remained three days, and effectually 

1. Verse S, page 93. 2. Verse ?, pafre67. ?■■ Verse W, page 16. 

4. This island, which lies nearly south from (he eastern comer of Connecticut, was visitert liy Adrian 
Block, the Pntch navigator, and was called by his name. At the lime in question it was thickly populated 
with fierce Indians. 

5. John Oldham, the Drst overland explorer of the Oonnecticnt river. 6. Verse 11, page 94. 
QriKSTiONS. — 6. Who else commenced a scttrcment? and what was it called? 7. Can you relate incidents 

of m'lrratinn to the Oonnecticnt in 16 6? S. What did (he Indians do to the settlers? and for what reason? 
9. What did RoRer Williams do for the English settlers? 



CONNECTICUT. 09 



War with the Pequods. Sassacus. His defeat, flight and death. 

prevented the alliance." And more — he induced the Narragansets to renew 
hostilities with the Peqnoch. By this generous service the infant settlements 
were saved from destruction. 

10. During the ensuing Winter, the Indians continued their murderous dep- 
redations. In the Spring, the authorities of the English settlements on the 
Connecticut declared war against the Pequods [May, 1637], and the Massachu- 
setts and Plymouth colonies agreed to aid them. Soon Captain Mason, who 
was in command of the fort at Suybrook" and Captain John Underhill, a brave 
and restless man, sailed in some pinnaces, with about eighty white men and 
seventy Molmjan Indians under Uncas,^ for Narraganset Bay. There Mianto- 
nomoh, with two hundred warriors, jomed them, and they marched for the 
Pequod country. Their ranks were swollen by the brave Nianiics and others, 
until five hundred " bowmen and spearmen" were in the train of Captains 
Mason and Underhill. 

11. The cliief sachem of the Pequods was Sassacus, a fierce warrior, and the 
terror of the New England tribes." He could summon almost two thousand 
warriors to the field ; and feeling confident in his strength, Avas not properly 
vigilant. His chief fort and village on the ^lystic river, eight miles north-east 
of New London, was surprised at dawn [June 5. 1637], and before sunrise 
more than six hundred men, women and children, perished by fire and sword. 
Only seven escaped to spread the dreadful intelligence abroad, and arouse the 
surviving warriors. The Narragansets turned homeward, and the English, 
aware of great peril, pressed forward to Groton on the Thames, and there em- 
barked for Saybrook. They had lost only two killed, and less than twenty 
wounded. 

12. Sassacus had scarcely recovered from this shock, Avhcn almost a hun- 
dred armed settlers, from Massachusetts, under Captain Stoughton, arrived at 
Saybrook. The terrified Pequods made no resistance, but fled in dismay to- 
ward the wilderness westward, hotly pursued by the English. Terrible was 
the destruction in the path of the pursuers. Throughout the beautiful coun- 
try on Long Island Sound, from Saybrook to New Haven, wigwams and 
cornfields were destroyed, and helpless women and children were slain. 
With Sassacus at their head, the Indians flew hke deer before the hounds, and 
finally took shelter in Sasco swamp, near Fairfield, where, after a severe bat- 
tle, they all surrendered, except Sassacus and a few followers. These fled to 
the MohaioJis,^ where the sachem was treacherously murdered, and his people 
were sold into slavery, or incorporated with other tribes. The blow was one 
of extermination, relentless and cruel. " A nation had disappeared in a day." 
The New England tribes^ were filled with awe, and for forty years the colon- 
ists were unmolested by them. 

1. Verse .S, pnjre 71. 2. Verse 6, pape 68. 3. Veiscl'!, page 16. 

4. Verse 15, page 17. 6. Verse 2, pHge 18. 6. Verse 15, page 17. 



QnESTiON-s. — 10. Wliat preparation,-! were made for war with the Tnfh'aiis? 11. Who was the head of the 
Peciuorts, and where was his resideiire? What occurred to his chief fort and village? I'. What did the 
-''nglish do.' aud what misfortuDes befell Sassacus and his tribe? 



70 SETTLEMENTS. 



Settlement of New Haven. Connecticut colony. Rhode Island. 

13. In the summer of 1637, John Davenport, an emment Nonconformist' 
minister of London, with Theophihis Eaton and Edward Hopkins, rich mer- 
chants who represented a wealthy company, arrived at Boston. They were 
cordially received, and urgently solicited to settle in that colony. The Hutch- 
inson controversy" was then at its height; and perceiving the religious agita- 
tions of the people, they resolved to found a settlement in the Avildcrncss. 
The sagacious Puritans, while pursuing the Peqtiochj had discovered the beauty 
and fertiUty of the country along the Sound from the Connecticut to Fairfield, 
and Davenport and his companions heard their report with joy. Eaton and a 
few others explored the coast in autumn, and erecting a hut^ near the Quini- 
piac creek (the site of New Haven), they passed the winter there, and selected 
it for a settlement. In the spring [April 13, 1G38] Davenport and others fol^ 
lowed ; and under a wide-spreading oak,* the good minister preached his first 
sermon. They purchased the lands at Quinipiac, of the Indians, and, taking 
the Bible for their guide, they formed an independent government, or "plant- 
ation covenant," upon strictly religious principles. There they laid the found- 
ations of a city, and called it New Haven. 

14. The following year the settlers at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, 
met in convention at Haitford [January 24, 1639], and adopted a written con- 
stitution, which contained very liberal provisions. It ordained that the gov- 
ernor and legislature should be elected annually by the people, and they were 
required to take an oath of allegiance to the commonwealth, and not to the 
king. The General Assembly, alone, could make or repeal laws; and in every 
matter the voice of the people was heard. This was termed the Connecticut 
Colony ; and, notwithstanding it and the New Haven Colony were not 
united until 1665, now was laid the foundation of the commonwealth of Con- 
necticut, which was governed by the Hartford Constitution for more than a 
century and a half. 

SECTION YII. 

RHODE island. [1636-1643.] 

1. The first settler in Rhode Island was William Blackstone, a non-conform- 
ist minister,' who was the first resident upon the peninsula of Shawmut, 
where Boston now stands.^ Not liking the "lords brethren" in Massachusetts 
any more than the " lords bishops" of England, he withdrew to the wilder- 
ness. On the banks of the Pawtucket river he planted, and called the place 
Rehoboth.' Although he was the {"ivst sef tier, Blackstone was not ihc founde?' 
of Rliode Island. 

1. Note 1, paga Gl. 2. Verse 12, pnge 94. S. On iho coiner of Church and George-streets, New Haven. 

4. At the intersection of George and College-streets, New Haven. 

5. Note 1, page 61. C: Verse 8, page 93. 
7. Room. The name was significant of his aim — he wanted room outside of the narrow confines of wliat he 

deemed Puritan intolerance. 

Questions.— l."*. What circumstances led to the settlement at New Haven? Who were the principal men 
engaged in Ihe novement? 1'. What did Ihe settlers at Hartford and vicinity do? What was the charac- 
ter of their Co.istilution ? 1 . Who first eedltd in Rhode Island ? and what caused him to do so ? 



KHODE ISLAND. 71 



Banishment of Koger "Williams. Settlement at Providencp. Effects of toleration. 



2. "When Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts, toward the 
close of 1635/ he left civilization, and found liberty and toleration among the 
heathen. After his sentence," his persecutors began to dread the influence of 
his enlightened principles, if he should plant a settlement beyond the limits of 
existing colonics, and they resolved to detain him. Informed of their scheme, 
he withdrew from Salem in the dead of winter [January, 1636], and through 
deep snows he traversed the forests alone, for fourteen weeks, sheltered only 
by the rude wigwam of the Indian, until ho found the hospitable cabin^ of 
Massasoit, the chief sachem of the Wa7npa7ioags,'^ at Mount Hope. There 
he was entertained until the buds appeared, when, being joined by five friends 
from Boston, he seated himself some distance below Blackstone's plant- 
ation. 

3. WilUams being within the territory of the Plymouth Company,^ Gov- 
ernor Winslow" advised him to cross into the Narranganset country, where 
he could not be molested. With his companions, he embarked in a light 
canoe, paddled around to the head of Narraganset Bay, and upon a green 
slope, near a spring,' they prayed, and chose the spot for a settlement. AVil- 
liams obtained a grant of land from Canonicus, chief sachem of the Narragan- 
sets, and in commemoration of " God's merciful providence to him in his 
distress," he called the place Providence. 

4. The freedom enjoyed at Providence was soon spoken of at Boston, and 
persecuted men fled thither for refuge. There men of every creed Uved to- 
gether happily. The same freedom was allowed in politics as in religion ; and 
there was established a pure democracy. Each settler was recjuired to sub- 
scribe to an agreement, that he would submit to such rules, "not affecting the 
conscience," as a majority of the inhabitants should adopt for the public good. 
Williams reserved no political power to himself, and the leader and follower 
had equal dignity and privileges. 

5. The powerful Narragatiset chief became much attached to Williams, and 
his influence among them, as we have seen,^ was very powerful. He saved 
his persecutors from destruction, yet they had not the Christian manliness to 
remove the sentence of banishment. His settlement was entirely unmolested 
during the Pequod war,^ and it prospered wonderfully. 

6. Early in 1638, wliile Mrs. Hutchinson was yet in prison in Boston,'" her 
husband, with William Coddington, Dr. John Clarke, and sixteen others, of 
concurrent religious views," accepted the invitation of Roger WiUiams to set- 
tle in his vicinity. Miantonomoh gave them the beautiful island of Aquiday,'^ 

1. Verse 11, pnge 9i. 

2. Williams was nllowed six weeks after the pronunciation of his sentence to prepare for his departure. 

3. Massasoit had become acquainted with the manner of building cabins adopted by the settlers at fishirK-- 
stations on the coast, and had constructed one fnr himself. Thev were much more comfortable than wig- 
wams. See verse 7, paseO. 4. Verse 1', pape 17. 5. Verse 7, pace 40. fi. Verse 2, pnpe 66. 

7. This spring is now beneath some fine sycamores, on the west side of Benefit-street, in Prnvidcnci-. 

8. Verse ;i, pace 6S. 9. Veiso 10, pare 69. 10. Verse 12. pajre 94. 11. Note 2, pace 95. 
12. This was the Indi.-in name of Rhode Island. It is a Narraganfet word, signifying Peaeeahle Isle. It 

is sometimes spelled Aijuitneck, and Ai|"itnet. 

QcTESTiO.vs.— 2. What did the persecutors of Roger Williams fenr? WhaTdid he do? 3. What led to the 
founding of Providenre ? 4. What Kind of covcrnment did Williams establish ? What was the etfeet f 5. 
How was Williams regarded by the Indians? 



72 SETTLEMENTS. 



Settlement of Newport. Rhode Island and Providence plantations. Delaware. 



for forty fathoms of white wampum.' They called it Isle of Rhodes, and 
upon its northern verge they planted a settlement, and named it Portsmouth. 
A covenant, similar to the one used by Williams,^ was signed by the settlers ; 
and, in imitation of the Jewish form of government under the judges, Cod- 
dington was chosen judge or chief ruler, with three assistants. Others soon 
came from Boston ; an.l in 1639, Newport, toward the lower extremity of the 
island, was founded. Liberty of conscience was absolute ; love was the social 
and political bond; and upon the seal which they adopted was the motto, 
Amor vincit omnia — "Love is all-powerful." 

7. Although the Rhode Island and the Providence plantations were separate 
in government, they were united in interest and aim. UnwiUing to acknowl- 
edge allegiance to either Massachusetts or Plymouth,^ they sought an inde- 
pendent charter. For that purpose Roger WilUams went to England in 1643. 
The whole parent country was then convulsed with civil war.* After much 
delay, he obtained from Parhament (which was then contending fiercely with 
the king) a free charter of incorporation [March 24, 1644], and all the settle- 
ments were united under the general title of Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations. Then was founded the commonwealth of Rhode Island. 



SECTION VIII. 

DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA. [1631-1682.] 

1. The first permanent settlements in the provinces of Delaware, New 
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, bore such intimate relations to each other, that 
they may be appropriately considered as parts of one episode in the history 
of American colonization. 

DELAWARE. 

2. Cape Henlopen was the -south coast-limit of New Netherland.^ In 
1629, the territory between the Cape and the mouth of the Delaware river 
was purchased of the natives ; and in April, 1631, a vessel from Holland, 
under the command of Peter Hoyes, arrived there with thirty immigrants, 
with implements and cattle. They seated themselves on the Delaware, near 
the present village of Lewiston. Heyes returned to Holland, and reported to 

1. Note 1, pnce 10. They also pave the Indians ten coats and twenty hose, on condition that they Bhould 
leave tlie island before the next winter. 

2. Verse -f, pape "1. The follnwinp is a copv oF the eovernment compact : " We, whose names are urrter- 
written, do swear snlcmnlv, in ihe presence of .Tehovnh, to incorporate ourselves into a hody politic, and, as 
He shall help ns, will snhmit onr persons, lives, and estates, unto onr Lord Jesns Christ, the Kinpr of kirps-, 
and Lord of Hosts, "ind to all lhn«e most perfect and absolute laws of His, given us in His holy Word of 
truth, to be gni'led and judsred thereby." 

:'. This unwillinjrncs'' cau.sed the other New Knffland colonics to refuse the application of Rhode Island to 
become one of the confederacy, in 16i3. See verse 15, page 96. 
A. Note 10, piige !-4. 5. Verse 4, pnge 57. 

QuFSTio'Vs.— 6. What led to a settlement on Rhode Island? What was theresnlt? 7. What did the 
Rhode Island sc'tlcments become? 1. What of the enrly history of Delaware, New Jersey, and Penn- 
svlvanitv? 2. What was the southern coast-limit of New Nelhciland? What happened on the thores of the 
Delaware ? 



DELAWARE. 73 



Scheme of G-ustavus Adolphus. Swedish West India Company. Jealousy of the Dutch. 

Captain De Vries,' his employer. That mariner visited America early the 
following year [1632], but the little colony was not to be found. Difficulties 
with the Indians had provoked savage vengeance, and they had exterminated 
the white people. 

3. A competitor for a place on the Delaware now appeared. Usselincx, an 
original projector of the Dutch West India Company,''' becoming dissatislied 
with his associates, visited Sweden, and laid before the enUghtened monarch, 
Gustavus Adolphus, well-arranged plans for a Swedish colony in the New 
World. The king was delighted, for his attention had already been turned 
toward America ; and his benevolent heart was full of desires to plant a free 
colony there, which should become an asylum for all persecuted Christians. 
While his scheme was ripening, the danger which menaced Protestantism in 
Germany, called him to the field, to contend for the principles of the Reform- 
ation,^ and, with a strong army, he opposed the Imperial hosts marshaled 
under the bann'er of the pope on the fields of Germany. Yet the care and 
tumults of the camp and field did not make him forget his benevolent designs ; 
and only a few days before his death, at the battle of Lutzen [November 6, 
1632], Gustavus recommended the enterprise as "the jewel of his kingdom." 

4. Christina, the daughter and successor of Gustavus, was then only six 
years of age. The government was administered by a regency,^ at the head 
of which was Axel, count of Oxenstierna. He was the earliest and most 
ardent supporter of the great enterprise of Gustavus ; and in 1634, he issued 
a charter for the Swedish West India Company. Peter Minuit,^ who had 
been recalled from the governorship of New Netherland, went to Stockholm 
and offered his services to the new corporation. They were accepted ; and 
toward the close of 1637, he sailed, with fifty emigrants, landed on the site of 
Newcastle, in Delaware, in April, 1638, and purchased from the Indians" the 
territory between Cape Henlopen and the Falls of the Delaware, at Trenton. 
They built a church and fort on the site of Wilmington, called the place Chris- 
tina, and gave the name o^ New Sweden to the territory. 

5. The jealousy of the Dutch was aroused by this " intrusion," and they 
hurled protests and menaces against the Swedes.' But»the latter increased ; 
and upon Tinicum island, a little below Philadelphia, they laid the foundations 
of a capital for a Swedish province.^ The Dutch West India Company'' finally 
resolved to expel or subdue the Swedes. The latter defied the power of the 

1. r>e Vries was an eminent navipafor, and friend of the purchasers. To secnre his valuable services, (ho 
purchasers made him a partner in their enterprise, with patroon [verse 2, page llll privileges, and the first 
expedition was arranged liy him. He afterward came to America, and was one of Ihe most active men in 
the Dutch colonies. On his return to Holland, he puhli^hed an account of his voyages. 

2. Verse 5, page .'i". ;^. Note 1', page -!8. 

4. A regent is one who exercises the power of a king nr emperor during the absence, incapacity, or child- 
hood of the latter. For many years George Ihe Third of England was incapable of ruling, and his son, who 
was to be his successor at his death, was called the Prince Regent, because Parliament had given him jjower 
to act as king, in the place of his father. In the case of Christ na, three persons were appointed regents, or 
rulers. 5. Verse 1, page 111. f>. The Delairarr.i. — Verse l.S, page If: 7. Verse i, page 112. 

5. This was done about forty years before William Penn became proprietor of Pennsylvania. 
9. Verse ,5, page 57. 

Questions. — ^3. What caused a Swedish emigration to the Delaware ? 4. What officer pave a charter to a 
Swedish company.' What was it called? What was done under its direction? 5. What difficulties occurred 
between the Dutch and Swedes? What was the result? 



74 SETTLEMENTS. 



Conquest of New Sweden. Settlements in New Jersey. Colonial organization. 

Dutch. The challenge was acted upon ; and toward the close of the summer 
of 1G55, Governor Stuyvesant, with a squadron of seven vessels, entered Del- 
aware Bay.^ In September every Swedish fort and settlement was brought 
under his rule, and the capital on Tinicum island was destroyed. The Swedes 
obtained honorable terms of capitulation; and for twenty-five years tliey 
prospered under the rule of the Dutch and English proprietors of New Neth- 
erland. 

NEW JERSEY. 

6. The territory of New Jersey was included in the New Netherland char- 
ter,^ and transient trading settlements were made [1622], first at Bergen, by 
a few Danes, and then on the Delaware. Early in 1623, the Dutch built a 
log fort near the mouth of Timber creek, a few miles below Camden, and 
called it Nassau f and in June, four couples, who had been married on the 
voyage from Amsterdam, seated themselves upon the site of Gloucester, a 
little below Fort Nassau. 

7. In 1630, Michael Pauw bought, from the Indians, the lands extending 
from Hoboken to the Raritan ; and also the whole of Staten Island, and 
named the territory Pavonia.* In this purchase Bergen was included. 
Other settlements w^ere attempted, but none were permanent. In 1631. 
Captain Heyes, after establishing the Swedish colony at Lewiston,^ crossed 
the Delaware, and purchased Cape ^May'^ from the Indians ; and from that 
j^oint to Burlington, traders' huts were often seen. Tlie English became 
possessors of New Netherland in 1664, and the Duke of York, to whom the 
province had been given,' conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Car- 
teret [June 24, 1664], all the territory between the North t^nd South (Hudson 
and Delaware) Rivers^ and northward to the line of forty-one degrees and 
forty minutes, under the title of Nova Ccesarea or New Jersey. Soon after- 
Avard several families from Long Island settled at Elizabethtown," and there 
planted the fii-st seed of the New Jersey colon3^ The following year, Philip 
Carteret, who had been appointed governor of the new province, arrived with 
a charter, fair and liberal in all its provisions. It provided for a government 
to be composed ofb, representative assembly" chosen by the people, and a 
governor and council. The legislative powers resided in the agisembly ; the 
executive powers were intrusted to the governor and his council. Then 
[1665] was laid the foundation of the commonwealth of New Jersey. • 

1. Verse 9 pap 114 2. Verf-c 4, page 57. 

6. It was built under (be direction of Captain Jacobus May, who had observed atlempts made by a 
French sea caplam to set up the arms of Kraiice there. The fo;t was built of los-s, and was lidle else than 
a rude blockhouse; with palisades. [See note 2, page 101.] A little parri.son, left to protect it, was soon 
scattered, and the tort was abandoned. 

4. Until the period of om*war for independence, the point of land on which Jersey City now stands was 
called Paulus's Hook. Here was the scene of a bold exploit in 1770. Verse 1\ page 235. 
r<. Verse 2, page 72. (:. Named in honor of Captain Jacobus Mav. 

7. \ crse 12, page 115. 8. Verse 2, page 128. 9. Note 2, page 125. 

QtjF.STiONS. — 6. When and where were settlements first made in New Jersey? 7. What other purchases 
a.nd settlements were made in New Jersey? \Vliat government was given to the seltleis? 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



75 



The Quakers. 



William Penn. 



Quakers in New Jersey. 




WILLIAM PENN. 



He found them a despised 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

8. At about the commencement of the civil wars [1642-1651] which re- 
sulted in the death of Charles the First, a new rehgious sect arose, called 
Quakers.^ Their preachers were the boldest, and 
and yet the meekest, of all non-conformists.^ 
Purer than all other sects, they were hated and 
persecuted by all. Those who came to America 
for "conscience' sake" were persecuted by the 
Puritans of New England,' the Dutch of New 
Amsterdam, and the Churchmen of Virginia and 
Maryland. Only in Rhode Island did they en- 
joy freedom, and even there they did not always 
dwell in peace. 

9. In 1673, George Fox, the founder of the 
Quaker sect, visited all his brethren in America, 
people everywhere, and his heart yearned for an asylum for his brethren. 
Among the most influential of his converts was WilUam Penn, son of the re- 
nowned admiral of that name. Through his influence the Quakers soon pos- 
sessed the western half of New Jersey, by purchase from Lord Berkeley.* 
The first company of immigrants landed in the autumn of 1675, and named 
the place of debarkation Salem.^ They established a democratic form of 
government; and in November, 1681, the first legislative assembly of 
Quakers ever convened, met at Salem. 

10. In the mean while, Penn, who had been chief peace-maker when dis- 
putes arose among the proprietors and the people, took measures to plant a 
new colony beyond the Delaware. He applied to Charles the Second for a 
charter. The king remembered the services of Admiral Penn," and gave his 
son a grant [March 14, 1681] of " three degrees of latitude by five degrees of 
longitude west of the Delaware," and named the province Pennsyhama. It 
included the principal settlements of the Swedes. To these people, and 
others within the domain, Penn sent a proclamation, filled with the loftiest 
sentiments of republicanism. William Markham, who bore the proclamation, 
was appointed deputy governor of the province, and with him sailed [May, 
1681] quite a large company of immigrants, who were members or em- 
ployees of the Company of Free Traders,'' who had purchased lands of the 
proprietor. 

1. This name was piven by Justice Bennef, of Derby, in 1650, who was admonished by George Fox to 
tremUe at the word of the Lord.— 'B.AYVOV . See verse 18, page 97. 

2. Note 1, page fil. 3. Verse 18, page 97. 
4. Verse 2, page 128. P. Now the capital of Salem connly. New .Jersey. 

6. He was a verv efficient naval commander, and by his skill contributed to the defeat of the Dutch iu 
1664. Tlie king gave him the title of Baron for his services. Note !.'>, page 8. 

7. Lands in the new province were offered for about ten cents an acre. Quite a number of purchasers 



Qhestions. — S. Whnt was the condition of the Quakers in America? 9. What did llieir founder do? Hiw 
cflnie Quakers to posse-^s a part of New , Jersey ? Wliat did they do? 10. What did Willinm I'ciin iiltcmit f 
What territory was granted to him? What inducements were offeted to settle: s? What compary was 
formed? 



76 SETTLEMENTS. 



Founding of Pennsylvania. William Penu in America. The Carolinas. 

11. In the spring of 1682 [May], Penn published a frame of government, 
and sent it to the settlers for their approval. It was not a constitution, but a 
code of wholesome regulations for the people of the colonj^' He soon after- 
ward obtained, by grant and purchase [Aug., 1682], the domain of the 
present State of Delaware, which the Duke oC York claimed, notwithstand- 
ing it was clearly not his own. It comprised three counties, called The Ter- 
ritories.'^ 

12. Toward the close of August, 1682, Penn sailed for America with 
about one hundred emigrants. When he arrived at Newcastle, in Delaware 
[Nov. 6], he found almost a thousand new comers. He was joyfully re- 
ceived by the old settlers, who then numbered 
almost three thousand. The Swedes said, " It 
is the best day we have ever seen;" and they 
all gathered like children around a father. 

13. On the day after his ariival, Penn received 
from the agents of the Duke of York,' in the 
presence of the people, a formal surrender of The 

THE ASSEMBLY nOTJSE. rr u ■ 1 rv j.- e J 1 

jerritories; and alter restmg a few days, he 
proceeded to visit his brethren in New Jersey, and the authorities at New 
York. On his return, he met the General Assembly of the province, at 
Chester,' when he declared the union of The Territories with Pennsylvania. 
He also made a more judicious organization of the local government, and then 
were permanently laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 




— ^^ <- o— C»-« ♦ -^ 



SECTION IX. 

THE CAROLINAS. [1622-1680.] 

1. We have already considered the unsuccessful efforts at settlement on 
the coast of Carolina during the sixteenth century.^ As early as 1609, some 
dissatisfied people from Jamestown settled on the Nansemond ; and in 1622, 
Porey, then secretary of Virginia, with a few friends, penetrated the country 
beyond the Roanoke. In 1630, Charles the First gianted a vasT-^omain 
south of Virginia, from Albemarle Sound to the St. John's rivei', to Sir 



uniteil, and called themselves The Cmnjinny nf Free Triidern, wUh whom Penn entered into an agreement 
concLTiiiiiir the occnpation of the soil, layinfr out of a city, etc. 

1. It uriLiined a (Jeneral Assenilily, or court, to consist of a governor, a council of seventy chosen by the 
freemen of the colony, and a house of delejrates, to consist of not less than two hundred members, nor more 
than live hundred. These were also to be chosen bv the people. The proprietor, or his deputy flhe frovern- 
or), was to preside, and to have a threefold voice in the council ; that is, on all questions, he was to have 
three votes for every one of the coimcilors. 

2. Newcastle, Keiit, anil Sussex. 3. Verse 12, page 115. 

4. The picture is a correct representation of the building at Chester, in Pennsylvania, wherein the As- 
sembly met. It was yet standing in 1H60. Not far from the spot, on the shore" of the Delawnre, at the 
mouili of Chester Creek, was also a solitary pine-tree, which marked the place where Penn landed. 

6. Verse 21, page 3.S, to verse 27, page 43. 



QlJESTiONS.— 11. Wliat did Penn do in lfi82? 12. How was he received in America? 1". What public act 
did he perform? What did be do on his return from New York? 1. What attempts at settlement in 
Carolina were made ? 



THE CAROLINAS. 77 



Settlements in North Carolina. Emigration to South Carolina. 

Robert Heath, his attorney-general. No settlements were made, and the 

cliarter was forfeited. 

2. Dissenters or Nonconformists^ now suffered many disabilities in Vir- 
ginia, and looked to the wilderness for freedom. In 1653, Roger Green and 
a few Presbyterians left that colony and settled upon the Chowan River, near 
t'.ie present village of Edenton. Other dissenters soon followed. Governor 
Berkeley, of Virginia,'- wisely organized them into a separate political cora- 
nmnity [1G63], and William Drummond,' a Scotch Presbyterian minister 
was appointed their governor. They received the name of Albemarle Comity 
(Many, in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, who, that year, became a pro- 
prietor of the territory. Two years previously [1661], some New England* 
adventurers settled in the vicinity of Wilmington, on the Cape Fear River, 
but many of them soon abandoned the country because of its poverty. 

3. In 1663, Charles the Second granted the whole territory named in 
Heath's charter, to eight of his principal friends,^ and called it Carolina." 
As the Chowan settlement was not within the limits of the charter, the 
boundary was extended northward to the present line between Virginia and 
North Carolina, and also southward, so as to include the whole of Florida, 
except its peninsula. The Bahama Islands were granted to the same pro- 
prietors in 1667.' 

4. A company of Barbadoes planters settled [1665] upon the lands first 
occupied by the New England people, and founded a permanent settlement 
there. The few settlers yet remaining were treated kindly, and soon an in- 
dependent colony, with Sir John Yeamans^ as governor, Avas established. It 
was called the Clarendon County Colony, in honor of one of the proprietors. 
Yeamans managed prudently, but the poverty of the soil prevented a rapid 
increase in the population." Now was founded the commonAvealth of North 
Carolina. 

5. In January 1670, the propi'ietors sent three ships with emigrants, under 
tlie direction of William Sayle" and Joseph West, to plant a more southerly 
colony. They entered Port Royal, landed on Beaufort Island at the spot 
where the Huguenots built Fort Carolina, in 1564," and there Sayle died 

1. Note 1, page 01. , 2. Verse 11, page 84. 

.3. Drmnraond was afterward executed on account of his participation in Bacon's revolutionary acts. 
See Note 7, page 88. 4. Vcvse 2, page's. 

5. Lord (/larendon, his Prime Minister ; General Monk, just created X)nke of .\lbemaile ; Lord Ashley 
Cooper, afterward Earl of Shaftesbury ; Sir (Jeorge Carteret, a proprietor of New Jersey ; Sir William 
Berkeley, Governor ff Virginia ; Lord Berkeley, Lord Craven, and Sir John Colleton. 

G. It will be perceived (iinle .'i, page 41 1 that ihc name of Carolina, given to territory south of Virginia, 
was bestowed in honor oftwo kirgs named Cliarles, ore of France, the other of England. 

7. Samuel Stephens succeeded nrunimond as governor, in 1667 ; and in 1668, the first popular Assembly 
in North Carolina, assembled at Edcnion. 

8. Yeamans was an impoverished English baronet, who had become a planter in Barbadoes to mend his 
fortune. lie was successful, and became wcnitliy. 

9. The inhabitants tui-ned their attcniion chiefly to the mannf'ctnve of boards and other timber, and also 
tuvpenliiie, from (he immense pine forests of the con "t lepiors. Snch continues to be the staple trade be- 
tween llie Cape Fear and Roannke. in the vicinitv of the senhoiird. 

in. Savle had previously explored the Carolina coast. Twenty years before he had altempted to plant an 
" flleiithaiia," or place dedicated to the genius of Liberty [see Eleutheria, Anthon's Cla>;sic«l DictionaryJ, 
in the isles near the coast of Florida. 11. Verse 13. page ' '.'. 

Questions— 2. What originated the AJhemarle Cmmty Colnyty? What had already been done? .3. To 
whom was Carolina granted? What addiiinns were made to the possessions of the prnpiieto-s? 4. Wh.at 
other settlers foimded a colony? .'>. What efforts were made to plant a new rouihern colory? What did the 
immigrants do ? 



78 SETTLEMENTS. 



Founding of Charleston. Settlements in the interior. Georgia country. 



early iu 1671. The immigrants soon afterward abandoned Beaufort, and sail- 
ing into the Ashley River,' seated themselves on its western bank, at a place 
a few miles above Charleston, now known as Old Town, and there planted 
the first seeds of a South Carolina colony. ■ 

6. West exercised authority until the arrival of Sir John Yeamans [De- 
cember 1671], who was appointed governor. He came witli fifty families, 
and a large number of slaves.'^ Representative government was instituted 
in 1672,^ under the title of the Carteret County Colony^ so called in honor 
of one of the proprietors.'' Ten years afterward they abandoned the spot; 
and upon Oyster Point, at the junction of Ashley and Cooper Rivers,^ nearer 
the sea, they founded the present city of Charleston." Immigrants came 
from various parts of Europe, and many Dutch families, dissatisfied with the 
English rule at New York,' went to South Carolina, where lands were 
freely given to them, and soon, along the Santee and the Edisto, the wilderness 
began to blossom under the hand of culture. The people would have nothing 
to do with a government scheme prepared by Shaftesbury and Locke,* but 
preferred simple organic laws of their own making. Then were laid the 
foundations of the commonwealth of South Carolina. 



■^-*» ♦■»♦». 

SECTION X. 

GEORGIA. [1733.] 

1. When the proprietors of the Carolinas surrendered their charter' to the 
Crown [1729], the whole country southward of the Savannah river to the 
vicinity of St. Augustine, was a wilderness peopled by native tribes,"" and 
claimed by the Spaniards as part of their territory of Florida." The English 
disputed this claim, and South Carolina townships were ordered to be marked 
out as far south as the Alatamaha. The dispute grew warm and warlike, and 
the Indians instigated by the Spaniards, depredated upon the frontier English 
settlements."^ 

2. While the clouds of hostility were gathering, and grew darker every 
hour, it was lighted up by a bright beam of benevolence, which proved the 
harbinger of a glorious day. It came from England, Avhere, at that time, 
poverty was often considered a crime, and at least four thousand unfortunate 
debtors were yearly consigned to loathsome prisons. The honest and true, 

1 . Verse 6, page 134. 

2. This was the commencement of ncsio slavery in South Carolina. Yeamans brought almost two hun- 
dred of them from Uarbadoes. From the commencement, .Sonih (Carolina has been a planlinp Slate. 

3. Note 2, page 134 4. He was also one of the proprietors of New Jersey. See verse 7, page 74. 

5. These were so called in honor of Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury. The Indian name of the former 
was Ke a <rah, and of Ihc latter, Eti-vaii. 

fi. (Jharleston was laid out in 1680 by John Culpepper, who had been surveyor-general for North Car- 
olina. See verse 6, pspe li!4. 

7. Verse r^, page IIR. .«. Verse 1, page 132. 9. Verse 2?, page 139. 

10. Chap. I., Sec. VIII. 11. Verse 18, page : 2^ 12. Verse 20, page 138. 

QUF.STIOKS. — 0. How was negro slavery first introduced into South Carolina ? What change did the settlers 
maise? IIow was immiprafioB encouraged? 1. What occurred coi-.ceii.ing (he Georgia country ? 2. What 
Qow occurred in England ? 



GEORGIA. 79 



I'risoners for debt. New settlement proposed. Emigration to Georgia. 



the noble and the educated, as well as the ignorant and vile, groaned within 
prison walls. Their wailin^s at length reached the ears of benevolent men. 
Foremost among these was James Edward Oglethorpe,' a brave soldier, whose 
voice had been heard often in Parliament against imprisonment for debt. 

3. General Oglethorpe was made chairman of a committee of inquiry upon 
the subject, appointed by Parliament, and his leport, embodying a noble 
scheme of benevolence, attracted attention and admiration. He proposed to 
open the prison doors to all virtuous men within who would accept the con- 
ditions ; and with those and other sufferers fiom poverty and oppression, to 
go to the wilderness of America, and there establish a colony of freemen, and 
open an asylum for persecuted Protestants" of all lands. The plan met warm 
responses in Parliament, ami received the hearty approval of George the 
Second. A royal charter of twenty-one years was gi'anted [June 9, 1732] 
to a corporation " in trust for the poor," to establish a colony witliiu the 
disputed territory south of the Savannah, to be called Georgia, in honor 
of the king.^ Individuals subscribed large sums to defray the expenses of 
emigrants hither ; and within two years after the issuing of the patent, Par- 
liament had appropriated one hundred and eighty thousand dollars for the 
same purpose."* 

4. Oglethorpe was a practical philanthropist^ He offered to accompany the 
first settlers to the wilderness, and to act as governor of the new province. 
With one hundred and twenty emigrants he left England [Nov., 1732], 
and after touching at Charleston [Jan., 1733], he proceeded to Port Royal. 
There Oglethorpe landed a large portion of his followers, and with a few 
others, he coasted to the Savannah river. Sailing up that stream as far as 
Yamacraw Bluff, he landed, and chose the spot whereon to lay the foundation 
of the capital of a future State.* 

5. Tlie remainder of the emigrants arrived from Port Royal soon afterward 
[Feb. 12, 1733]. The Winter air was genial, and they commenced the erec- 
tion of of a town, which they called Savannah, the Indian name of the river." 
For almost a year the governor dwelt under a tent, and there he often held 
friendly intercourse with the chiefs of neighboring tribes. At length when he had 

1. See portrait, page 81. Horn in Surrey, Enpland, December 21, 169^. He was a Foldier by profession. 
In 1745, was marie a brigadier-general, and for.ght ngainst Charles Edward, the Pretender, who was a 
Crrandson of James the Second, and claimed rightful heiisliip to the throne of England. Oglethorpe re- 
fused the supreme command of the British army destined for America in 1775. Died June 30, r.85, aged 
87 years. 2. Note 14, page 48. 

3. The doraiin granted by (he charter extended along the coast from the Savannah to the Alatamnha, and 
westward to the Pacific ocean. The Trustees appointed by the crown possessed ali legislative and execu- 
tive power ; and therefore, while one side of ihe seal of the new province expressed the benevolent charac- 
ter of the scheme, by the device of a gronp of toiling silkworms, and the motto, Non i>iM. fed iiliin ; the 
other side bearing, between two nrns, Ihegeiiins of " Georgia .^iignsta," with a capnf lAhfTlij on her head, 
a spear, and a horn of plenty, was a false emblem. There was nr poliiical liberty for ihe people. 

4. I?rilliant visions of vast vintages, immense productions of silk for Brilish looms, and all the wealth of 
a fertile tropical region, were presented for Ihe contemplation of the commercial acumen of Ihe business 
men of England. These considerations, a-s well as the promptings of pure benevolence, made donations 
liberal and numerous. 

5. Some historians believe that Sir Walter Raleigh, while on his way to South America, in 15?5, went up 
the Savannah river, and held a conference wilh Ihe Indians on (his very spot. 

6. The streets were laid out wilh great regnlarity ; public squares were reserved ; and the honses were f.II 
built on one model, 24 by 16 feel, on the ground. 

Questions.— 3. What led to a settlement in Georgia? How was the scheme cnconraced? 4. What did 

Oglethorpe do' 



80 SETTLEMENTS. 



Conference with the Indians. General character of the Bettlere. 

mounted cannons upon the fort, and safety was thus secured, Oglethorpe met 
fifly chiefs in council [Muy, 1733], with To-mo-chi-chi' the chief sachem of the 
lower Creek Confederacy" at thrir head, to treat i'or the purcluise of lands. 
Satisfactory arrangements were made, and the EngUsh obtained sovereignty 
over the whole domain [June 1, 1733] along the Atlantic from the Savannah 
to the St. Johns, and westward to the Fhnt and the head-waters of the Chat- 
tahoochee. The provisions of the charter formed the; constitution of govern- 
ment for the people ; and there, where the city of Savannah now stands, 
was laid the foundation of the commonweidtli of Georgia, in the Summer 
of 1733. Immigration flowed tliither in a strong and continuous stream, 
for all were free in rehgious matters ; yet for many years the colony did not 
flourish.^ 

6. Never in the liistory of the world was greater heroism displayed than 
the seaboard of the domain of the United States exhibited during the period 
of settlements, and the development of colonies. Hardihood, faitli, courage, 
indomitable perseverance, and untiring energy, were requisite to accomplish 
all that was done in so short a time, and under such unfavorable circumstan- 
ces. While many of the early emigrants were mere adventurers, and sleep 
in deserved oblivion, because they were recreant to the great duty which 
they had self-imposed, there are thousands whose names ought to be perpetu- 
ated in brass and marble, for their faithful performance of the might}^ t;:sk 
assigned them. They came here as sowers of the prolific seed of human 
liberty; and during the colonizing period, many of them carefully matured 
the tender plant, while bursting into vigorous life. We, who are the reapers, 
ought to reverence the sowers and the cultivators Avith grateful hearts. 

1. Tomo-ehi-chi was then an aped man, and at his first interview wilh Oglethorpe, he prcfenfedhim with 
a buffalo skin, ornamenled wilh Ibe picture of an eagle. " Heie," said Ihe chief, "is a lit:lc present ; I 
give you abntlalo's skin, adorned on llie inside wilh the head and feathers of an engle, which I desire you 
to accept, be( iinse the eagle isnn emblem of speed, and the bntfiilo of strength. The English aic swift as 
the bird, and strong as the hefist, since, like the former, they flew over vast seas to the uttermost pjirts of 
tiie earth ; and, like the latter, ihny are so strong that nothing cjin wi.hstand them. The fc:iihersof an eagle 
are soft, and signify love ; tbebntfaln's skin is warm, and signifies protection ; tlierefoi e I horie Ibe English 
will love and protect our little families." Alas I th3 wishes of the venerable To-Tno-rhi-cfn vrere never 
realized, for the white people more often plundered and destroyed, than loved aid protected the Indians. 

2. Verse 2, page 22. 3. Verse 1, page 139, and verse 9, page 142. 



QcESTloi«s. — 5. Wliat did the settlers do on Tamacraw Blnff? What arrangements were made with he 
Indiars? What was the condition of the colonists? 6. What reUeclions may we indulge? 




SECTION I. 

1. The colonial history of the United 
States is comprised within the period 
commencing when the several settle- 
ments along the Atlantic coasts became 
organized into political communities, 
and ending when representatives of 
these colonies met in general congress 
in 1774.' There was an earlier union 
of interests and efiorts. It was when the English colonies aided the mother 
country in a long war against the combined hostilities of the French and In- 
dians. As the local histories of the several colonies after the commencement 
of that war have but little interest for the general reader, we shall trace the 
progress of each colony only to that period, and devote a section to the nar- 
rative of the French and Indian Avar." 



JA1IE8 EDWAED OGI.ETUORPE: 



1. Verse 35, page 1 5. 

QnESTioNs. — I. AVhnt period comprises the colonial history of Ihs UuiteJ Siale 



was effected previous to 1774 f 



2. Sec. XII., pnce 147. 

What union orcCo:t9 



4* 



82 COLONIES. 



Progress of the Virginia Settlement. A written Constitution. 



2. We have observed that a settlement acquires the character of a colony 
only vv^hen it has become permanent, and the people, acknowledging alle- 
giance to a parent State, are governed by organic laws.' According to these 
conditions, the earliest of the thirteen colonies represented in the Congress of 
1774, was 

VIRGINIA. [1G19]. 

3. It was a happy day for the six hundred settlers in Virginia, when the 
gold-seekers disappeared,'^ and the enlightened George Yeardley became gov- 
ernor, and established a representative assembly [June 28th, 1619] — the first 
in all America.^ And yet a prime element of happiness and prosperity was 
wanting. There iverefew white luornen in the colony. The wise Sandys, the 
friend of the Pilgrim Fathers,'^ was then treasurer of the London Company,^ 
and one of the most inlluential an.l zsalous promoters of emigration. During 
tlie same year when the Puritans sailed for America [1620], he sent more 
than twelve hundred emigrants to Virginia, among Avhom were ninety young 
women, " pure and uncorrupt," who were disposed of for the cost of their 
passage, as wives for the planters.^ The following year sixty more were sent. 
The family relation was soon established ; the gentle influence of woman 
gave refinement to social life on the banks of the Powhatan ;7 new and 
powerful incentives to industry and thrift were created, and the mated 23laut- 
ers no longer cherished the prevailing idea of returning to England.' 

4. Vessel after vessel, laden with immigrants, continued to arrive in the 
James river, and new settlements were planted, even so remote as the Falls,^ 
and on the distant bank of the Potomac. Verbal instructions would no 
longer serve the purposes of government, and the company granted [August, 
1621] the colonists a written Constitution,^^ which ratified most of the acts of 
Yeardley." Provision was made for the appointment of a governor and 
council by the Company, and a popular assembly to consist of two burgesses 
or representatives from each borough, chosen by the people. This body, and 
the council, composed the Greueral Assembly, which was to meet once a year 
and pass laws for the general good.''^ Such laws were not valid, until ap- 
proved by the company, neither were any orders of the company binding 

1. Verse 1, page 47. 2. Verse 16, page 52. 3. Verse TO, page 56. 4. Verse 10, page 61. 

5. Verse i, page 49. > j o , t- o 

6. Tobacco hail already become a circulaling medium, or currency, in Virginia. The price of a wife 
varied trom 120 to 150 pounds of this product, equivalent, in money value, to about 590 and $U2 each. The 
second cargo were sold at a still higher price. By the king's special order, one hundred dissolute vaga- 
bonds, called jail birds' by the colonists, were sent over the same vear, and sold as bondservants for a 
specihed time. In August, the same year, a Dutch trading ve«e! entered the .lames river with neg-o 
slaves. 1 wenty ot them were sold into perpetual slavery to the planters. This was the commencement of 
iiesro slavery in the English colonies [note 5, page 145]. The slave population of the United States in 
IklO, was 4,Ono,OD:), according to the census. 7 v,.rse I'l page 50 

_ 8 Most of the immigrants hitherto were possessed of the spirit of mere adventurers. Thev c.nme to Aincr- 
ica to repair shattered fortunes, or to gain wealth, with the ullimate ohjecl of returning to England to en- 
'°-X 'Iv '■, <'f<^^t""' of families made the planters more attached to the soil of Virginia 

?\ Tu '' '">"' "r ""^ '■''•'' "'' 1'''''""0''<1. The falls, or ranids, extend about six mile= 
fn. 1 i'^T-P^"''. '"''"■■ ^"■y-fl-'^'r'ir formed a written rontitution for themselves. [Verse 12, page 62.1 
That of Virginia was midelerl af er the constitution of Emrland. 11 Verse '9 page 56 

U. This was the beginning of the \Mrgi;iia Ilotisc of Burgesses, of which we shall often speais. 

QCF.STIONS.— 2. What constitutes a colony ? ."?. What was wanting in Vigini.i 1 How was the want sup- 
plied? What was the effect? 4. What p.osrrcss did the colony make? What was the character oflha 
constitution ? How did the ^ irginians regard it? 



VIUGINIA. 33 

Terrible Indian massacre. Vengeance of tlio white pcopli;. 

upon the colonists, until ratified by the General Assembly. Trial by jury was 
establibshed, and courts of law coutbriuabie to those of England were organ- 
ized. Ever aCterward claiming these privileges as rifjJttSj the Vkginians look 
back to the Summer of 1G21 as the era oi' their civil freedom. 

5. Sir Francis Wyatt, who had been appointed governijr under the Consti- 
tution, and brought the instrument with liim, was delighted with the aspect 
of affairs in Virginia. But a dark cloud soon arose. The neighboiing Indian 
tribes' gathered in solemn council. Powhatan, the friend of the English after 
the marriage of his daughter," was dead, and an enemy of the white people 
ruled the dusky nation.^ The English were now lour thousand in number, 
and rapidly increasing. The Indians read their own destiny — annihilation — 
upon the face of every new comer; and, prompted by the first great law of 
his nature, self-preservation, the red man resolved to strike a blow for life. 

G. An Indian conspiracy to exterminate the white people was formed in 
the Spring of 1G22. At mid-day, on the first of April, the hatchet fell upon 
all of the more remote settlements; and within an hour, three hundred and 
fifty men, women and children were slain." Jamestown^ and neighboring 
plantations were saved by the timely warning of a converted Indian." The 
people were on their guard and escaped. Tliose far away in the forests de- 
fended tliemselves bravely, and then fled to Jamestown. Within a few days, 
eighty plantations were reduced to eight. 

7. Now concentrated at Jamestown, the people prepared for vengeance. A 
vindictive war ensued, and a terrible blow of retaliation was given. The 
Indians upon the James and Yoi-k rivers were slaughtered by scores, or were 
driven far back into the wilderness. Yet a blight was upon the colony. Sick- 
ness and famine followed close upon the massacre. Within three months, 
the colony of four thousand souls was reduced to twenty-five hundred , and 
at the Ijeginning of 1624, of the nine thousand persons who had been sent 
to Virginia, from England, only eighteen hundred remained. 

8. The holders cf the stock of the London Company' had now become very 
numerous, and their meetings, composed of men of all respectable classes, 
assumed a political character, in which two distinct parties were represented, 
namely, the advocates of liberty, and the supporters of the royal prerogatives. 
The king was offended by the freedom of debates at these meetings, and re- 
garded them as inimical to royalty and dangerous to the stability of his throne.' 

1. The Powhatans ; verse 10, pace 15. 2. Verse ^7. pase 55. 

.''. Powhatan diefi in 1618, and was siieceeded in office by his younger brother, Opeehancanoiigli [verse 12, 
page 85). This chief hated the Eneiish. He captured Smith. 

4. OpechancanoiiRh was wily and exceedingly treacherous. Only a •'"w days before the massacre, he de- 
clared that "sooner the skies would fall than his friendship with the Knf;:.sh should be dissolved." Even 
on the day of the massacre, the Indians entered the houses of the planters with usual tokens of friendship. 

5." Verse 10. patre .''O. 

6. This was (;hancn. who was informed of ths bloody design the evening: previous. Tie desired to save a 
white friend in .Jamestown, and pnve him the i'lformalinn. It was too late to send word to the more remote 
settlements. Amonpr those who fell on this occasion, were six members of the council, and several of (ho 
wealthiest inhabitants. 7. Verse 7, pace 40. 

8. These meetinss were quite frequent ; and so important we-e (he members, in politicnl nfTairs. that they 
could influence the election of members of Parliament. In 1623, the accomplished Nicholas Ferrar, an 

On-'ST'ovs. — .S. W'nf trouble appeared? fi. What conspiracy was formed? What terrible disaster befe'.l 
the Virpnians ? 7. TTow did they retalia'e? What else befell the colony? 



84 COLONIES. 



Dissolution of the London Company. Troubles in Virginia. 

He determined to regain what he had lost by granting the liberal third charter' 
to the company. He endeavored to control the elections. Failing in this, he 
sought a pretense for dissolving the Company. A commission was appointed 
[May, 1G23] to inquire into their afl'airs. It was composed of the king's pliant 
instruments, who, having reported in favor of a dissolution of the Company, 
an equally pliant judiciary acconiphshed his designs [October, 1623], and a quo 
vmrranto- was issued. The company made but little opposition, for the settle- 
ment of Virginia had been an unprofitable speculation from the beginning; 
and in July, 1624, the patents were canceled,^ and Virginia became a royal 
province again. 

9. King James boasted of the beneficent results to the colonists which 
would flow from this usurpation, by which they were placed under his special 
care. He apointed Yeardley," with twelve councilors, to administer the gov- 
ernment, but wisely refrained from interfering with the House of Burgesses.* 
The king lived but a few months afterward, and at his death [April 0, 1625] 
he was succeeded by his son, Charles the First. That monarch was as selfish 
as he was Aveak. He sought to promote the welfare of the Virginia planters, 
because he also sought to reap the profits of a monopoly, by becoming him- 
self their sole factor in the management of their exports. He allowed them 
political privileges, because he asked their sanction for his commercial agency.^ 

10. Yeardley died in November, 1627, and was succeeded by Sir John Har- 
vey [1629], a haughty and unpopular royalist. He was a member of the 
commission appointed by James j'' and the colonists so despised liim, that they 
refused the coveted monopoly to the king. After many and violent disputes 
about land titles, the Virginians deposed him [1635] and appointed commis- 
sioners to proceed to England with an impeachment. Harvey accompanied 
the commission. The king refused to hear complaints against the accused, 
and he was sent back clothed with full powers to administer the government. 
He ruled almost four years longer, and was succeeded [November, 1639] by 
Sir Francis Wyatt. 

11. Sir Wiliam Berkeley,* an able and elegant courtier, succeeded AVyatt in 
August, 1641. For ten years he ruled with vigor, and the colony prospered 
wonderfully." But, as in later years, commotions in Europe now disturbed 
the American settlements. The democratic revolution in England,'" which 



a'-tive opponent of the conrt party, was elected to Parlinment, by the influence of the liOiidon company. 
T'lis fact, doubtless, caused the king to dissolve the Company the present year. 1. Verse 4, page 82. 

2. A writ of quo warranto is issued to compel a person or corporation to appear before the king, and fchow 
by what nuthonly certain piivilepes are held. 

X The Company had cNpcnded almost $7('0,riOO in establishing the colony, and this great sum was almost 
a dead loss lothc stockholders. 4. Verse 28, page 5."). .''■ Note I'.', pr.ge 82. 

6. In June, lfi2-', the king, in a letter to the governor and council, asked Ihom to convene nn assembly to 
consider his proposal to contract for the whole ciop of tobacco. He thus tacitly acknowledged the legality 
of the republican assembly of Virginia, hilhcrlo noi sanrfimtfid, h}i\ ov\y prrviitted. 7- Verse 8, page8.S. 

8. Was born near Tjondon : educated at Oxford ; became, by travel and education, a poli-shed gentleman ; 
was governor of Virginia almost 40 vears, and died in July, i(i77. 

9. In 1618 the nnmbrr of colonists was :'0,l)00. " The cottages were filled with children, as the ports were 
with .ships and immigr.ints." 

10. For a long time the exactions of the king fostered a bitter feelirg toward him, in the hearts of the 



Questions. — 8. What can you tell of the London Company and the king? 9. What did the king do? 
What was (he character of his successor? 10. Why did the Virginians hate (Jove; nor Harvey ? What oc- 
curred between hira and them ? 



VIRGINIA. 85 



Loyalty of the Virginians. Parliamentary authority. A compromise. 



brought Charles the First to the block, and placed Oliver Cromwell m power, 
now began [1642], and religious sects in England and America assumed po- 
litical importance. Puritans' had hitherto been tolerated in Virginia, but 
now tlie Throne and the Church were united in interest, and the Virginians 
being loyal to both, it was decreed that no minister should preach except in 
conformity to the constitution of the Church of England." Many non-con- 
formists" were banished from the colony. 

12. The Indians were again incited to hostilities [April, 1644], by the rest- 
less and vengeful Opechancanough,'' and for two years a bloody border war- 
fare was carried on. The King of the Powhatans^ was finally made captive, 
and died while in prison at Jamestown. The power of the confederation was 
completely broken, and after ceding large ti'acts of land" to the English, the 
chiefs acknowledged allegiance to the authorities of Virginia. 

13. The Virginians remained loyal during the civil war in England" 
[1641-1649], and when Republican government Avas proclaimed, they boldly 
recognized the son of the late king, although in exile, as their sovereign.*' Tlie 
republican Parliament was incensed, and took measures to coerce Virginia 
into submission to its authority. For that purpose Sir George Ayscue was 
sent with a powerful fleet, bearing commissioners of Parliament, and anchored 
in Hampton Roads in March, 1()52. 

14. Although the Virginians had resolved to submit rather than fight, they 
made a show of resistance. They declared their willingness to compromise 
with the invaders, to which the commissioners, surpi-ised at the bold attitude 
of the colonists, readily consented. Instead of opening their cannons upon 
the Virginians, they courteously proposed submission to the authority of Par- 
liament upon terms quite satisfactory to the colonists. Liberal political con- 
cessions to the people were secured, and they were allowed nearly all those 
civil rights which the Declaration of Independence," a century and a quarter 
later, charged George the Third with violating. 

15. Until Charles the Secon<l was restored to the throne of his flither 
[May 29, 1660], Virginia was virtually an independent State, for Cromwell 
made no appointments except that of governor. Already the people had 
elected Richard Bennet [1652] to fill Berkeley's place. In 1656, Cromwell 
appointed Samuel Matthews governor. On the death of the Protector [1658], 

people. In 1641 Ihey took up arms apainst their sovereign. One of the chief leaders of (he popnHr p.ity 
was Oliver Cromwell. The war continued urlil ViKS, when th.; royalists were subdued, and the kine was 
beheaded. Parliainent assumed all (he functions of L'overnment, and ruled i" (i! 1653, when Cromwdl. the 
insurgent leader, dissolved that body, and was procUiimed supreme ruler, \vi li llio (illc of Prnlr-tir of Ihe 
Coramonweallh of Unsland. He was a son of a wealthy brewer of Iliuitinglou, E"chind, vlieve he was 
borninl;9i). Died, September, 16.W. I. Verse fi, papefi'. 

2. Verse 7, page fit). 3. Note 1, pag-e ("l. 4. Note 4, Tinpe S". f. Vcne 10, pnpe 1"'. 

6. They rclinf|uislied all claim to the beautiful country between the York and J.ames rivers, from the FnH<) 
of the latter, at Richrmnd, to Ihe se>, f)revpr. It was a leg.icy of a dying nation to their connue'ors. Afier 
that, their utter destiuciion was .swift and thorough. 7. Note 10, page .«'. 

."<. .\rterward Ihe prnHigrtte Charles Ihe Second. Ilis mo:ber was sister to the Frcncii king, and to Ihit 
court she fled, wi;h her children. It was a sad day for the moral character of Ensrland when be was e - 
throne i. 9. Supplement, page 3''3. 

QUKSTioxs. — 11. What disturbed Ihs pence of the coloni'-s? 12. WhT "ausel ihe final overthrow of (he 
Powhatans ? 1.'. Wlrit wis Iha political character of the Virginians? Wh-it did Parliament <'<^' 1 '. What 
compromises were mada by the Virginians .ind the comraissiorcrsf 15. What course did :ho Virginians 
now pursue? 



8Q COLONIES. 



Charles the Second proclaimed King. The Royalist p^rty. 

the Virginians were not disposed to acknowledge the authority of his son 
Richard,' and they elected Matthews their chief magistrate, as a token of their 
independence. Universal suffrage prevailed ; all freemen, withou,t exception, 
were allowed to vote; and white servants, when their terms of bondage 
ended, had the same privilege, and might become burgesses. 

IG. When intelligence of the probable restoration of Charles the Second 
reached Virginia, Berkeley, whom the people had elected governor in 16G0, 
repudiated the popular sovereignty, and proclaimed the exiled monarch 
" King of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia." This happened before 
he was proclaimed in England." The Virginia repubUcans were olFen<]ed, 
but being in the minority, could do nothing. A new Assembly was elected 
and convened, and high hopes of favor from the monarch w^ere entertained 
by the court party. But these were speedily blasted, and in place of greater 
privileges, came commercial restrictions to cripple the industry of the colony. 
The navigation act of 1651 was re-enacted in 1660, and its provisions were 
rigorously enforced.^ 

17. The people murmured, but in vain. The profligate monarch, who seems 
never to have had a clear perception of right and wrong, but was governed 
by caprice and passion, gave away, to his special favorites, large tracts of the 
finest portions of the Virginia soil, some of it already well cultivated.'' 

18. The royalist party became more and more despotic, and the members 
of the Assembly, elected for only two years, assumed to themselves the right 
of holding office indefinitely. The representative system was thus virtually 
abolished. The doctrines and rituals of the Ohvu'ch of England having been 
made the religion of the State, intolerance began to grow. Baptists and 
Quakers^ were compelled to pay heavy fines. The salaries of the royal of- 
ficers being paid from duties upon exported tobacco, these officials were made 
independent of the people." Oppressive and unequal taxes were levied, and 
the idle aristocracy formed a distinct and ruling class. The " common people" 
— the men of toil and substantial worth — formed a Republican party, and re- 
bellious murmers were heard on every side. 

1. Cromwell appointed his son Richard to succeed him in office. Lacking the vipor and ambition of his 
father, he gladly resigned the troublesome legacy into the hands of the people, and, a little more than a 
year afterward, Charles the Second was enthroned. 

2. Wlien informed that Parliament wa.s about to send a fleet to bring them to submission, the Virginians 
sent a message to Charles, then in Flanders, inviting him to come over and be king of Virginia. He had 
resolved to come, when matters look a turn in Kngland favorable to his restoration. In gratitude tothe colo- 
nists, he caused the avmsof Virginia to be qnartercd with those of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as ar irde- 
pcndeiit member of the empire. From this circumstance Virginia received the name of The Old Dominion. 
(loins, wilh these qnarterings, were made as late as I'T''- 

3. The first Navig.ition Act, by the Republic.in Parliament, prohibited foreign vessels trading to the Kv 
glish colonies. This was partly to punish the sugar-producing islands of the West Indies, because the 
people were chiefly loyaIi.«ts. The act nf IfiGO nrnvided that no goods should be carried to or from any Kn- 
gli.sh colonies, but in vessels built within the English dominions, whose masters and at least three fourths 
of the crews were Englishmen : and that sugar, tobacco, and other colonial commodities should be imported 
into no part of Europe, except England and her dominions. The trade between the colonies now struggling 
for prosperous life, was also taxed for the benefit of England. 

■i. In 11)73, the king gave to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, two of his profligate favorites, 
" all the dominion of land and water called Virginia," for thirty years. 5. Verse 8, page <•'>- 

n. One of the charges made against the King nf England, in the Declaration of Independence, more than 
a hundred years later, was that he had " made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices and the amount and payment of their salaries." 



QUF.STIONS. — '6. What did RerVelev do? What expectations were disappointed? 17. Wlint did the king 
do f 18. What did the Virginia royalists do J What caused rebellions feelings ? 



VIRGINIA. 87 

Indian depredations. Bacon, the Republican. Civil war. 

19. The menaces of the Susqtiehannah Indians,' a fierce tribe of lower Penn- 
sylvania, gave the people a plausible pretense for arming during the summer 
of 1G75. The Indians had been driven fi-om their hunting grounds at the 
head of the Chesapeake Bay by the Senecas," and coming down the Potomac, 
made war upon the Maryland settlements.' TliL-y finally committed mur- 
ders upon Virginia soil, and retaliation^ caused the breaking out of a fierce 
border war. 

20. Governor Berkeley's measures for defense were not satisfactory, and 
aSTathaniel Bacon, ^ an energetic and highly-esteemed republican, acting in be- 
half of his party, demanded permission for the people to arm and protect 
themselves." Berkeley's sagacity jierceived the danger of allowing discon- 
tented men to have arms, and he refused. The Indians came nearer and 
nearer, until laborers on Bacon's plantation, near Richmond, were murdered. 
That leader then yielded to the popular will, and placed himself at the head 
of four or five hundred men, to drive back the enemy. Berkeley, jealous of 
Bacon's popularity, proclaimed him a traitor [May, 167G], and sent troops to 
arrest him. Some of his more timid followers returned, but sterner patriots 
adhered to his fortunes. 

21. The people generally sympathized with Bacon, and in the lower coun- 
ties they arose in open rebellion. Berkeley was obliged to recall his troops 
to suppress the insurrection, and in the mean while Bacon drove the Indians' 
back toward the Rappahannock. He was soon afterward elected a burgess,* 
but, on approaching Jamestown, he was arrested. For fear of the people, who 
made hostile demonstrations, the governor pardoned him and all his followers, 
and hypocritically professed a personal regard for the bold republican leader. 

22. The pressure of public opinion now compelled Berkeley to yield at all 
points. The long aristocratic Assembly was dissolved ; many abuses were 
corrected ; and all the privileges formerly enjoyed by the people were re- 
stored.' Fearing treachery in the capital. Bacon withdrew to the Middle 
Plantation,'" where he was joined by three or four hundred armed men from 
the upper counties, and was proclaimed commander-in-chief of the Virginia 
troops. The governor regarded the movement as rebellious, and refused to 
sign Bacon's commission. The patriot marched to Jamestown, and demanded 

1. Verse", pipe 13. 2. Verse ?, page 18. 3. Verse 5, papP '''•'^• 

4. JoI)n Washington, an ancestor of the commander-in-chief of the American armies a cendiiy later, 
commanded some troops apainst an Indian fort on the Potomac. Some chiefs, who were fcrt to his ran p 
to treat for peace, were treacheronsly slain, and this excited the fierce resentment of \\ie Si Fqurhannahy. 

5. He was horn in England, edncated a lawyer, and in Virginia was a mcmher of the council. He wrs 
about thirty years of age at that time. 

fi. Kinjr Philip's war was then raping in Massachusetts, and the white people, evciv^here, were ala-mcd. 
See Verse 21, p»tre 9,«. •. Verse 19, page 8(. 

8. The chief leaders of the repnhliean party at the capital, were Willinm Drummond, who had been gov- 
ernor of Xorth Carolina fverse 2, page 7T 1. iind Colonel Richard T-nw ence. 

9. This event was the planting of one nf the most visrorons and fruitfTil germs of American nationality. It 
was the first bending of power to the boldlv-expressed will of the people, 

hV Williamsburg, four miles from .Jamestown, and midway between the York and James rivers, was then 
called the MirliVi- Plnntatinn. After the ac<>ession of WilliJ-m and Mary [see verse T, page 103], a town was 
laid out in the form of the ciphers WM, and was named Williamsburg. Governor Nicholson made it the 
capital of the province in 1 69-. 

Ohfstions. — 19. What gave the people an excuse for n'ming? What caused an Ind'nn war? ""O. Wl at 
caused 31 insur -eetion ? and what was done? 21. .How did the rebellion progress? »2. Wliat did the people 
gain ? What more can you tell of the rebellion and of Tacon ? 



COLONIES. 



Governor Berkeley humbled. ^ His bad faith. Destruction of Jamestown. 

it without delay. The frightened governor speedily comphed [July 4, 16TG], 
and, concealing his anger, he also, on compulsion, signed a letter to the king, 
highly commending the acts and motives of the " traitor." The Assembly 
also gave him the commission of a general of a tliousand men. 

23. On receiving his commission, Bacon marched against the Pamunkey 
Indians.' Berkeley then crossed the York rivei', and at Gloucester he sum- 
moned a convention of royalists. All the proceedings of the Republican As- 
sembly were reversed, and the governor again proclaimed Bacon a traitor 
[July 29, 1676]. The indignation of the patriot leader was fiercely kindled, 
and, marching back to Jamestown, he lighted up a civil war. The property 
of royalists was confiscated, their wives were seized as hostages, and their 
plantations were desolated. Berkeley fled to the eastern shore of the Chesa- 
2:ieake. Bacon proclaimed his abdication, called an Assembly in his own 
name, and was about to cast ofi' all allegiance to the British crown, when in- 
telligence was received of the arrival of imperial troops to quell the rcbellion." 

24. Berkeley, with some royalists and English sailors under Major Robert 
Beverly, now [Sept. 7] returned to Jamestown. Bacon collected his troops, 
and drove tlie governor down the James river. Informed that a large body 
of royalists ami imperial troops were approaching, the Republicans applied the 

torch [Sept. 30] just as the night shadows came over 
the village.^ When the sun arose on the following 
morning, the first town built by Englishmen in 
America^ was a heap of smoking ruins. Nothing 
remained standing but a few chimneys, and that old 
church tower^ which now attracts the eye and heart 
of the voyager upon the bosom of the James river. 

25. Leaving the site of Jamestown, Bacon pressed 
forward with his little army toward the York, de- 
ouuKcu Towiir.. terniined to drive the royalists fi-om Virginia. But 

he was smitton ))T a deadlier foe than armed men. The malaria of the 
marshes at Jamestown had poisoned his blood, and he died [Oct. 11, 1676] of 
malignant fever, on the north bank of the York. There was no m.an to re- 
ceive the mantle of his ability and influence, and Ijis departure was a death- 
blow to the cause he had espoused. Before the 1st of November, Berkeley 
returned to the Middle Plantation" in triumph. 

26. Berkeley signalized his restoration to power by acts of wanton cruelty. 
Twenty-two of the insurgent leaders had been hanged,' when the more mer- 

1. This was a small tiibe on the Pamunkey river, one of ihc rhief tributaries of the York river. 

2. This was an error. The fleet sent with "troops to (|uell tlie inRurrectlon liid not arrive until April the 
following year. Colonel .Jeffreys, the sueeessor of Berkeley, came with the fleet. 

3. Bcsiiles the cluirch and court-house, .lamestown contained sixteen or eighteen houses, huilt of brick, 
and quite commodious, and a larere mmilier of humble log cabins. 1. Vc-.sc Id, pace .5'. 

5. The church, of which the brick tower alone remains, was built about 1620. It was prolmtily the third 
church erecteil in .lamestown. The ruin is now [18.57] a few rods from the encrnnchinR bank of' the river, 
and is about thirty feet in height. The encraving is a correct representation of its present appearance. In 
the Krave-yard arljoininfj are frapmeiits of several monuments. fi. Note 10, page f". 

7. The first man executed w.is Colonel Hansford. He has been justly termed the first martyr in the canse 

QuF.STioNS.— 3. What did Berkeley do f What favorecl him ? What occurred at ■Jamestown ? ^5 What 
cal.iraity befell the patriots? 




VIRGINIA. 89 



Berkeley's tyranny. Firmness of the Kepublicans. Profligate governors. 

ciful Assembly implored Iiira to shed no more blood. But he continued fines, 
imprisonments, and confiscations, and ruled with an iron hand, until recalled 
by the king, in April, 1677.' There was no printing-press in Virginia to record 
current history," and for a hundred years tlie narratives of royalists gave hue 
to the whole affair. Bacon was always regarded as a traitor, and the efibrt 
to establish a free government is known in history as Bacon's Rebellion. 
Such, also, would have been the verdict of history had Washington and his 
compatriots been unsuccessful. 

27. The effects of these civil commotions were i'elt for many yc.irs. The 
people were borne down by the petty tyranny of royal rulers ; yet the prin- 
ciples of republicanism grew apace. The popular Assembly became winnowed 
of its aristocratic elements; and, notwithstanding royal troops were quartered 
in Virginia,' to overawe the people, the burgesses were always firm in the 
maintenance of popular rights.^ In I'ej^ly to Governor Jeffi'eys, when he ap- 
pealed to the authority of the Great Seal of England, in defense of an arbi- 
trary act in seizing the books and papers of the Assembly, the burgesses said, 
" That such a breach of privilege could not be commanded under the Great 
Seal, because ihcy could not find that any king of England had ever done so 
in former times." The king ordered the governor to " signify his majesty's 
indignation at language so seditious;" but the burgesses were as indilicrent 
to royal frowns as they were to the governor's menaces. 

28. Lord Culpepper, who, under the grant of 1673," had been appointed 
governor for life [1677], arrived in 1680. His profligacy and rapacity dis- 
gusted the people. Discontents ripened into insurrections, and the blood of 
patriots again flowed." At length the king became incensed against Culpep- 
per, revoked his grant' [1684], and deprived him of office. Yet Effingham, 
his successor, was equally rapacious, and the people were on the eve of a gen- 
eral rebellion, when King Charles died, an;l his brother James* was proclaimed 
[February, 1685] his successor, with the title of James the Second. 

29. The jieople hoped for benefit by the change, but their burdens Avere 
increased. Again the wave of rebellion was rising high, when the revoluti'jn 
of 1688" placed William of Orange and his wife Maiy upon the throne. Then 

of liberty in America. Drnmmond and Lawrence were also execn'.cJ. They were considered ringleaders 
and the prime instigators of the rebellion. 

1. Charles said, " The old fool has taken more lives in that naked country than I have taken for the mur- 
der of my father." 

2. Berkeley was an enemy to popular enlightenment. He said to comraissiorers sent f. om Ercland in 
l''>71, ■' Thank God, there are no free schools nor printing-prefs; and I hope we shall not have these hundred 
years ; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into Ute world, .and printing has di- 
ynl-jed these, and libels against the best goveinment." Despots are always afraid of the printing press, for 
it is the most destructive fee of tyranny. 

3. These troops were under the command of Sir Henry Chichtlev, who man.n.ffcd wilh prndence. They 
proved a source of much discontent, because their subsistence was drawn from the planters. For the same 
cause, disturbances occurred in Now York ninety years afterward. Verse Ifi, page 177. 

4. Verse 4, page 8'. .'"'. Note 4, page '6. 

6. By the king's order, Culpepper caused several of the insurgents, who were men of influence, to be 
hanged, and a " reign of terror," miscalled trnnqnillili/. followed. 

7. .•Vrlington (note 4. page 8 | bad already dispo>-e'l nf his interest in the grant to Culpepper. 

8. .lames, Puke of York, to whom Charles gave the New Netherlands in I'M. See verse 1', page 115. 

9. James the Second, hy his h-"gotry an? intolerant spirit, tyranny, and oppression, rendered liim- 

QUESTIONS.— 2'. What temper did the gnverinr show? and how? How was Bacon long regarded? "7. 
What were the effects of these commotions? How did Ihe people assert their dignity ? 18. What was the 
character of Culpepper? What bad rulers were in Virgii.ia? 



90 COLONIES. 



Effects of the Revolution in England. Indian welcome for the Puritans. 



a real change for the better took place. The popular wjll^ expressed by Par- 
liament, became powerful; and this potency of the National Assembly vvaa 
extended to similar colonial organizations. The powers of governors were 
defined, and the rights of the people were understood ; and, notwithstanding 
commercial restrictions bore heavily upon the enterprise of the colonies, the 
diffusion of just political ideas, and the growth of free institutions in America, 
were rapid and healthful. 

30. The history of Virginia, from the revolution of 1688 down to the com- 
mencement of the French and Indian war, is the history of the steady, quiet^ 
progress of an industrious people, and presents no prominent events of inter- 
est to the general reader.' 



SECTION II. 

MASSACHUSETTS. [1620.] 

1. " Welcome, Englishmen ! welcome. Englishmen !" were the first words 
which the Pilgrim FaUiers- heard from the lips of a son of the American for- 
est. It was the voice of Samoset, a Wampanoag chief, who had learned a 
few English words of fishermen at Penobscot His brethren had hovered 
around the little community of sufferers at New Plymouth^ for a hundred 
days, when he boldly approached [March 26, 1G21] and gave the friendly 
salutation. He told them to possess the land, for the occupants hatl nearly 
all been swept away by a pestilence. The Pilgrims thankeil God for thus 
making their seat more secure, for they feared the hostility of the Aborig- 
ines. 

2. When Samoset again appeared, he was accompanied by Squanto,* a 
chief who had recently returned from captivity in Spain ; and they informed 
the white people of Massasoit, the grand sachem of the Wampanoags, then 
residing at Mount Hope. An interview was planned. The old eachem came 
with barl:)aric pomp,^ and he and Governor Carver" smoked the calumet' to- 



self hateful to his suhjects. William, Prince of Orange, Stndtliolder of Holland, who \\<ii married JIary, 
a Protestant daughter of James, and his eldest child, was ii.viied by ihe incensed people (o come to the En- 
glish throne. He came with Dutch troops, and landed at Torhay on Ihe 5ih of Novunhcr, ItSS. James was 
deserted by his soldiers, and he and his family sought safety in flight. William and Mary were proclaimed 
joint monarchs of England on the 1 th of February, 1*9. This act consummated that revolution which 
Voltaire styled "the era of English liberty." 

1. The population at that time was about 50,000, of whom one half were slaves. The tobacco trade had 
become very important, tlie exports to England and Ireland being about .•?0,01X) liogslieads that year. Al- 
most 100 vessels annnallv came from those countries to Virginia for tobacco. A powerful militia of almost 
9,000 men was organized', and thev no longer feared their dusky neighbors. The militia became expert in 
the use of fire-arms in the woods, "and back to tliis period the Virginia rifleman may look for the foundation 
of liis fame as a marksman. The province contained twenty-two counties, and forty-eight parishes, with a 
chiirch and clergyman in each, aurl a great deal of glebe land. But there was no printing-press nor book- 
Btore in the colony. A press was first establislied in the colony in 1729. 

2. Verse 10, page 61. 3. Verse 13, pare «). 4. Verse T, page 58. 

5 Ma.ssasoit approached with a guard of sixty warriors, and look post upon a neighboring hill. There he 
Bat in state, and received Edward Winslow as embassador from the English. lieaving Winslow with his 
warriors, as sectirilv for his own safety, the sachem went into New Plymouth, and treated with Governor 
Carver. Note 2, page 11. 6. Verse 12, page l'2. 7. Verse 10, page 10. 

QuFSTiONS.— 29. What caused a real chance for the better? How did it operate? 30. What more of Vir- 
ginia history ? 1. IIow wire the Pilgrim Fathers received? Hnw was trarquillily secured to them? 2. 
Who else visited them? What was the result of an interview with Massasoit? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 91 



Trials of the Pilgrim Fathers. Unworthy emigrants. 

gether. A preliminary ti-eaty of fi'icndship and alliance was formed [April 1, 
1G21], which remained unbroken for fifty years.' 

3. Governor Carver died [April 3] three days after this interview. Wil- 
liam Bradford,- the earliest historian of the colony, was appointed his suc- 
cessor. For thirty yeai'S he managed the public affairs of the colony with great 
sagacity. The settlers emlured great trials during the fi'-st four years of their 
sojourn. They were barely saved from starvation in the autumn of 1G21, by a 
scanty crop of Indian corn.^ In November of that year, thirty-five immi- 
grants (some of them their weak brethren of the Speedweliy joined them, and 
increased their destitution. The winter was severe, and produced great suf- 
fering ; and the colonists were kept in continual fear by the menaces of Ca- 
nonicus, the great chief of the Narrar/ansets, who regarded the English as 
intruders. Bradford acted wisely with the chief,^ and soon made liim sue for 
peace." The hatred of the wily Indian was not subdued, but he was com- 
pelled to be a passive friend of the English. 

4. In July following [1622], sixty-three more emigrants arrived. They 
had been sent by Weston, a wealthy, dissatisfied member of the Plymouth 
Company,'' to plant a new colony. Many of them were idle and dissolute ;" 
and after living upon the slender means of the Plymouth people for several 
weeks, they went to Wissagusset (now Weymouth), to commence a settle- 
ment. Their improvidence produced a famine; and they exasperated the 
Indians by begging and stealing supplies for their wants. A plot was de- 
vised for their destruction, but through the agency of Massasoit,' it was re- 
vealed [March, 1623] to the Plymouth people ; and Captain Miles Standish, 
with eight men, hastened to Wissagusset in time to avert the blow. A chief 
and several warriors were killed in a battle.'" The surrounding tribes were 
terrified, and neighboring chiefs appeared at Plymouth to crave the friendship 

1. Verse 22, page 99. 

2. Horn at Ansterfielcl, in the north of England, in 1*8. He followei Robinson to Holland ; came to 
America in the MayF/ower [verse 11. page u2J ; and was annually clectucl governor of the colony from 1621 
until his death in ltj.")7. 

3. While Captain Miles Standish and others were seeking a place to land [verse 13, page fi3], they fonnd 
some mnize, or Indian corn, in one of the deserted huts of the savages. Afterward, Samoset and others 
taught ihem how to culuvale the grain (then unknown in Europe), and this supply serving lor seed, provi- 
dentially saved them from starvation. The grain now first received the n:nne of Indian corn. Early in 
September [1 i_l], an exploring party, under Standish, coasted norlhwavd to Shawmiil, the site of Boston, 
where they found a few Indians. The place was delightful, and, for a while, the Pilgrims thought of re- 
moving thither. 4. Verse 11, page 62. 

5. Canonicus dwelt upon Connanicut Island, opposite Newport. In token of his contempt and defiance of 
the English, he sent [February, 1 !22J, a bundle of arrows, wrapped in a r.aUlesnake's skin, to Governor 
IJradford. The governor accepted the hostile challe- ge, and (hen returned the skin, filled witli powder and 
shot. These substances were new to the savages. They reirardcd them with superstitious awe, as posset- 
ing some evil inllnence. They were sent from village to village, and e.\ciled general alarm. The pride of 
Canonicus was humbled, and he sued for pcice. 

6. His example was followed by several chief-^. 7. Verse 7, page 40. 
8. There were quite a number of indentured servants, and men of no character — a population wholly unfit 

to found an independent State. 

('. In gratitude for attentions and medicine during a severe illucss, Massasoit revealed the plot to Edward 
Winslow a few days before the time appointed to strike the blow. 

10. Standish carried the chiers head in tiiumph to Plymouth. It was borne upon a pile, and was placed 
upon the palisades [note 2, page 101] of the little fort which had just been erected. The gooil Roliinson 
[verse 9, page 61], when he heard of it, wrote, " O, how h.nppy a thing it would have been that you had 
converted some before you killed any." 



Qc.STiOMS. — 3. What changes took place in the govemment of the colony? What occnrrcd dnring the 
first four years after settlement ? How did (Canonicus rerrmd the English? 4. What was the character of 
Oiher emigrants who arrived ? What did they attempt ? What was the result ? 



92 COLONIES. 



Salutary changes. Representative Government. Persecutions in England. 



of the English. The settlement at Wissagusset was broken up, and most of 
the emigrants returned to England. 

5. The partnei-ship of merchants and colonists' was an unprofitable specu- 
lation for all. The community system' operated unfavorably upon the in- 
dustry and thrift of the colony, and the merchants had few or no returns fof 
their investments. Ill feelings were created by mutual criminations, and the 
capitalists commenced a series of annoyances to force their workers into a 
dissolution of the league." The partnership continued, however, during the 
prescribed term of seven years, <?n 1 then [1G27] the colonists purchased the 
interest of the London Merchants. Becoming sole proprietors of the soil, 
they divided the whole property equally, and to each man was assigned 
twenty acres of land in fee. New incentives to industry followed, and the 
blessings of plenty, even upon that unfruitful soil, rewarded them all' 

6. The government of the colony now became slightly changed. The only 
officers, at first, were a governor and assistant. In IG'24, five assistants 
were chosen; and in 1630, when the colony numbered almost five hundred 
souls, seven assistants were elected. This pure democracy prevailed, both in 
Church and State, for almost nineteen years, when a representative govern- 
ment was instituted [1039], and a pastor chosen as spiritual guide.^ 

7. King James died in the spring of 1G25 ; and his son and successor, 
Charles the First, inherited his father's hatred of the 
Nonconformists." Many of their ministers were 
silenced during the first years of his reign, and the 
uneasiness of the great body of Nonconformists daily 
increased. Many came to America. Some made a 
temporary settlement on Cape Anno, in 1624; and a 
few years afterward [March 29, 1628], a company 
purchased a tract of land on each side of the Merrimac 

FTiisT COLONY SEAL. ^j^^^^.^ ^^^^ cxtcuding wcstwai'd to the Pacific Ocean.' 
In the summer of 1628, John Endicot, and a hundred emigrants came over, 

]. Verse 10, page 61. 2. Nole 1, page 02. 

?. The merchants refused Mr. Robinson a passage to America ; attempted to force a minister upon the 
colonists who was friendly to the established (Jhurcli, and even tent vessels to interfere with the infant com- 
merce of the settlers. 

4. The colonists unsuccessfnlly tried the cultivation of tobacco. They raised enough grain and vege- 
tables for their own consumption, and relied upon traffic in furs with the Indians, for obtaining tlic means 
of paying for cloths, implements, etc., from England. In KCT, they made the first step toward the establish- 
ment of tlie cod fishery, since become so important, by constructing a salt work, and curing some fii-h. In 
1(>24, Edward Winslow imported three cows and a bull, and soon those invaluable animals became nume- 
rous i>i the colony. 

5. The colonists considered Robinson (who w.ts yet in Ijcyden) as their pastor ; and religious exercises, 
in the way of prayer and exhortation, were conducted by Rider IJrewstcr and others. On Sunday nflernoons 
a f|uestion would be propounded, to which all had a right to speak. Even after they had adopted the plan 
of having a pastor, the people were so demorralic in religious matters that a minister did not remain long 
at Plymouth. The doctrine of " private judgment" was put in full practice ; and the religious meetii:gs 
were often (he arena of intemperate debate and corfusion. In 10r9, thirty-five persons, the remainder of 
Robinson's congregation at I.f'vden, ioii'cd the Pilsiimsat Plymonih, among whom was Robinson's f."mi!y ; 
but the good man never saw New K""glai"l bimsplf, 6. Note 1. page 01. 

7. This was purchased from the Co'trril nf VUimniitli. The chief men of the company were .lohn Humph- 
rey (brother-in-law to the Earl of I.incolnj, ,Tolin Endicot, Sir Henry Roswell, Sir .Tohn Yourg, Thomas 
Rontheote, Simon Wtiiteomb, .lohn Winlhrop, Thomas Dudley, Sir Richard Saltonstall, and others. Em- 
inent men in New Engl.iml afterw.ird became iuteresled in the entcrpiise. 

Questions.— .5. How di-l the colonists and the Plymnnih CnnipMny agree? What hnppy chance and 
results took place? fi. What change was made in the government of the colony ? What change in tVeir 
religious org.anization? 7. What oi-mrred in England on the death of King James? What new settlement 
was unsuccessfully attempted ? What one was successful ? 




MASSACHUSETTS. 93 




Settlement of Charlestown and Boston. Sufferings of the people. 

and at Naumkeag (now Salem), they laid the foundations of the Colony of 
MaasachuKetts Bay. The propr-ietors received a charter from the king the fol- 
lowing year [March 14, 1629], and they were incorporated by tlie name of 
"The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in Nin- Encland."' 

8. The new colony increased rapidly, and soon 
began to spread. In July, 1629, "three godly 
ministers" (Skelton, Higgiuson, and Bright), came 
with two hundred settlers, and a part of them 
laid the foundations of Charlestown, at Mishawam. 
On the 1st of September, the members of the 
company, at a meeting in Cambridge, England, 
signed an agreement to transfer the charter and 
government to the colonists. It Avas a wise and 
benevolent conclusion, for men of fortune and in- 
telligence immediately prepared to emigrate when john wintukop. 

such a democracy should be established. John Winthrop" and others, with 
about three hundred families, arrived at Salem, in July [16;J0] following. 
Winthrop had been chosen governor before his departure, with Thomas Dud- 
ley for deputy, and a council of eighteen. The new emigrants located at, 
and named Dorchester, Roxbury, Watertown, and Cambridge; and during 
the summer, the governor and some of the leading men, hearing of a spring 
of excellent water on the peninsula of Shawmut,^ went within, erected a few 
cottages, and founded Boston, the future metropolis of New England.* 

9. Many of the settlers, accustomed to ease and luxury in England, suffered 
much, and before December, two hundred men were in their graves.^ Yet 
the survivors were not disheartened, and during the Avinter of intense suffer- 
ing Avhich followed, they applied themselves diligently to the business of 
founding a State. In May, 1631, it Avas agreed at a general assembly of the 
people, that all the officers of the government should thereafter be chosen by 
the freemen" of the colony; and in 1634, the pure democracy was changed 
to a representative government, the second in America.' The colony 
flourished. Chiefs from the Indian tribes dined at Governor Winthrop's 



1 The arlministration of aftairs was intrusted to a governor, deputy, and eighteen assisstants, who were 
to be elected annually by the stockholders of the coiporation. A general assembly of 'he ficemeii of (he 
co'ony was to be held at least four times a year, to legislate for the colony. The king claimed no juii:- 
diction, for he regarded the whole matter as a trading operation, not as the fountlii g of an empire. The in- 
strument conferred on the colonists all the rights of phiglifh subjects, and afterward became the text for 
many powcfnl discourses against the usuipa<inns of royally. 

2, Born in England in 15S. lie was one of the most active men in New England fiom P'HO until his death 
in 1(>40. His journal was published. 3. Note 3, page 91. 

''. The whole company under Winthroi) intended to join the settlers at Charlestown, but a prevailing 
sickness there, attributed to unwholesome water, caused Iheni to locate elsewhere. The fine ."-prirp of 
water which gushed from one of the three hills o^ Shttirmut, was regarded wilh great favor. 

5. Among these were Higgin'on, I«aac Joh-'son (a principal leader in the enlernrise, and (he wcallhiest of 
the founders at fio^tnn), and his wife, the " Lady Arabella," a daughler of the Earl of Lincoln. She died 
at Salem, and her husband diil rot long survive lier. 

6. None were consi'lered f eemen, unless they were members of some church wiihin the colony. From 
the beginning, the closest intimacy existed between the Church and Slate in Massachusetts, and that in- 
timacy gave rise to a great many disorders. This provision was repealed in 1665. 

7. Verses 29, .'^0, page .")(■>. 

QtTESTIONS. — «. What progress did the colonv of Massachusetts T?ay make? Wliflt led to the fonndirp of 
the city of Boston? 9. Hnw did the settlers of Massachusetts suffer? What new change was made in Iho 
tovernment? What good omens appeared? 



94 COLONIES, 



Puritans become persecutors. Roger Williams's preaching. His banishment- 



table, and made covenants of peace and friendship witli the English. Win- 
tbrop journeyed on foot to exchange courtesies with Bradford at Plymouth ;' 
a friendly salutation came from the Dutch in New Netherland," and a ship 
from Virginia, laden with corn [May, 1G32], sailed into Boston harbor. 

10. The Puritans,^ victims of intolerance, were tliemselves equally intol- 
erant when clothed with power. Their ideas of civil and religious freedom 
were narrow, and their practical interpretation of the Golden Rule was con- 
trary to the intentions of Him who uttered it. Yet they were honest and ti'ue 
men ; and out of their love of freedom, and jealousy of their inherent rights, 
grew their intolerance. They regarded Churchmen and Roman Catholics as 
their deadly enemies, to be kept at a distance.'' A wise caution dictated this 
course. A consideration of the prevailing spirit of the age, when bigotry as- 
sumed the seat of justice, and superstition was the counselor and guide of 
leading men, should cause us to look with charity upon their faults. 

11. Among those who first felt the power of Puritan intolerance, was 
Roger Williams,^ himself a Puritan minister, and victim of persecution in En- 
gland. He was chosen minister at Salem [1034], and his more enlightened 
views, freely expressed, soon aroused the civil authorities against him. He 
denied the right of civil magistrates to control the consciences of the people, 
or to withhold their protection from any religious sect whatever. He denied 
the right of the king to require an oath of allegiance from the colonists; and 
even contended that obedience to magistrates ought not to be enforced. He 
denounced the charter from the king as invalid, because he had given to the 
white people the lands of other owners, the Indians." These doctrines and 
others more theologicaF he maintained with vehemence, and soon the col- 
ony become a scene of great commotion. He was remonstrated with by the 
elders, warned by the magistrates, and finally, refusing to cease what wa3 
deemed seditious preaching, he was banished [November, 1636] from the 
colony. In the dead of winter he departed [January, 1635] for the wilder- 
derness, and became the founder of Rliode Island.* 

12. During 1635, full three thousand new settlers came, among whom 
were men of wealth and influence. The most distinguished were Hugh 
Peters^ (an eloquent preacher), and Henry Vane, an enthusiastic young man 

1. Verse 3, page 91. 2. Verse 4. page .57. 3- Verse 6, page fin. 

4. liyforii, who was sent ont to the Pilgrimi, by the London partners, as their minister, was refused and 
expelled, because he was friendly to theChiich of England. John and Samuel Browne, residents at Salem, 
and members of Kndicot's (lonncil, were arrested by him, and sent to England as " factious and evil-con- 
ditioned persons," because they insisted upon Ihe nse of the Liturgy, orprinted forms of the English church, 
in their worship. 5. Verse 2, page 71. 

6. Verse 15, page 17. This was not strictly tnie, for, until King Philip's war fverse 21, page 9S] in 1675, 
not a foot of ground was occupied by the New England colonists, " on any other score but that of fair pur- 
chase. "—fir. DwirjJif. 

7- He maintained that an oath should not be tendered to an nnconverted person, and that no Christian 
could lawfully pray with such an one, though it were a wife or child ! In the intemperance of his zeal, 
Williams often exhibited intolerance himself, and at this day would be called a bigot. Yet his tolerant 
teachings in general had a most salutary elTect upon Pnritan exclusiveness. ,*'. Verse 2, page 71. 

9. Peters afterward returned to Engiand, was very active in public aflairs during the civil war, and on 
the accession of t^harles ihe Second, was found guilty of favoring the death of the king's father, and 
was e.xecuted in October 1660. 

Questions. — 10. What was the general character of Ihe New England Puritans? 11. Who first fell Ihe 
orce of intolerance iu Massachusetts f What were the teachings of Koger Williams ? What their result? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 95 



Ljirge emigration. Anne Hutchinson, and her views. Alarm in England. 

of twenty-five. In 1636, Vane was elected governor, an event which in- 
directly proved disastrous to the peace of the colony. The banishment of 
Tl()<^er Williams had awakened bitter religious dissensions, and the minds of 
tlu; people were prepared to hsten to any new teacher. As at Plymouth, so 
in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, religious questions were debated at these 
meetings.' Women were not allowed to engage in these debates, and some 
decerned this an abridgment of their rights. Among these was Anne Hutch- 
inson, an able and eloquent woman, who estabhshed meetings at her own 
house, f>^)r her sex, and there she promulgated peculiar views, which some of 
the magistrates and ministers pronounced seditious and heretical." These 
views were embraced by Governor Vane, several magistrates, and a majority 
of the leading men of Boston.^ Winthrop and others opposed them, and in 
the midst of great excitement a synod was called, the doctrines of Mrs. 
Hutchinson were condemned, and she and her family were first imprisoned 
in Boston, and then banished [August, 1037] from the colony.* Vane lost liis 
popularity, and failing to be elected the following year, he returned to En- 
gland.^ Some of Mrs. Hutchinson's followers left the colony, and established 
settlements on Rhode Island." 

13. The result of the Pequod war'' was favorable to the security of the 
colony, and it flourished amazingly. Persecution gave it sustenance. The 
non-conformists in the mother country suffered more and more, and hundreds 
fled to New England. The Church and the Government became alarmed at 
the rapid growth of a colony so opposed, in its feeling and laws, to the char- 
acter of both. Eflbrts were put forth to stay the tide of emigration. As early 
as 1633, a proclamation for that purpose had been published, but not enforced ; 
and a fleet of eight vessels, bearing some of the purest patriots of the realm, 
was detained in the Thames [February, 1634], by order of the Privy council.® 
Beheving that the colonists " aimed not at new discipline, but at sovereignty," 
a demand was made for a surrender of the patent to the king." The people 
were silent, but firm. When a rumor reached them [September 18, 1634] 

1. Note 5, page 92. 

2. She taught that, as the Holy Spirit dwells in every believer, its revelations are superior to the teach- 
ings of meii. It was the doctrine of "private judgment," in its fullest extent. She taught that every per- 
son had a right to judge of the soundness of a minister's leaching, and this was considered " rebellion 
against the clergy." She taught the doctrine of Election, and averred that the elect saints were sure of tlicir 
salvation, however vicious their lives might be. 

3. Her brother, Ilcv. John Wheelwright, was an eloquent e.xpounder of her views. The theological 
question assumed a political phase, and for a long time influenced the public affairs of the colony. 

•1. Mrs. Hutchinson and her family took refuge within the Dutch domain, near tlie present village of 
New Rochelle, in New York. There she and all her family, except a daughter, were murdered by tlie In- 
dians. Note 5, page 11.'?. 

5. Vane was a son of the Secretary of State cf Charles the First. He was a republican during the civil 
war [note 10, page 81], and for this, Charles the Second had him beheaded in June 166'. 

6. Verse 6, page 71. 7. Verse 12, page f 9. 
8. INote 4, page 27t>.l It was asserted, and is believed, that Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden wc'» 

anions the passengers. There is no positive evidence that such was the fact. 

9 Tlie general patent for New Kngland was surrendered by the council of Plymouth in June, 16"5, with- 
otit consulting the colonists. The inflexible courage of the latter prevented the evil that miglit have ensuci 
by this faithless act of a company which had made extensive grants, and they firmly held tlie charter given 
to them by tlie king. 

QirESTioss. — 12. What was the character of settlers who came in 163.5? What was the religious rondi- 
tinn of the colony? What new doctrines we^e promulgated, and by whom? Wliat was the result? 1.^. 
WTiat fostered the growth of the colony? What did the Church and the Stale do? \Vliat itror.5'.hci:ing 
measures did the colony adopt? What caused persecution to cease? 



96 COLONIES, 



Defiance of the king. Mutual interests. New England confederation. 

that an arbitrary commission' and a general governor was appointed for all 
the English colonies in America, the Massacliusetts people, poor as they 
were, raised three thousand dollars to build Ibrtifioations for resistance. 
Even a quo toarranto [April, 1638],^ did not affect either their resolution or 
their condition. Strong in their integrity, they continued to strengthen their 
new State by fostering education,^ the " cheap defense of nations," and by 
other wise appliances of vigorous efforts. The civil Avar* which speedily in- 
volved the Church and the Throne in disaster, withdrew the attention of the 
persecutors from the persecuted, and the latter had quiet. 

14. The struggling colonists of New England were united by ties of inter- 
est and the warmest symjiathy. Natives of the same country — the offspring 
of persecution — alike exposed to the weapons of hostile Indians and the dep- 
redations of the Dutch and Fi'cnch^ — and ahke menaced with punishment by 
the parent government, they were as one people. They were now [1643] 
more than twenty thousand in number, and fifty villages had been planted by 
them. The civil war in England" threatened a total subversion of the govern- 
ment, and the Puritans began to reflect on the establishment of an independ- 
ent nation eastward of the Dutch dominions.' 

15. A union of the New England colonies was proposed [1637] at the 
close of the Pequod war. It was not consummated until 1643, when the col- 
onies of Plymouth,^ Massachusetts," Connecticut, and New Haven,'" confed- 
erated for mutual welfare. Rhode Island asked for admittance into the 
Union [1643], but Avas refused, unless it would acknowledge the authority of 
Plymouth." That Union, like ours, was a confederacy of independent States, 
The general affairs of the confederacy Avere managed by a board of commis- 
sioners, consisting of two church members from each colony, who were to 
meet annually, or oftener, if required. Their duty was to consider circum- 
stances, and recommend measures for the general good. They had no execu- 
tive power. Their propositions were considered and acted upon by the several 
colonies, each assuming an independent sovereignty. This confederacy re- 
mained unmolested more than forty years.'' 

16. Massachusetts AA'^as ahvays the leading colony of New England, and 
assumed to be a " perfect republic." After the Union, a legislative change 

1. The Archbishop of Canterbnry, and associate?, received full power to establish grovernments and laws 
over the American settlements ; to regulate religious malteis, inflict punishments, and even to revoke char- 
ters. 2. Note ;', papc 8'. 

3. In 16.% the General Court at Boston aji- ropriated two thousand dollars for the establi^llnlent (jf a col- 
lege. In le.SS Rev. tjohn Haivaril be<ineatl)ei1 moie (ban three thousand floUars to the institution which 
was then located .it Cambiiilgc, and it receiveil the name of " Harvard College," now one of the first scm- 
iuaiies of learning in tlie United States. In 1(147 a law was passed, requiring every township which con- 
tained fifty householders, to liave a school-bouse and employ a teacher ; and each town, contaiuing one 
thousand fieeboUle-s, to have a grammar-school. '. Note 10, page ^4. 

3 The Dutch of New Netherlaud (verse », page f^] still claimed jurisdiction upon the Connectieut river, 
and the French settlers in Acadie, eastward of New England, were becoming troublesome to the Puiitars. 

6. Note 10. page . '4. 7. A'erse ■),page.'i:. 8. A'erse 1,S, page (" . 

9. A'erse 7. page 0'. 111. A'erse 14, page 70. 11. A'erse 7, page "2. 

12. When .Tames the Second came to the throne, the charters of all (he colonies were taken away, or sus- 
pended. When local governments were re-e-^tablished after the revolution of 16S8, there no longer existed a 
necessity for the Union, and the confederacy dissolved. 



QuESTioys. — 1 1. What circumstances made the New England colonies united in interest? 15. What con- 
federation was establibhed ? What was the nature of its goTernment f 



MASSACHUSETTS. 97 



First coinage in the United States. Troubles with the Quakers. 



took place. Tlie representatives had hitherto held their sessions in the same 
room with the governor and council ; now they convened in a separate apart- 
ment; and the distinct House of Representatives, or democratic branch of the 
Li'gislature, still existing in our Federal and State Governments, was estab- 
lished in 1644. 

17. Unlike Virginia,' the colonists sympatliized with the English repuljlic- 
ans in their efforts to abolish royalty. Ardently attached to the Parliament, 
they found in Cromwell,^ when he assumed supreme authority, a sincere 
friend and protector of their liberties. No longer annoyed by the frowns and 
menaces of royalty, the energies of the people were rapidly developed, and 
profitable commerce was created be- 
tween Massachusetts and the West In- /^^^~^'^\ ^fvZ B5^rr^'\ 
dies. This trade brought bullion^ into /^^*''r;*>g|n ^^^^''^^^X 
the colony; and in 1652, the authorities /^^^^^'5»?i\l^W*^^^'|^'j 
exercised a prerogative of independent l^y^^P/,^yi^l^2En fe] 
sovereignty, by establishing a mint, and V^'''''*"''»^^4yy \°(g)*%03ii»»'>^j1^y 
coining silver money,^ the first within N ^ %> '^ y '"""-''^''^^^ l^ 
the territory of the United States. ^ „ 

•' FIK8T MONET COINEn IN THE UNITED STATES. 

During the same year, settlements in 

the present State of Maine, imitating the act of those of New Hampshu'e^ 

eleven years earlier [1641], came under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 

18. An important element of trouble and perplexity was now introduced. 
There arrived at Boston [July, 1656], two zealous religious women," called 
Quakers. This was a sect recently evolved from the heaving masses of En- 
glish society,' claiming to be more rigid Puritans than all who had preceded 
them. Letters unfavorable to the sect had been received in the colony, and 
the two women were cast into prison, and confined for several weeks." With 
eight others who arrived during the year, they were sent back to England." 
Others came, and a special act against the Quakers was put in force [1657], 
but to no purpose. Opposition increased their zeal, and precisely because 
they were not Avanted, they came. They suffered stripes, imprisonments, 
and general contempt; and, finally, on the recommendation of the Federal 
Commissioners,'" Massachusetts, by a majority of one vote, banished them, on 

1. Verse 13, pajre 85. 2. Note 10, page S4. 3. Uncoined gold and silver. 

4. In October, l^ijl, the General Court or Legislature of Massachusetts ordered silvei coins of the values, 
of threepence, sixpence, and a shilling sterling, to be made. The mint-master was allowed fifteen pence out 
of every twenty shillings, for his trouble. He made a large fortune by the business. From (he circnmstance 
that the etfigy of apme-^ree was stamped on one side, these coins, now very rare, are called pine tree moiiei/. 
The date [1852] was not altered for thirty years. Massachusetts was also the first to issue paper money, i.i 
the shipe of treasury notes, in 1690. See Verse 37, page 105. 

f). Verse ,3, pige 61. 6. Mary Fisher and Ann Austin. 

7. The founder of Ihe sect was George Fox, who promulgated his peculiar tenets about liBd. He was a 
man of education and exalted purity of cliaracter, aud soon, learned and influential men became his cowork- 
ers. They still maintain the Iiigh'st character for moriility aud practical Christianity. Sec note 1, page 75. , 

8. Their trunks were searcbel, and the religious books found in them were burned hy the hangman, on 
Boston Common. Snspecipd of being witches [note 2, page 106], their persons were examined, in order to 
discover certain marks which would indicate their connection with the Kvil One. 

9. Mary Fisher went all the way from London to Adrianople, to carry a divine message to the Sultan. She 
was regarded as insane ; and as the Moslems respect such people as special favorites of God, Mary Fisher 
was unharmed in the Sultan's dominions. 1 1 Verse l.'i, page 96. 

Qdestio.vs.— l'". What pnvemment chaTit'e took place in MassachuseMs after the Union ? 17. What was 
the political character of the colonists? What progress did they make during Cromwell's rule? 18. What 
sect gave the colonists trouble? What treatment did the Quakers receive? 



98 COLONIES. 

Persecution of the Quakers. Offenses of New England. Navigation Act. 



pain of death [1658]. The excuse pleaded in extenuation of this barbarous 
law was, that the Quakers preached doctrines dangerous to good government.' 

19. The death penalty did not deter the exiles from returning ; and many- 
others came because they courted the martyr's death and reward. Some were 
hanged, others were publicly whipped, and the prisons were soon filled with 
the persecuted sect. The severity of the law finally caused a strong expres- 
sion of public sentiment against it. The Quakers were regarded as true mar-. 
tyi-s, and the people demanded of the magistrates a cessation of the bloody 
and barbarous punishments. The death-penalty was soon [1661] abolished ; 
the fanaticism of the magistrates and the Quakers subsided, and a more Chris- 
tian spirit of toleration prevailed. No longer sufferers for opinion's sake, the 
Quakers turned their attention to the Indian tribes, and noljly seconded the 
efforts of Mahew and EUot in the propagation of the Gospel among the 
pagans of the forest." 

20. On the restoration of monarchy [1660], the judges who condemned 
Charles the First to the block, were outlawed. Two of them (William Goffe 
and Edward Whalley) fled to America, and were the first to announce at 
Boston the accession of Charles the Second. Orders were sent for their arrest, 
and officers were dispatched from England for the same purpose. The colo- 
nists effectually concealed them ; and for tliis act, and the general sympathy 
manifested by New England for the republican party, the king resolved to 
show them no favor. They had been exempt from commercial restrictions 
during Cromwell's administration ; now these were revived, and the stringent 
provisions of a new Navigation Act^ were rigorously enforced. The people 
vainly petitioned for relief; and, finally, commissioners were sent [August, 
1644] " to settle the peace and security of the country on a sohd foundation."* 

21. The colonists regarded this measure with indignation, not only as a vio- 
lation of their charters, but as an indigent step toward establishing a system 
of domination, destructive to their liberties. Massachusetts boldly protested 
against the exercise of their authority within her hmits, but at the same time 
asserted her loyalty to the sovereign. The commissioners experienced the 
opposition of the other New England colonies, except Rhode Island. Their 
acts were generally disregarded, and afi:er producing a great deal of iri'itation, 
they Avere recalled in 1666. The jieople of Massachusetts, triumphant in their 

1. The Quakers denied all hnman authority, and regarded the power of magistrates as delegated tyranny. 
They preached purity of life, charily in its broadest sense, and denied the right of any man to control the 
opinions of another. Conscience, or '' the light within," was considered a sufficient guide, and they deemed 
it their special mission to denounce " hireling ministers," and " perisecuting magistrates," in person. It 
was this offensive boldness which engendered tlie violent hatred toward the sect in England and America. 

2. John Eliot has been truly called the Apostle to the Indians. He began his labors soon after his arriviil 
in America, and founded the first church among the savages, at Nalic, in li;60, at which time there were 
ten towns of converted Indians in Massachusetts. Thirty-five years later, it was estimated that there were 

.not less than .'i.ODO adult Christian Indians in the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket alone. 

3. Note ;<, page 8(). 

4. These were (Colonel Richard Nicolls, Sir Robert Carr, George Oartwright, and Richard Alavericlv. 
They came with a royal fleet, commanded by Colonel Nicolls, which had been sent to as.sert English author- 
ity over the possessions of the Dutch, in New Nelherlaml. See ver.se 12, page 115. 

Questions.— 1C. How were the Quakers punished? Whtit effect did the severe punishments have? 20. 
How did the colonists first hear of the accession of Charles the Second? How were they treated by the 
king? For what purpose were commissioners sent? 21. How did the colonists regard the commissioners 
and their duiies? In what way did the people gain a triumph? What was the relative condition of England 
and her colonies ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 99 



King Philip and liis grievances. His ire excited. 

opposition to royal oppression, ever afterward took a front rank in the march 
toward complete freedom. The licentious king and his ministers were too 
much in love with voluptuous ease to trouble themselves with far-off colonies • 
and while Old England was suffering from bad government, and the puissance 
of the throne was lessening in the estimation of the nations, the colonies flour- 
ished in purity, peace, and strength, until Metacomet, the son of the good 
Massasoit,' kindled a most disastrous Indian war, known in history as 

KING Philip's war. 

22. While he lived, Massasoit kept his treaty with the Plymouth colony^ 
faithfully. Metacomet, or Philip,^ resumed tiie covenants of friendship, and 
kept them inviolate for a dozen years. But as 
spreading settlements were reducing his domains 
acre by acre, breaking up his hunting-grounds, 
diminishing his fisheries, and menacing his na- 
tion with servitude or annihilation, his patriotism 
was aroused, and he willingly listened to the hot 
young warriors of his tribe, who counseled a war 
of extermination against the English. At Mount 
Hope,* the seat of the chief sachems of the Wavi- 
panoags, in the solitudes of the primeval forests, 
he planned, with consummate skill, an alliance 
of all the New England tribes^ against the Eu- ku^q philip. 
ropean intruders. 

23. One of the "praying Indians" (as the converted ones were called)," was 
a sort of secretary to Philip, and, after becoming acquainted with the plans 
of the sachem, he revealed them to the authorities at Plymouth. For this he 
was slain by his countrymen, and three Wamjmrioags were convicted of his 
murder, on slender testimonj^, and hanged. The ire of the tribe was fiercely 
kindled, and they thirsted for vengeance. The cautious Philip was overruled 
by his fiery young men, and remembering the wrongs and humiliations he 
had personally received from the English,' he trampled upon solemn treaties, 
sent his women and children to the Narragansets for jjrotection, and kindled 

1. Verse ?, page 90. 2. Verse 2, page 90. 

3. Massasoit had two sons, whom (lovernor Prince named Alexander and Philip, in compliment to their 
bravery as warriors. Alexander died soon after the decease of his father ; and Philip became chief sachem 
of the Wampanoags. 

■i. >Iount Hope is a conical hill. 300 feet in height, and .'situated on the west side of Mount Hope Bay, about 
two miles from Hristol, Rhode Island. It was called Pokanoket by (he Indians. 

5. The tribes which became involved in this war numbered, probably, about 2.^,C00. Those alorg (he 
coast of Massachusetts Bay, who had suffered terribly by a pestilence just before (he I'ilgrims cnmc (vcr.^c 
1, page 90], had materially increased in numbers ; and other tribes, besides the New England Indians proper 
[verse 15, page 171. becnme parties to the conflict. 

6. Note 2, page 98. His name was .John Sassamon. He had been educated at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
and was sent as a missionary among (he Indians. He was ardently attaclied lo (he whi(e people. 

7. In 1671, Philip and his tribe being suspected of secretly plotting the destruction of the English, were 
deprived of their lire-arms. He never forgot the injury, and long medilaled revenge. 




Questions. — '^2. How long did Philip keep the covenant made with Massasoit? What causes made him 
violate it? What did be dn? 2.3. What was the immediate cause of war ? What, probably, were l^hilip's 
feelings, and those of his followers? 



100 COLONIES. 



Kindling of King Philip's war. Its terrible effects. 

the flame of war. No doubt he commenced hostilities contrary to the teach- 
ino-s of his better judgment, for he was sagacious enough to foresee failure. 

24. Pliilip struclv the first blow at Swanzej, thirty-five miles south-west 
from Plymouth. The people were just returning from their houses of worship, 
for it was a day of fasting and humiliation [July 4, 1G75J, in anticipation of 
hostilities. Many were slain and captureil, and others fled to the surrounding 
settlements, and aroused the people. The men of Plymouth, joined by those 
of Boston and vicinity, pressed toward Mount Hope. Philip was besieged 
in a swamp for many days, but escaped with most of his warriors, and 
became a fugitive with the Nipmucsj^ an interior tribe of Massachusetts. 
These espoused his cause, and with full fifteen hundred warriors, he hastened 
toward the white settlements in the far-off valley of the Connecticut. In the 
mean while the little army of white people penetrated the country of tho 
Narragansets,"^ and extorted a treaty of friendship from Canonchet,' chief 
sachem of that powerful tribe. 

25. Philip and his followers aroused other tribes to a war of extermination, 
by the secret and efficient methods of treachcrj^, ambush, and surprise. Men 
in the fields, families in their beds at midnight, and congregatioiie in houses of 
worship, were attacked and massacred. The Indians hung like the scythe 
of death upon the borders of the English settlements, and for several months 
a gloomy apprehension of the extermination of the whole European popula- 
tion in New England, prevailed.'' 

26. From Springfield northward to the present Vermont line, the valley of 
the Connecticut was a tlieater of confusion, desolation and death, wherever 
white settlements existed. Almost the whole of a party of twent}^ Englishmen^ 
sent to treat with the Nipmucs, were treacherously slain by the savages in 
ambush [Aug. 12, 1675], near Quaboag, now Brookfield. That place was set 
on fire, when a shower of rain put out the flaines, and the Indians were 
driven away by a relief party of white people." The village was partially 
saved, but immediately abandoned. Soon afterward a hot battle Avas fought 
near DeerfieUr [Sept. 5], and a week later [Sept. 12] that settlement was laid 
in ashes. On the same day (it was the Sabbath), Hadley, further down the 
river, was attacked while the people were worshipmg. In the midst of the 
alarm and confusion, a tall and venerable-looking man, with white, flowing 
hair and beard, suddenly appeared, and brandishing a glittering sword, he 

1. Verse 15, piige I". 2. Ve'.se 15, page 17. 

3. A son of Miantonomoh, whose residence w.is iipon a hill a little north of the city of Newport, R. I. 
That hill still bears the the name of Miantonomoh, abrcviated to " Tonomy Hill." See Verse 9, papc f8. 

4. The white population in New England, at this time, has been estimated at fifly-five thousand. Haver- 
hill, on the Menimnc, was the frontiev town in the dii-ection of Maine : and Northficid, on the borders of 
Vermont, was the highest settlement in the Coimeclicut valley. WestBeld, one hundred miles west of Bos- 
ton, was the mist remote settlement in that dirertion. 

5. Captains Wlrvler and Hnlehinson were sent from Boston to endeavor to reclaim the JVipmiic. Ap- 
prised of their comine, the Indians lay in ambush, and fired upon them from the thickets of n swamp. 

fi. Under Major Willard. The Indians set fire to every house exccnt a strong one in which the pcr.nle 
had secured themselves and were besieged there two days. The Indians set fire to this last refuge, when 
rain extinguished the flames. 

7. lietween ISl) white people and about 701) Indians. [See, also^verseJS, page 107. 

QUKSTION';. — 2'. Relate some of the first incidents of the war. Who opposed Philip? nnd what did ho 
th"' do? Whnt did the Plvnvi'ith people do.' -JP: What was the characte- of the war? ;'6. Where was ibo 
chief theater of desolation ? What places were attacked ? What happened at Hadley ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 101 



Continuation of the war. Terrible blow upon the Indians. 

placed himself at the head of the affrighted people, and led them to a charge 
■\vliich (Hspersed and dcl'cated the foe. He as suddenly disappeared, and the 
inhabitants believed that an angel from heaven had been sent to their rescue. 
It was Goffe, the fugitive English judge/ who was then concealed in that 
settlement. 

27. On the 23d of September, the paths of Northfield were wet with the 
blood of many valiant young men under Captain Beers; and on the 28th, "a 
company of 3'oung men, the very flower of Essex," under Captain Lathrop, 
were butchered by almost a thousand Indians on the banks of a little stream 
near Deerfield, which still bears the name of Bloody Brook. Others, who 
c-ame to their rescue, were engaged many hours in combat with the Indians 
until crowned with victory. 

28. Philip now resolved to attack HatfieLl, the chief settlement of the 
white people above Springfield. The Springfield Indians joined him," and 
with almost a thousand warriors, he fell [Oct. 29, 1675], upon the settle- 
ment. He was repulsed with such loss that, gathering his broken forces 
on the eastern bank of the Connecticut.' he marched toward Rhode Island. 
The Karragansets, in violation of the recent treaty,* received him, became his 
allies, and went out upon the war-path late in autumn. Fifteen hundred men 
of New England marched to punish Canonchet and his tribe for their perfidy. 
The snows of early Avinter had fallen, and at least three thousand Indians had 
collected in their chief fort in an immense swamp,^ Avhere they were supplied 
with provisions for the winter. It was a stormy day in December [Dec. 29], 
when tlie English stood before the feeble pahsades of the savages. They 
oflcred but little opposition to the besiegers ; and within a few hours, five 
hundred wigwams, with the winter provisions, were in flames. Hundreds 
of men, women and children perished in the fire. A thousand warriors were 
slain or wounded, and several hundreds were made prisoners. The English 
lost eighty killed, and one hundred and fifty wounded. Canonchet Avasinade 
prisoner, and slain ; but Philip escaped, and Avith the remnant of the Narra- 
(jansets, took refuge again with the Nipmucs. 

29. Philip was busy during the AA'inter. He nly solicited the Mohawks^ 
to join him, but he Avas seconded by the tribes eastward of Massachusetts,' 
Avho also had Avrongs to redress. The work of desolation began early in the 

1. A'erse 20, page tS. 

2. They had been friendly until now. • They plotted the entire » 
destruction of the SpriiigQeld settlement ; but the peopie defended 
IhL-mselves bravely whhin their palisaded houses. Many of the 
strong houses of frontier settlements were thus fortified. Trunks 
of trees, eight or ten inches in diameter, were ctit in uniform 
lengtli^, and stuclv in the groimd close together. The upper ends 
were sharpened, and the whole were fastened together with green 
withes or other contrivances. 

3. A'erse 1, page G6. 4. Verse 24, page 100. 
5. This swamp is a small distance S.W. of tho village of Kitig= 

ton, in AV.nshington County, R.T. The fort was on an island which 

contains nbont five acres of tillable land, in the rorlh-wost part of ~ 

the swamp. The Stonington and Providence railway passes along I'ALICAPr.D l.UILDINC. 

the northern verge of the swamp. 

C. A'erse 2, page 18. 7. Verse I'l, pag e 17. The tribes of Maine were about 40 strong. 

QtTKSTio vs.— 27. AVhere el«e did massacres occur ? 28. How came Philip's pow( r to be broken ? How did 
the Nnrrnriatufts behave? How were they punished for their perfidy ? 




102 COLONIES, 



Devastations by the Indians. Death of King Philip. Territorial accessions. 



spring of 1676, and within a few weeks the war extended over a space of 
almost three hundred miles. Weymouth, Groton, Medfield, Lancaster, and 
Marlborough, in Massachusetts, were laid in ashes; Warwick and Provi- 
dence, in Rhode Island, were burned ; and everywhere the isolated dwellinoB 
of settlers were laid waste. But internal feuds weakened the power of the 
savages; and both i\\e. Nipmucs^ and the Narragansets'- charged their mis- 
fortunes to the ambition of Philip. The cords of alliance were severed. 
Some surrendered to avoid starvation ; other tribes wandered off and joined 
those in Canada ;Mvliile Captain Church,* the most famous of the partisan 
officers of the English colonies, went out to hunt and destroy the fugitives. 
During the year, between two and three thousand Indians were slain or had 
submitted. Philip was chased from one hiding-place to another, but for a 
long time he would not yield. He once cleft the head of a warrior who pro- 
posed submission. 

30. The " last of the Wampanoags' at length bowed to the pressure of cir- 
cumstances. He returned to the land of his fathers'" [August, 1676], and soon 
his wife and son were made prisoners. This calamity crushed him, and he 
said, " Now my heart breaks ; I am ready to die." A few days afterward, a 
faithless Indian shot him, and Captain Church cut off the dead sachem's 
head." His body was quartered; and his little son was sold to be a bond- 
slave in Bermuda.' So perished the last of the princes of the Wampanoags ; 
and thus ended, in the total destruction of the power of the New England 
Indians, the fasnous " King Philip's War."* 

31. While the Massachusetts colony was yet weak in resources, from the 
effects of the Indian war,'' and the people were yet engaged in hostilities with 
the Eastern tribes,'" it made territorial accessions by purchase, and at the same 
time boldly asserted its chartered rights. For many years there had been a 
controversy between the Ireirs of Sir F. Gorges" and John Mason and the 
Massachusetts colony, concerning a portion of the present territory of Maine 
and New Hampshire, which, by acts of the inhabitants, had been placed [1641 
and 1652] under the jurisdiction of the authorities at Boston.'" The judicial 
decision was in favor of the heirs [1677], and Massachusetts immediately pur- 

1. Verse 15, page 17. 2: Verse 15, page 17. 3. Verse 16, page 17. 

4. Benjamin (Uiurch was born at Plymouth, Mass., in 1639. He continued hostilities against (he eastern 
Indians until 1704. He fell from hi.s horse, and died soon afterward, at Little Compton, January 17, 1718, 
aged 77 years. 5. Nole -1, page 99. 

6. The rude sword, made by a blacksmith of (he colony, with which Church cut off Philip's head, is in 
the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 

7. The disposal of the boy was a siibjcct of scrinus dcliberotinn. Some of the elders proposed putting 
him to death ; others, professing more t/terrt/, suggested selling him as a slave. The most projitahle mea- 
sure appeared the most merciful, and Ihe child was sold into bondage. The head of Philip was carried in 
trimnph to Plyninulh. and placed upon a pole. 

8. The result of this war was vastly beneficial to the colonists, for the fear of savages, which prevented 
a rapid spiead of settlements, was removed. From this period maybe dated the real growth of New 
England. 

9. During the war, New England lost six hundred men ; a dozen towns were destroyed : six hundred 
dwellings were burned ; every twentieth family was houseless ; and every twentieth man who had served 
as a soldier, had perished. The cost of the war equaled five hundred thousand dollars ; a very large sum 
at that time. 

10. Verse IC, page 17- 11. Ver.se 1, page ra. 1?. Verse 3, page 64, and note 3, page 64. 
Questions. — 29. What occurred in the Spring of 1676f How did Philip lose strength and influence? 

What did Captain Church accomplish ? ?(\. What finally crushed the spirit of Philip? What was the fate 
of himself and family? 31. How came Massachusetts to iucrease its territory? How was the first royal 
province in New England made ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 103 



Designs of the king. Colonial charters taken away. Seizure of Audros. 



chased [May 1, 1677] their interest for six thousand dollars.' New Hamp- 
shire was detached three years afterward [1680], and made a royal province — 
the first in New England; but Maine, whicli was incorporated with Massa- 
chusetts in 1692, continued a part of that commonwealth until 1820. 

32. The profligate king both feared and hated the growing repubUcs in 
America, especially those in the East. They were ostensibly loyal portions 
of his realm, but were really independent sovereignties, continually reacting 
upon the mother country, to the damage of the " divine right" of kings. 
Charles had long cherished a desire to take their government into his own 
hands, and he employed the occasion of the rejection of Edward Randolph 
(a custom-house ofificer, who had been sent to Boston [1679] to collect the 
revenues and otherwise exercise authority),^ to declare the Massachusetts 
charter void. He issued a quo tuarranto [1683],' and procured a decision in 
his favor in the high-court of chancery [June 28, 1684], but he died [Feb. 26, 
1685], before his object was effected. 

33. James the Second* continued the oppressive measures of his brother 
toward the New England colonies. The people petitioned and remonstrated, 
and were treated with contempt. Their hardships in conquering a wilder- 
ness, and their devotion to the English constitution, had no weight with the 
royal bigot.* He also declared the charter of Massachusetts forfeited, and 
appointed Josepli Dudley president of the country from Ehode Island to 
Nova Scotia. Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston soon afterward [Dec. 
30, 1686], clothed with authority to govern all New England. He soon made 
bare the rod of oppression, and began to rule with a tyrant's rigor." The 
people were about to practice the doctrine that ^'■resistance to tyrants is ohedir 
eiice to God"'' when intelUgence reached Boston [April 14, 1689], that James 
was driven from the throne [1688], and was succeeded by William and Mary, 
of Orange.' The inhabitants of Boston seized and imprisoned Andros and 
fifty of his political associates [April 28, 1689], sent them to England under 
a just charge of mal-administration of public affairs, and re-established their 
constitutional government. Again republicanism was triumphant in Massa- 
chusetts. 

34. The revolution in England" was a cause of war between that country 
and France. James (who was a Eoman Catholic), fled to the court of Louis 

1. The portion of Maine then purchased, was the tract between the Piscataqua an<t the Kennebec. 
That between the Kennebec and Penobscot belonged to the Duke of York, and the tenitory between the 
Penobscot and the St. Ooix, was held by the French, pursuant to a treaty. 

2. Randolph appears to have been a preedv adventurer, and was, consequently, a faithful servant of his 
royal master, in opi>ressine the colonists. He exaggerated the number and resources of the people of Now 
England, and thus excited the king's fears and cupidity. Previous to Randolph's appointment, (he colony 
aad despatched agents to England, to settle impending difBcullies amicably. They failed, and Randolph 
came in the same vessel in which tliey returned 

X Note 2, page 81. 4. Verse 2S, page f9. .5. Note 9, page SO. 

6. .Among other arbitrary acts, Andros laid restraints upon the freedom of the press, .and marriage con- 
tracts ; and, to use a modern term, he " levied blnck mail ;" that is, extorted money, by menaces, when- 
^^'='' "PP'^'tunity ofTered. He advanced the fees of all olficers of the government to an exorbitant degree ; 
"■"„'• f;"'}".v threatened to make the Church of England the established religion in all America. 

'• This was Cromwell's motto ; and Thomas .Jefferson had it engraved upon his private seal. 

8. Note 9. page 89. 9 Note 9, page f9. 

QcESTioNs. — "2. How did the king regard the Ainerican colonies? What actof nsnrpition did lientlcmrtT 
PS. How did .T.ames the Second treat the colonists? What did Governor And osdn? Wliat happened to him 
and to his sovereign ? 



104 COLONIES. 



Events on the frontiers. Destruction of Englisli settlements. Sir William Phipps. 



the Fourteenth, king of France, and that monarch espoused the cause of the 
fugitive. Hostilities between the two nations commenced the same year, 
and their quarrel extended to their respective colonies in America. The con- 
flict, which continued more than seven years, is known in history as 

KING William's war. 

35. In this contest, the colonists suffered terribly. The French Jesuits,' 
who had acquired great influence over the eastern tribe?,- easily excited them 
to renew their fierce warfare with the English. They also made the savages 
their allies ; and all along the frontier settlements, the pathway of murder 
and desolation was seen. Dover, a frontier town, was first attacked by a 
party of French and Indians [July 7, 1689] ; and the venerable Mnjor Wakl- 
ron^ and twenty others of the little garrison were killed. TAveuty-ninc of 
the inhabitants were made captive, and sold as servants to the French in 
Canada. In August following, an Indian war party, instigated by Thury, a 
Jesuit, fell [August 12] upon an English stockade^ at Pemaquid (built by 
Andros), and captured the garrison. A few months later, Frontcnac^ sent a 
party of three hundred French and Indians from Montreal, to penetrate the 
country toward Albany. On a gloomy night in winter, when the snow was. 
twenty inches in depth, they fell upon Schenectada [Feb. 18, 1G90], a fiontier 
town on the Mohawk, massacred many of the people, and burned the village. 
Early in the spring, Salmon Falls [March 28], Casco [May 27], and other 
eastern villages, were attacked by another party of the same mongrel foe, 
the natural ferocity of the Indians being quickened by the teachings of their 
white allies.* 

36. These atrocities aroused all tlio colonies to a sense of their danger in 
having such foes intent upon their destruction ; and the New England people 
resolved on speedy retaliation. In May, Massachusetts fitted out an ex- 
pedition, under Sir William Phipps, a native of Pemaquid, consisting of eight 
or nine vessels, with about eight hundred men. Phipps seized Port Royal,' 
in Acadie, and obtained sufliciont plunder from the inhabitants to pay the ex- 
penses of the expedition. In June, Port Royal was again jilundered by En- 
glish privateers from the West Indies. 

1. This was ii Roman Cnlholic religious orrler, founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spaniard, in 1T9. They 
have ever been icmarkabie for ilieir great devotion to their cauKe, their pelf-deiiial and masterly sagacity 
in the acfiuirement and maintenance of jiower. Tlieir missionaries preached Christianity in every i)art of 
the habitable globe. They came with the first French adventurers to America, and imder their influence, 
whole tribes of Indians eastwaul of Massachusetts and in Canada, were made nominal Christians. This 
was one of the ties which made the ravages such faithful allies to the French during the contests between 
Ihem and the English, previous to ITCl. 2. Verse 1(3, page 17. 

3. Waldron was eighty years of age. He had played false with the New Hampshire Indians during King 
Philip's war, and they row sought revenge. They tortured him to death. 

4. Note o, page 150. 5. Governor of Canada, 
fi. In these massacres, attributed to the Jesuits, we mav fird a reason for the sharp intrlcrnnre of the 

Protestant majority in Maryland fverse .'i, p. I'^lj, the disabilities of Roman Catholics in Vir.ginin, New 
York, and New England, and their exclusion from the privile^rcs of fcemen, in tolerant Rhode Island. 
The most potent operations of the Jesuits were in secret, and the colonists were compelled to regard every 
Roman (Catholic as the natural enemy of Protestants, and as laboring to destroy every measure tending to 
human freedom. 7. Verse 29, page 44. 

OnESTioNS. — "4. Whet was the efTect of the Ensrlish revolution? 3"i. What did .Tesnit influence effectf 
What plans were iittncVcd bv the French and Indians? Relate the circiimsta"cc=. ,',B. What effect did these 
atrocities have? What retaliatory expedition was formed? and what did it effort? 



MASSACHUSETTS, 105 



Expedition against Canada. Union of New England colonies. A new constilnlion. 

37. Encouraged by the success in Acadie, the colonies of New England 
and New York coalesced in efforts to conquer Canada.' It was arranged to 
send a land expedition from New York, by way of Lake Chaniplain, against 
Montreal,^ and a naval expedition against Quebec.^ The command of the 
former was intrusted to the son of Governor Winthrop of Connecticut,'' and 
the expense was borne jointly by that colony and New York.' Sir William 
Phipps commanded the latter, which Massachusetts alone fitted out. It con- 
sisted of thirty-four vessels, with two thousand men. Both were unsuccess- 
ful. Some of Winthrop's troops, with Indians of the Five Nations," undcT 
Colonel Schuyler, pushed toward the St. Lawrerce, and were repulsed [Aug., 
1690] by Frontenac, the Governor of Canada. The remainder did not go 
beyond Wood Creek, now Whitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain, and all 
returned to Albany.' Phipps reached Quebec about the middle of October, 
and landed the troops ; but the city was too strongly fortified^ to promise a 
successful siege, and he returned to Boston before the winter set in." Mas- 
sachusetts was obliged- to issue bills of credit, or paper money, to defray the 
expenses of this expedition.'" 

38. Soon after his return, Sir William Phipps was sent to England to so- 
licit aid in further warfare upon the French and Indians, and also to assist in 
eiTorts to procure a restoration of the charter of Massachusetts, taken away 
liy King James." Assistance was refused; and King William, instead of 
restoring the old charter, granted a new one, and united under it the colonies 
of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia,'- by the old name of 
Massachusetts Bay Colony, and made it a royal j'trovince. Phipps was ap- 
pointed governor by the king, and returned to Boston with the charter, in 
May, 1692. 

39. The new constitution was offensive to the people, for they were al- 
lowed scarcely any other poUtieal privilege except the right to choose rep- 
resentatives. The king reserved the right to appoint the governor, his 
deputy, and the secretary of the colony, and of repealing the laws within 
three years after their passage. This abridgment of their liberties produced 
general dissatisfaction, and aUenated the affections of the people from the 
mother country. Yet one good resulted from the change. The theocratic or 
religious element in the government, which fostered bigotry and intolerance, 

1. Verse 4", pnge 167. ?. Verse ?, prg:e Tt. ?. Vc se 7, pop-e W. 4. Verse P, page (^. 

5. Milborne, «onin-law of Jacob l,eisler, llie fli-mocratic goveriioi of New York [verse 17, page 117], 
undertook to provide subsistence for the army, which marched from Albany early in July. 

6. Verse 2, page 18. 

7. Ldsler was so much incensed at this failure, (hat he caused (he (irrest rf Wirthirp, at Albany. Tlic-e 
had ever been a. jealous rivalry between the people of New York rnd Coni'cciicnt , and the feud which r;e- 
vailed among the mixed troops was the chief cause of (he miscarriage of the entc prise. 

8. Phipps, having no chart to guide him, was nine weeks cautiously making his way around Acadie and 
up the St. I,aw'crce. In (ho mean while, a swift Indian runner, f om'Pcmnonid, sped' .icross the country, 
and informed (he French, at Quebec, of (he approach of Phinps, in time for (hem to well prepare for defense. 

9. This repulse was considered so important bv (heFrc'ch, <hat King Louis had a crmmcmoiative medal 
S(ruck, wi(h (he legend— " /"rnncc rirUirimii in Ihe Ifew Worfd." 

10. Note 4, page 07. The total amoui.t of (he issue xvas S'.??..'W8. 11. Ve-se .^'1, page 103. 
12. New Scotland, (he name given to the country which the French called Acadie. Note 3, page 64. 



Quf^STTONS.— ",7. Whit eflnrts were made to connuer CanarH? What were (he results? SS. For whnt pur- 
pose was Phipps sent to England ? What did (he king do? "9. What was the character of the new chartei t 
What were its effects upon the people? 



103 COLONIES. 



Witchcraft in Massachusetts. 



lost its power, for toleration was guarantied to all Christian sects, except Roman 
Catholics ; and the right of suffrage was extended to others than members of 
congregational cliurches/ 

40. Now occurred a strange ejiisode in tlie history of Massachusetts. A 
belief in witchcraft" destroyed the peace of society in many communities, and 
shrouded the whole colony in a cloud of gloom. This belief had a strong 
hold upon the minds of the people of old England, and of their brethren in 
America. Excitement upon tlie subject suddenly broke out at Danvers [March, 
1692] (then a part of Salem), and spread like an epidemic. A niece and daugh- 
ter of the parisli minister exhibited strange conduct; and under the influence 
of their own superstitious belief, they accused an old Indian servant-woman 
in the family of bewitching them. Fasting and prayer, to break the " spell," 
were of no avail, for their malady increased. The alarm of the family spread 
to the community ; and soon a belief prevailed throughout the colony, that 
evil spirits, having ministering servants among men, overshadowed the land. 
Okl and ill-favored women were first accused of practicing the art of witch- 
craft ; but at length neither age, sex, nor condition aflbrded protection from 
the accuser's tongue. Even the lady of Governor Phipps did not escape sus- 
picion. Magistrates were condemned, many pious persons were imprisoned, 
and Mr. Burroughs, a worthy minister, was executed. For more than six 
months the awful delusion prevailed ; and during that time twenty persons 
suffered death, fifty-five were tortured or frightened into a confession of witch- 
craft, and when a special court, or legislature, was convened in October 
[1692], one hundred and fifty accused persons were in prison. A reaction, 
almost as sudden as the beginning of the excitement, now took place in the 
public mind. The prison doors were opened to the accused, and soon many 
of the accusers shrunk abashed from the public gaze.''' 

41. '' King William's war"'' continued until 1697, when a treaty of peace, 
made at Ryswick [Sept. 20] in the west of Holland, terminated hostilities.^ 
Up to that time, and later, the New England people sufl'ered greatly from 
their mongrel fo3. Remote settlements in the direction of Canada and Nova 

1. Note 6, page 9'. 

2. A belief in wit?'jcraft, or the exercise of supernatural power, by men ami women, lias been prevalent 
for ages. Punishment of persons accused of it, was first sanctioned by the Church of Rome a little more 
thin three hundred years ago. Certain tests were instituted, and thousands of innocent persons were burned 
alive, drowned, or h-inged, in Europe. Within three months, in 151.5, five hundred persons were burned in 
Geneva, in Switzerland. In the diocese of Como, 1,000 were burned in one year. In 1520, an incredible 
number, from among all classes. Buttered death in France. And within fiftv or sixty vears, during the six- 
teenth century, mire thm 101,11 1) persons perished in the flames in Germaiiy alone. 'Henrv tlie Eighth of 
England made the practice of witchcraft a capital offense; and a hundred years later, " witch-rieieclers" 
traversed the country, an! b-onght manv to llie stake. Enlightened men embraced the belief ; and even 
bir Matthew Hale, th ; most distinguished of England's judges, repeatedlv tried and condemned persons ac- 
JcTo <•" ^^"'''""'a"- The English laws against witchcraft were adopted in New England ; and as early as 

^< Ti"""vf r'7'^'' '''*•'' '*''''''''";<"' '''^""> f"!' "'" alleged offense, in the vicinity oflioston. 

A. 1 lie belief m witchcraft did not cease with the strange excitement ; and Cotton Mather and other pop- 
iilw men, wrote in its defense. Oalcf, a citizen of Koston, expo.sed Mather's crcdulitv. which greatly irri- 
fill'? ™''''^'*''- He first called his opponent " a weaver turned minister ;" bul as his tormentor's blows 
fjll thick and fast, in a series of letters, Mather called him a "coal from hell," and prosecuted him for 
slander. The credulous clergyman was glad to withdraw the suit. 4. Page 104. 

5. This wi;- cnst Eneland one hundred and fifty millions of dollars, in cash, beside a loan of one hnn 
M Q" "" more. This loan was the commencement of the enormous national debt of England, now 

[l3)i] amounting to about four thousand millions of dollars. 



QOESTIONS.— 10. What delusion prevailed in Massachusetts? How did it commence? What were its 
etfect.s ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 107 



India.i depredations. Treaty of Ityswick. Queen Anne's war. 

Scotia continued to be harassed. Almost a hundred persons were killed or 
made captive [July 28, 1694] at Oyster river (now Durham), ten miles from 
Portsmouth, in New Hampshire. Two years later, Baron St. Castine, and a 
large force of French and Indians, captured [July 25, 1090] the garrison at 
rcmaquid, and exchanged the prisoners for French soldiers in the hands of 
the Englisli.' In March, 1697, Haverhill, thirty miles from Boston, was at- 
tacked, and forty persons were killed or carried into captivity;" and during 
the following summer, more remote settlers were great sufferers. 

42. The treaty at Ryswic;k produced a lull in the storm of cruel warfare 
which had so long hung upon the English frontiers, continually menacing the 
colonists with wide-spread destruction.^ It was very brief, for pretexts for 
another war were not long wanting. James the Second died in September, 
1701, and Louis the Fourteenth, who had sheltered the exile,^ acknowledged 
his son, James Francis (commonly known as the Pretender), to be the law- 
ful heir to the English throne. This offijnded the English, because the crown 
had been settletl upon Anne, second dixughter of James, who was a Protest- 
ant. These, and some minor causes, impelled England to declare war against 
France.^ Hostihties commenced in 1702, and continued until a treaty of 
peace was concluded at Utrecht [April 11, 1713], in Holland. The French 
and English in America w^ere involved in this war ; and the latter suffered 
much from the cruelties of the Indians who were under the influence of the 
former. This is known in America as 

QUEEN ANNe's WAR. 

43. Fortunately for the people of New York, the FrvE Nations had made 
a treaty of neutrality with the French in Canada [Aug. 4, 1701], and became 
an impassable barrier against the savage hordes from 
the St. Lawrence. The tribes from the Merrimac to 
the Penobscot, had made a treaty of peace with New 
England [July, 1703], but the French induced them to 
violate it; and before the close of summer, the hatchet 
fell upon the people of the whole frontier, from Casco 
to Wells. Blood flowed in almost every valley ; and 
early the next spring [March, 1704], a large party of ^villiakss house. 

1 . Tliey nl?o look (he English fort of St. John's, Newfoundland, and oiher posts on (hat i'hmd. 

2. Anions; their captives was a Mrs. Dnstan, her cliild and nurse. Her infant was snon killed, and sh-; 
anil her nurse were taken to Canada. A little more than a month afterward, ATrs. D., her companion, and 
anotlier prisoner, killed ten of twelve sleeping Indiatis, who had them in cnslodv, and made their wav hm k 
to Haverhill. 

X Just before the conclusion of (his treaty, a Board of Trarlp and Plnntationn was estahlishcd livthe En- 
glish (rovernment, whose duty it was to have a prereral oversi.clit of (be American cnIo"ies. This was n 
permanent comtnission. consisling oF a president and seven members, called Xor^v o/* TrafJe, This com- 
mission was always an instnmient of oppression in the hands of royaltv, and, as will be seen, was a powe^-ful 
promoter of that discontent which led to the rebellion of the colonies in l"7r). '. Verse ?A, page 10.". 

5. It is known in European history as the War of the Spanish Sucrention. 




QpFSTiows. — -n. What treaty closed the war? Relate some of the sufferings of the New England peonle. 
4'2. What caused another war? and what was it called? When did it commence? 4S. What secured Now 
York against the French and Indians? What occurred upon the New England frontiers? What can 
you tell of the Williams family • 



108 COLONIES. 



Destruction of Dccrfield. Expedition against Acadie. Expedition against Quebec. 

French and Indians destroyed Deerfield, on the Connecticut river,' killed forty 
of the inhabitants, and carried one hundred and twelve away to the wilderness. 
Among these was Rev. John Williams, the minister." Similar scenes occurred 
at intervals during the whole progress of the war. Remote settlements were 
abandoned, and the people on the frontier collected in fortified houses,' and 
cultivated their fields in armed parties of half a dozen or more. 

44. In the spring of 1707, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hamp- 
shire, determined to chastise the French on their eastern borders. Connecti- 
cut refused to join in the enterprise, and the three colonies alone prepared an 
armament. Early in June, a thousand men under Colonel Marsh, sailed 
from Nantucket for Port Royal, ^ in Acadie, convoyed by an English man-of- 
war,^ but nothing was effected except the destruction of considerable prop- 
erty outside the fort. Three years later, an armament left Boston [Sept., 
1710], and, in connection with a fleet from England vuider Colonel Nicholson, 
demanded and obtained a surrender of the fort and garrison [Oct. 13], at 
Port Royal. The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, in honor of 
the Queen," and Acadie was annexed to the English realm under the title of 
Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. 

45. War still continued, and the following summer. Sir Hovenden Walker 
arrived at Boston [July, 1711], with an English fleet and army, designed for 
the conquest of Canada. New England promptly raised additional forces, and 
on the 10th of August, fifteen men-of-war and forty transports, bearing al- 
most seven thousand troops, departed for the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec. 
Walker, like Braddock,' haughtily refused to listen to experienced subordi- 
nates, and lost eight of his ships, and almost a thousand men, on the rocks at 
the mouth of the river, on the night of the 2d of September. Disheartened 
by this calamity, Walker returned to England with the remainder of his fleet, 
and the colonial troops went back to Boston. On hearing of this failure of 
the naval expedition, a body of troops marching from Albany to attack Mon- 
treal, retraced their steps.^ Hostilities were now suspended, and in the 
spring of 1713, a treaty of peace was concluded [April 11], at Utretcht. The 
Eastern Indians sued for peace; and at Portsmouth the Governor of Massa-. 

1. The only lionso that esonpefl (he names was that of the Rev. John Williams, represented in the en- 
graving on paj-'e 111?. It s-lood near tlie center of the vi'llace until within a few years. 

".'. Mr'^. Williams, and other canlives who were nnable to travel as rapidly as the Indians, weic murdered. 
On his arrival in Canada, Mr. Williams was treated wilh respect by the French, and after two years of 
captivity was ransomed, and returned to Massachusetts. The chief object of the expedition to lieerlicld, 
appears to have been to carry off the bell that hung in Williams's church. That bell was purchased the 
year previous for the church of Faut Rt.I.ouis,atCausrhrawap:a, near Montreal. The vessel in which it was 
brought from Havre was captured by a New Rnpland privateer, and the bell was purchased for the Deer- 
Held meetinp-house. Father Nicolas, of the church at CauKlinawaga, accompanied the expedition, and the 
bell was carried in triumph to its original destination, where it still remains. 

.•?. Note 2, paire 101. '. Verre "9, page iK 

^. The cnmTTinn term for a wnr.'-Tijp, as distinguished fTm an armed hriq, frhooner, or :1nnp. 

R. King William bad no children ; and Anrc, the daughter of James (who was married to Pr'nce (ieo.ge 
of Denmark), succeeded him as sovereign of Kngland in 1702. 7. Verse M, page lo4. 

8. These were four thiusnnd in number, under the command of General Nicholson. They were fnrni.-hcd 
by New York and Conrecticnt. 



QtTPSTiojJS. — 44. What did eastern colonies do? What armaments were fitted out, ard what did they 
effect ? 4'. What was done toward the conqnest of Canada? What of the expedition? What did iho 
Eastern Indians do? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 109 



Colonies in repose. Expedition against Louisburg. 

chusetta and New Hampshire entered into a pacific compact [July, 24] with 
the chiefs of the tribes. 

46. For thirty years succeeding the close of Queen Anne's War, the colo- 
nies enjoyed comparative repose. Then, again, the selfish strifes of European 
monarclis awakened the demon of discord, and its bloody footsteps were soon 
apparent along the northern frontiers of the English colonies in America. 
Tlie interim had been a period of much political agitation in Massachusetts, 
during which a great stimulus had been given to the growth of republican 
principles. Disputes, sometimes violent, and sometimes in a conciliatory 
spirit, had been carried on between the royal governors and the representa- 
tives of the people ; the former contending for prerogatives and salaries which 
the people deemed inadmissible.' These internal disputes were arrested Avhen 
they heard that France had declared hostility to England [March 15, 1774] and 
the colonists cheerfully prepared to commence the contest known in America as 

KING G E O R G E 'S WAR. 

47. The principal event of this war- in America, was the capture of the 
fortress of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton. It had been constructed 
by the French after the treaty at Utrecht, at an expense of five and a half 
millions of dollars, and because of its great strength was called T/ie Oibraltar 
cf America. William Shirley,' a soldier and energetic statesman, was gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts when hostilities were proclaimed. He immediately 
perceived the importance of Louisburg in the coming contest, and plans for 
its capture were speedily perfected by the Legislature of Massachusetts.* 
Ehode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut furnished their proper quota 
of troops. New York sent artillery, and Pennsylvania provisions. Thus 
common danger was extending the idea of a necessity for a union of the 
Anglo-American colonies, long before it assumed a practical form in 1754.^ 

48. Disappointed in their expectation of aid trom Commodore Warren (then in 
the West Indies) the colonial forces thirty-two hundred strong, under the gen- 
eral command of William Pepperell,^ sailed [April 4, 1745] for Louisburg.' At 

1. Tlie chief topic of controversy was the payment of salaries. Governors Shute, Burnet, and Belcher, 
all contended for a permanent salary, but the people claimed the right to vote such salary, each year, as 
the services of th^ governor appeare 1 justly to demand. A compromise was finally efiecled by an agiee- 
mcnt to vote a certain sum each year. Tlie subject of salaries was a cause of contention with the royal 
governors, until the Revolution. 

2. The husband of Queen Anne died several years previous to herdeath. which occurred in August, 170'. 
George, Elector of Hanover, in Germany, was immediately proclaimed ICit g of England, by the title of 
(}eorgelhe First. His so:i George succeeded him in 1:27, and also retained the title and privileges of 
Ele :lor of Hanover. A contest arose between Maria Theresa, Empress of Hungary, and the Elector of Ba- 
varia, for the throne of Austria The King of Rrgland espoused the cause of the empress in 174", and the 
King of France took pn-t wiih her opponent. Th's led Fancc to declare war .-'gainst Encland, a contest 
known in America as K!nq Grnrqe's: War. but in Europe, the War r,f the An^irinn Si-irrr^nnn. 

.3. Born in England; made sroVernor of MT-sachn^e'ts in 17-11; was nftevwatd governor rf one of the 
Bahama Islands, and die I at Rovbnrv, near Boston, in 1771. 

i. Sbirlev p-onosed an expedition, but the Legislature hesitated. The measure was ''nallv agreed i-non 
by a majority of only one vote .I. Vc-se 10, pag,> 151. 

fi. I'eppe-ell was a native of Maine, and a wealthy me' chant. He was afte wavd made a baronet. He 
died in 17"0. 

7. Louisburg is on the east side of the island of Tape Breton, with ft fine, deep ha-b"'. The Inndi-""- 
pl.ace of the British, position of the camp, etc., will be seen by reference to the mr.p. The Ttnyiil batter;/ 

QtKSTioNS. — i~. How long rli'l the colonies erjov repose? What caused another war? What caused di'- 
p '-^s with royal govc nor? ? What ended these disputes? 47. What kind of fortress was at Louisburg? 
What nreparatioas were made to capture it? 



110 



COLONIES. 



Siege and capture of Louisburg 



D'Anville's expedition. 



Canseau thej were unexpectedly joined by the fleet of 
Warren [May 9], and on the 11th of May the combined 
forces, four thousand strong, landed at Gabarus Bay, 
a short distance from their destination. The sudden 
appearance of this formidable arma- 
ment -was the first intimation to 
the French, that an attack was 
meditated, and great consternation 
prevailed in the fortress and town 
49. A direct approach to tlie 
town was difficult on 



account of a morass, and 
a combined attack by 
sea and land was care- 
fully arranged. The lanil 
forces encamped in a 
curve in rear of the 




CAPTUEE OF LOUISHURG IN 1745. 



town, and detachments secured the French outposts, one after another. 
Cannons were dragged on sledges over the morass," trenches were dug, 
batteries^ were erected, and a regular siege was commenced [May 31]. While 
the siege was in progress, other English vessels of war arrived, and the fleet 
and army agreed to make a combined attack on the 29th of June. Despairing 
of successful resistance, the French surrendered the fortress, the city of Louis- 
burg, and the island of Cape Breton, on the 28tli of June 1745.^ 

50. This daring and successful expedition greatly mortified the pride of 
France; and the following year [174G] the Duke D'Anville was sent with a 
powerful naval armamenf" to recover the lost fortress, and to desolate the 
English settlements along the seaboard. Storms wrecked many of his ves- 
sels, and disease swept away hundreds of his men ; and D'AuviUe, thoroughly 
dispirited, abandoned the enterprise without striking a blow.s Two years 

was taken by 400 men. When they approaclied, the French thoujfht the whole English army was npon 
them. They immediately spiked their guns f that is, drove iron spikes into the touch-holes of the cannons, 
so as to make them useless), and fled. lu the upper part of the man is aprolileof the fortifications at Louis- 
burg. It is given here in order to illustrate certain terms which may be used hereafter ; a, the gtacv:, is 
the extreme outside slope of the works; ft, the banquet, or step upon which the soldiers stand to fire over 
the parapet ; c, a covered way into the fort, under the banquet ; d, enunlerscarp, a bank or wall, outside the 
ditch, e ;/, the parapet, a protection for the men and guns f;om balls from wilhont ; <7, the inner banquet ; 
h, ramparts, — the most solid embankment of the fortress ; i, the last slope in the interior of the fort called 
(alufi. 

1. The artillery wns commanded bv Kichard Gridley, wlio was the engineer of the continental army at 
Boston in 177'i and IT.C. Verre 8, r:iVe 190. 

2. A battery is a place raised to the height of an object to be attacked, upon which heavy cannons arc 
pl.iced. 

3. The property obtained by the English araonnted, in value, to little less than five millions of dollars. 

4. It consisted of forty ships of war, fifiy-six transports, thirty-five hundred men, and forty thousand 
muskets for the use of the French and Indians in Canada. 

."i. IV \nville, with two or three vessels, anchored at Chebucto (nowllalifax. Nova Scotin), where he died, 
it is believed, by poison. His lieutenant also committed suicide, in consequence of mortified pride. Thc^^ 
disasters to the French fleet were regarded by the people of New England as special manifestations of 
Providence in their favor. Public thanksgivings were oflered ; and no one doubted the right of the En- 
glish to the whole of Acadie. 

QuFSTiONS. — <8. Describe the expedition against Louisburg, and the effect of its appearance. 49. What 
was the disposition of the forces before TiOuisburg ? What did the fleet do? What was the '■^•"° ••♦'• 
Wliat preparations were made by the French to retrieve their losses? What was the result? Wliat were 
the terms of the treaty that was made ? 



NEW YORK. Ill 



Treaty of peace. Settlements in Nuw Netherland. 



afterward a treaty of peace was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle, in western 
Germany, when it was agreed that all prisoners should be released, and all 
acquisitions ol' property or territory, made by either party, were to be restored. 
Both of the principal parties were heavy losers by the contest;' while the 
strength of the colonists, yet to be called forth in a more important strug"-lo, 
was revealed and noted. 

51. Ancient national animosities, religious differences, and recent causes for 
irritation, had inspired the English and French with intense mutual hatred, 
when the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed on the 18th of October, 1748. 
The allegiance of Massachusetts and its sister colonics to the British crown, 
restrained the resentment of the people while England and France were at 
peace. Soon, disputes about local boundaries began," and it was not long 
before preparations for war were seen in America. Then came that final 
bloody struggle between the English and French, for dominion in the New 
World, known as the French and Indian War.'' 



SECTION III. 

NEW YORK. [1623.] 

1. Peter Minuit,'' recently appointed governor of New Netherland," arrived 
at New Amsterdam in May, 1626. He immediately purchased of the In- 
dians, for about twenty-four dollars, the whole of the island of Manhattan, 
on which the city of New York now stands, and began vigorously to perfect 
the founding of a state similar to those of Holland. He erected a strong 
fortification near the site of the present Battery, and called it Fort Amster- 
dam.^ By conciHatory measures he gained the confidence of the Indians ; 
and he also opened a friendly correspondence with the Puritans at Plymouth.' 
The English reciprocated the friendly expressions of the Dutch ; at the same 
time they requested the latter not to send their trappers quite so far eastward 
as Narraganset Bay, to catch otters and beavers.' 

2. To encourage emigration to New Netherland, the Dutch West India Com- 
pamf offered [1629] large tracts of land and certain privileges to those per- 
sons who should lead or send a given number of emigrants to occupy and till 

1. Parliament afterward rcimbnrf ed to the colonies the cost of their preparations against Canada, amouct- 
inp to more than a million of dollars. See verse 30, page 160. 

2. Verse 4, page 148. 3. Page 147. J. Verse 4, page 73. 5. Verse 4, page .''.7. 
G. See picture on page IIP. 7. VorscIL", pnge 6.'. 

S. Trade in furs was the chief occupation of the Dutch of New Netherland at this time. They became 
expert trappers, and were seen as far east as Nantucket, and even Cape Cod. The trade soon became 
profitable to the Companv. The first year's remittance of furs to Amsterdam was valued at Sll,t)0O. This 
trade greatly increased Tnnd before the troubles with the Indians in 1640, the value of furs sent to Holland 
annually, was more than SCO,0 0. 9- Verse 5, page 57. 



Questions. -51. What cansed the English and French to hate each other? What restrained the colonists 
from continuing the war? Wliat w.ns the last great struggle of the two nations in America? 1. What 
measures were taken by the first Dutch governor for founding a state? What relations stibsisted between 
the Dutch and the English and Indians? 



112 COLONIES. 



Governor Van Twiller. Troubles with the Indians. 



the soil.' Directors of the company" availed themselves of the privilege, and 
sent Wouter Van Twiller to examine the country and select the lands. Im- 
migrants came ; and then were laid the foundations of the most noted of the 
manorial estates of New York.^ The proprietors were called pati-oons, or 
patrons. 

3. Van Twiller was appointed governor in 1G33, and in the beginning he 
had difficulties with the English on the Connecticut river.'' He Avas more 
distinguished for his marriage connection with Van Rensselaer,, one of the 
pati'oons, than for any administrative qualities. Yet circumstances favored 
the advancement of the colony, and he ruled quite satisfactorily, especially to 
the Company, whose interests he faithfully served. He was succeeded in 
office, in May, 1638, by Sir William Kieft, at the moment when the Swedish 
colonists^ were seating themselves upon the banks of the Delaware. 

4. Kieft, the fifth governor or director-general, was a bold, rapacious, and 
unscrupulous man, and soon brought serious trouble upon the colony. He 
began a tyrannous rule by concentrating executive power in his own hands ; 
and his administration Avas a stormy and vmfortunate one. The sum of its 
record is a tale of continual strife with _ the Swedes on the DelaAvare," the 
English on the Connecticut,' the Indians all around him, and the colonists at 
his door. His difficulties with the Indians proved the most disastrous of all, 
and finally wrought his own downfall. Previous to his arrival, the inter- 
course of the Dutch with 111-3 Indians had been quite friendly.* The fur 
trade Avas extending, and trappers and traders Avere all abroad among the 
native tribes. These cairied a demon of discord Avith them. They furnished 
the Indians with rum, and quarrels and murders ensued. The avaricious 
Kieft also demanded tribute of Avampum" and beaver-skins from the Eiver 
tribes ; and in a short time their friendship for the Dutch became weakened. 

5. Some Raritan'" Indians in Ncav Jersey AA^ere accused of robbery. Kieft 
sent an armed force to punish them [July, 1640], and blood floAved. ScA^eral 
Indians Avere killed, and their crops were destroyed. Savage A^engeance did 
not slumber long. The Raritans murdered four planters on Staten Island 
[June, 1641], and destroyed considerable property." An expedition sent to 

1. The land was to be fairly piirchascii of the Indians, and then the title was to be confirmed by (he D;-.;cIi 
government. The privileges granted to the purcha-sers, made them, in a degree, feudal lords [note 15, paga 
48], yet they were exempted from paying tribute to supreme anihorily. 

2. Killian Van Rensselaer, who pureha.sed a trMct at Fort Orange (.\Ibany) : Samncl Godyn and Samuel 
Bloemart, who selecteil land in West Jersev, on the Delaware ; and llichael Pauw, whose domain inciuded 
Jersey City and vicinity. See Verse 7, page 74. 

3. Van Rensselaer. A'ery Inrire tracts of land in Albany and Rensselaer connties. portions of the first 
Patronns' estates, are yet (180.5) in possession of the family. After 1S40, manv scenes of violence and 
bloodshed were witnessed on those lands, :;rowing out of disputes with tenants, when they were called 
upon to pay even the niost nominal rent which was demanded. Social and pohlical (piestions aro-se, and 
produced two strong parties. Tlie defense of the tenantry was termi'd Ami Renlism 

4. yerse4, pacrofi?. .5. A'erse t, page 7S. 6. Verse ."), page T.'?, 7. Verse 4, page f~. 
8. The Dutch bid made a settlement, and built a fort at Albanv fverse ?, page ."iTl, and made a treaty of 

friendship wilh the M'tli'iiolm [verse 2, page 18|. This the River Indians, in the vicinitvof New Amsterdam, 
dil not like, f)r the .V«?ifT(cfc<i were their oppressors. '9. Note 3 page 10. 

II). A tribe of the />c/in;-ie)ia;ic". A''erse IS, page 15. " ' 

11. This plantation belonged to DeVrics [note 1, page 73], who was a friend of the Indians. 

QOESTIO.VS.— 2 What did the Diitrh We^t India fompany do to pncnurnge emigration ? ATho were 
Patroonn? 3. What marlced the beginning of Van Twller's administration? What wis its character? 
Who succeeded him? 4. What was the character of Kieft? What marked his administration? AVhtit 
caused trouble with the Indians? .5. What causes led to hostilities with the Indians? 



NEW YOIJK. 313 



Kieft's unpopularity. First popular Assembly. Cruel massacre of Indians. 



punish the offenders was unsuccessful. Soon afterward, a young Westchester 
Indian, whose uncle had been murdered by a Hollander, near where the 
Halls of Justice now stand,' revenged the murder, according to the custom of 
his people," by killing an inoffensive Dutchman living at Turtle Bay.^ His 
tribe refused to surrender him on the demand of Kieft., and the governor de- 
termined to make war upon all the offending savages. 

G. Already the people had begun to nuirraur at Kieft's course, and charged 
the troubles with the Indians directly upon him. UnwiUing to assume the 
entire responsibihty of a war himself, the governor called a meeting [August 
2.J, 1G41] of the heads of families in New Amsterdam, for consultation. These 
promptly chose " twelve select men" [August 29], with De Tries'' at their 
head, to act for them; and this was the first representative assembly ever 
formed among Europeans on ilanhattan Island. They did not agree with the 
governor's hostile views ; and Kiefl finding them not only opposed to his war 
designs, but that they were also takmg cognizance of alleged grievances of the 
people, dissolved them [February, 1G42]. Finally, the commission of other 
murders by Indians, and the presence of a body of Mohawks, who had come 
down to exact tribute from the River tribes, concurred Avith the changed 
opinions of some leading citizens of New Amsterdam, to make Kieft resolved 
to embrace this opportunity to chastise the savages. A large number of them 
had fled before the MohawJiSj and sought shelter with the Hachensachs, near 
Iloboken, and there craved the protection of the Dutch. Now was offered 
an opportunity for a wise and humane governor to make a covenant of peace 
and friendship ; but Kiefl could not be satisfied without a flow of blood. At 
midnight, in February, 1643, a body of Hollanders and Mohawlcs crossed the 
Hudson, fell upon the unsuspecting fugitives, and before the dawn, massacred 
almost a hundred men, women, and children. 

7. Tliis massacre aroused the fiery hatred and vengeance of all the sur- 
rounding tribes, and a fierce war was soon kindled. Villages and farms were 
desolated, and white people were butchered wherever found by the incensed 
Indians.^ The Long Island tribes," hitherto friendly, joined their kindred, and 
the very existence of the Dutch colony was menaced. Fortunately for the 
settlers, that eminent peace-maker, Roger Williams,'' arrived, to embark for 
England,* and he pacified the savages [1G43], and secured a brief repose for 
the colon}'. But the war was soon renewed, and for two years the colony 
suffered dreadfully. Having no competent leader, they employed Captain 
John Underbill,^ who successfully beat back and defeated the Indians, and 

). On Center-street, New York city. There was once a fresh-water pond there, surrounded l>y the forest. 

2. The Indians had a custom concerning an tivengfr of blood, similar to that of the Jews. It was the didy 
and the privilege for tlie next of kin to tlie murdered mar, to avenp;ehis blood by killingthcmurdcrcr. The 
Indians took the life of anv or.c of the tribe of the offender. 

3. At the foot of Fortv-nfth-strect, on the Enst river. 4. Note 1, paj-o 7''. 

5. It was diirinc this frenzy of revenue that M's. Ilntchinson, who Iiad I)een bani'ihcd from Ma-^^sacliu'etts, 
and had taken up hT residence in the present Westchester connty, New York, was murdered, with all her 
fimilv. The stream upon which f-he lived is vet known as IlMtcliinson's river. 

6. Verse 14, page 16. 7. Verse 9, page 68. P. Verse 7, page 7 '. 9. Verse 10, page C9. 

pUESTioss. — '"'. What made the people murmnr? What did the (rovcrnor do? Wliat outrage was com- 
mitted? 7. What were the effects of this massacre? Can you relate the circumstances of .an Indian warf 



114 COLONIES. 




Peter Stuyvesant His character and government. Swedes on the Delaware. 

hostilities ceased. The Mohawks came and claimed sovereignty over thd 
River Indians, and made a treaty of peace with the Dutch. 

8. Kieft's conduct was so offensive to the colonists and the compan}^, that 
he was recalled, and he sailed for Europe in 1647, in a richly-laden vessel. 
It was wrecked on the coast of Wales, and there the governor pei-ished. He 

had already been succeeded ui office [May 27, 
16-47] by Peter Stuyvesant, lately governor of 
Cara^oa, a soldier of eminence, and possessed of 
every requisite for an efficient administration of 
government. His treatment of the Indians was 
very kind and just, and they soon exhibited such 
friendship for the Dutch, that Stuyvesant was 
falsely charged with a design to employ them in 
murdering the English in New England.' Long 
accustomed, as a miUtary leader, to arbitrary 
rule, he was stern and inflexible, but he had 
the reputation of an honest man. He immedi- 

rETEB STUYVESANT. , , j l i i /• i 

ately commenced much-needeu relorms ; ana 
during his whole administration, which was ended by the subjugation of tlie 
Dutch by the English,^ in 1664, he was the fjiithful and energetic defender 
of the integrity of the province against its foes. By prudent management he 
avoided collisions with the English, and peaceably ended boundary disputes'* 
with them in the autumn of 1650. He then turned his attention to the grow- 
ing power of the Swedes, on the Delaware. 

9. In 1651, Stuyvesant built Fort Casimer, on the site of the present New 
Castle, in Delaware. This was soon seized by the Swedes, and the garrison 
made prisoners. The States-General* resolved to prevent further trouble, and 
for this purpose, gave Stuyvesant full liberty to subjugate the Swedes. At 
the head of six hundred men, he sailed for the Delaware in August, 1655, and 
by the middle of October, he had captured all the Swedish fortresses, and sent 
the governer (Risingh) and several influential men to Europe. Some of the 
settlers withdrew to Maryland and Virginia, but the great body of them 
quietly submitted, took an oath of allegiance to the States-General of Holland, 
and continued in peaceable possession of their property. Thus, after an exist- 
ence of about seventeen years. New Sweden^ disappeared by absorption into 
New Netherland. 

10. While Stuyvesant and his soldiery were absent on the Delaware, some 

1. Verse 15, pa^e Ok This idea prevailed, because diirinfj almost the entire winter of Ifi.o?-'', Ninigrd 
nnd two JVarraga/iftct sachems had been in New Amsterdam, and on very friendly terms with StnyvCbant, 
These sachems, who were true friends of the l-lnplisli, positively disclaimed all bad Intentions on the part of 
Stnyvesnnt, and yet historians of the present day repeat (he slander. 2. Verse 1 \ page 115. 

.3. Verse '\ page 6". He went to Hartford, and there made a treaty which fixed the eastern boundary of 
New Netherland nearly on the line of llie present division bptween New York and Connecticut, and across 
TiOUK Island, at Oyster Bay, thirty miles eastward of New Vnrk. The Dutch claims to lands on the Con- 
necticut river were extinguished by this treaty. 4. Note 4, page 45. 5. Verse 4, page 73. 

Questions. — 8. What happened to Governor Kieft? Who was his successor? What was Stnyvesant's 
character? and what did he accomplish? 9. What measures were adopted by Stuyvesant to humble (ha 
Swedes? Whatioccnrrcd to the Swedes in IfifS? 



NEW YORK. 115 



strife between Stujrvesant and the people. English conquest of New Netherland. 



Indians, who were not yet reconciled to the Dutch, menaced New Amster- 
dam.' The retui'n of the governor produced quiet, and, for eight yeai's, the 
colony was very little disturbed by cxternul causes. Then the Esopus In- 
dians suddenly fell upon the Dutch .settlements [June, 1G63] at Wiltwyck (now 
"Kingston"), and killed and captured sixty-live of the inhabitants. Stuyvesant 
promptly sent a sufficient force to chastise them; and so thoroughly was the 
errand performed, that the Indians sued for joeace [May, 1664], and made a 
treaty of friendship. 

11. While the governor had been judiciously removing all causes for trouble 
with his neighbors, there was a power at work within his own domain which 
gave him great uneasiness. The democratic seed planted by the Twelve, in 
Kieft's time,' hail begun to grow vigorously under the fostering care of a few 
enlightened Hollanders, and some Puritans who had settled in Now Nether- 
land. The latter, by their applause of English institutions, had diffused a de- 
sire among the people to partake of the blessings of English liberty, as they 
understood it. Stuyvesant was an aristocrat by birth, education, and pursuit, 
and vehemently opposed every semblance of democracy. At the beginning 
he found himself at variance with the people. At length, an assembly of two 
deputies from each village in New Netherland, chosen by the inhabitants, con- 
vened at New Amsterdam [December, 1653], without the approbation of the 
governor. Their proceedings displeased him ; and finding argument of no 
avail, he exercised his official prerogatives. The people grew bolder at every 
rebuff, and finally they not only resisted taxation, but open!}' expressed a will- 
ingness to bear English rule for the purpose of enjoying English liberty. The 
opportunity for change was not long delayed. 

12. A crisis in the affairs of New Netherland now approached. Charles the 
Second of England, without any fair pretense to title, gave the whole terri- 
tory of New Netherland [March 22, 1664] to his brother James, Duke of 
York.'' The duke sent an Enghsh squadron, imder the command of Colonel 
Richard Nicolls,^ to secure the gift; and on the 3d of September, 1664, the 
red cross of St. George" floated in triumph over the fort, and the name of New 
Amsterdam was changed to New York.' It was an easy conquest, for, while 
the fortifications and other means of defense were very weak, the people 
were not unwilling to try English rule. Stuyvesant began to make conces- 
sions to the people when it was too late, and when his real strength, the 
popular will, had departed from him. He hesitated long before he would sign 

1. Verse 1, page 111. 2. Near the Hudson river, in the present Ulster county. Verse 27, page 224. 

3. Verse 6, page 113. 4. Verse?, piige H. 5. Note 4, page 9 . 

6. The royal standanl of Rngland is someMmes so named because it bears a red cross, which is called the 
" cross of St. George," the patron saint of Great Hrilain. Afier the Union with Scotland [note 1, page 49), 
the cross of St. .\ndrew fin the form of an X ) was adiled, and is now seen on the Bri'ish fiag. In the center 
are the ro.val arms. This Union, as the figiivc is c.nlled, w.ts borne upon the American flag, sometimes, until 
afier the Declaation of Independence, in 177*1. It was nnnn the flag of thirteen stripes, alternately red and 
white, which Washington caused to be unfurled at Cambridge, on tlie first day of that year. See verse 1, 
page 197. 

7. The name of Fort Orange settlement [note P, page 112] was changed to Albany, one of the duke's titles. 
Questions. — HI. What Indian hnstiliiics occurred on the Hudson? What were the results? 11. What 

new power appeared in the Hutch colony? IIow was it fostered? How was it regarded by Stnyvesantf 
What did the people do? 12. What led to the subjugation of the Dutch by the English ? How was it 
effected? What was Stuyvesant's course? 



116 



COLONIES, 



New York under the English. 



Tyranny. 



Political changes. 



the articles of capitulation ; and thus, until the end, he was faithful to Lis 
employers, the Dutch West India Company} With the capital, the remain- 
der of the province passed into the hands of the English ; and early in Octo- 
ber, 1664, New Netherland was acknowledged a part of the British realm, 
and Nicolls the conqueror, became governor." Let us consider 




NEW YORK UNDER T D E ENGLISH. 

13. The people of New York' soon perceived that a change of masters did 
not enhance their prosperity and happiness. They were disappointed in their 
hope of having a representative government ; and their taxes, to support a 
government in which they had no voice, were increased. Lovelace, the vile 
successor of Nicolls [1667], increased their burdens ; and when they sent a 

respectful pro- 
test to him, he 
ordered the pa- 
per to be burn- 
ed by the com- 
ciTY OF NEW TOKK IN 1064. „-,qi-^ hangman. 

He was a petty tyrant, and declared that the people should have " liberty for 
no thought but how to pay their taxes." But tlie people did think on some- 
thing else, and were on the eve of open rebellion when the clou<ls of national 
war overshadowed local difficulties. 

14. War again commenced between England and Holland in 1672 ; and in 
July the following year, a Dutch squadron sailed up the Bay of New York, 
and, in the absence of the governor, took possession of the fort and town 
[August 9, 1673] without firing a shot. The easy conquest was the work 
of treason ; yet the traitor went unpunished.^ New Jersey, and the territories 
of Delaware^ yielded ; and for sixteen months [July, 1673, to November, 
1674] New York was again New Netherland. When the two nations made 
a treaty of peace, the province was restoi-ed to the English, and remained in 
their possession until our Independence was declared, in 1776.° These 
changes raised some doubts concerning the validity of the duke's title, and 
the king gave him another grant in July, 1674. Sir Edmond Andros' was 



1. Verfe ."i, page .'57. 

2. We have elsewhere noticed the fact, that before Nicolls was dispatched, the duke, being certain of vic- 
tory, sold that part of New Neihoi laiid now included in New Jersey, to other parties. See vers-c 7. page 7-1- 
Long Island, which had been picvioiisly framed to the Earl of Stirling, was purchased by the Dutch, in 
total disregard of the claims of Connecticut. The colonies [verses 4 and ('., pages 73 and ;■)] on the Dela- 
ware remained under the jurisdiction of New York, and were governed by deputies. 

3. The above picture is a correct view of the city of New York two hundred years ago. It is now [18C5] 
the largest rily on the ..\merican continent. On the left of the picture is seen Fort Amsterdam (verse 1, page 
111], wiUi the church and governor's house within it, and a windmill. 

4. The traitor was Ciptain .lobn Manning, the commaniler of the fort. He was, doubtless, bribed by the 
Dnt"h cnmniaurtpi ; .and the f^ct that the king screened him from punishment, gave the color of truth to 
the charge that the monarch shared in the bribe. 

5. Verse 11, page 76. 6. Verse 10, page 202. 7. Verse 33, page IC. 



QUESTIOSS. — 1". IIow were the people disappointed ? What did the English government do? 14. What 
occurred in New York in 1673? Uy what means did the Dutch regain the province? How did the FJnglish 
again get possession f 



NEW YOKK. 117 



Increase of the popular strength. Jacob Lcisler. The aristocracy oflfumlcd. 

appointed 'governor under the new charter, and continued arbitrary rule, Avith 
increased vigor.' 

15. Andros returned to England at the close of 1G83, when the duke ap- 
pointed Thomas Dongan, to succeed him. In the mean whili', the duke liad 
listened to the judicious advice of William Penn, and instrui:ted Dongan to 
call an assembly of representatives. They met [October 17, 1683], and with 
the hearty concurrence of the governor, a Cuartku of Liberties was estab- 
lished," and the permanent foundation of a representative government was 
laid. The people rejoiced in the change, and were heartily engaged in efforts 
to perfect a wise and hberal government, when the duke was elevated to the 
throne, as James the Second,' on the death of Charles, in February, 1G85. 
As king, he refused to confirm the privileges which, as duke, he had granted; 
and having determined to introduce the Roman Catholic religion into the 
province as the established church, ho commenced by efforts to enslave the 
people. A direct tax was ordered; the printing-press — the right arm of 
knowledge and freedom — was forbidden a place in the colony ; and the pro- 
vincial offices were filled by Roman Cathohcs. These proceedings gave pain to 
the liberal-minded Dongan ; and when the king, in his religious zeal, instructed 
the governor to introduce French priests among the Five Nations,* he re- 
sisted the measure as highly inexpedient.'^ 

IG. The people were again on the eve of open rebellion, when the intelli- 
gence of the flight of James, and the accession of WiUiam and Mary," reached 
them. They immediately appointed a committee of safety, and with almost 
unanimous voice, sanctioned the conduct of Jacob Leisler (an influential mer- 
chant, and commander of the militia), who had taken possession of the fort 
in the name of the new sovereigns, and by order of the peojjle. Afraid of 
the people, Nicholson, the successor of Dongan, fled on board a vessel and 
departed, and the people consented to Leisler's assuming the functions of 
governor until a new one should be appointed. The aristocracy and the 
magistrates were offended, and denouncing Leisler as an usurper, they accused 
him of treason, when Governor Sloughter arrived, in 1691. 

17. In the mean while, Leisler conducted affairs with prudence, and energy. 
Having the sanction of the people, he needed no further authority ; and when 
a letter from the British ministers arrived [December, 1689], directed to Gov- 

1. The duke claimed the country from the Connecticut river to Cape Henlopen. Andios attempted to ex- 
ercise authority eastward of the line agreed upon by the Dutch and the Connecticut people |note;^, pope 
114), and went to Saybrook in the summer of 1676, with an armed party, to enforce the claim. He met with 
such resistance that he was compelled to return to New York without accomplishing his design. Sec verse 
6, page 

2. The Assembly consisted of the governor and ten councilors, and seventeen deputies elected by the free- 
holders. Thev adopted a Declaration of Right", and asserted the principle, so nohly fought for a hundred 
years 1,-itcr, that taxation and nrpre-entation are inseparable — in other words, that taxes can not be levied 
without the consent of the people, expressed by their representatives. At this time the cnlony was divided 
into twelve counties. .S. Ver.-^c 28. page S9. i. Verse 2. page IS. 

5. Tliis measure would have given the French, in Canada, an influence over the Indians that might have 
proved fatal to English power on the continent. The Five N.tTioxs remained the fast friends of the Kii- 
glish, and stood as a powerful barrier against the French, when the latter twice invaded ihe Iroquois terri- 
tory, in endeavors to reach the English at Albany. 6. Note 9, page ^9. 

Questions.— 15. What political changes took place in New York ? How did a dii!,-e, made Hnf/, disap- 
point the people? Wh.it measures did he attempt? ll What other changes took place i.i Now York? 
What did the people do? How did the aristocracy rcga: ;1 '.heii movements? 



118 COLONIES. 



Trial and execution of Leisler and Milborue. Desolation of French settlements. 

emor Nicholson, " or, in his absence, to such as, for the time be'iug," con- 
ducted affairs, he considered it as fairly addressed to himself Milborne, his 
son-in-law acted as his deputy, and Avas included in the accusations of the 
mao-istrates, who had now retired to Albany. They held Fort Orange' until 
the invasion of the French in February 1690," when they felt the necessity 
of claiming the protection of the government at New York. They then 
yielded, and remained comparatively quiet until the arrival of Richard In- 
goldsby, Sloughter's lieutenant, early in 1691. 

18. Ingoldsby announced the appointment of Henry Sloughter as gover- 
nor ; and without producing any credentials of authority, he haughtily de- 
manded of Leisler [Feb. 9, 1691] the surrender of the fort. Of course Leisler 
refused compliance ; but as soon as Sloughter arrived [March 29], he sent a 
messenger to announce his desire to surrender all authority into his hands. 
Leisler's enemies had resolved on his destruction ; and when he came for- 
ward to deliver the fort, in person, he and his son-in-law were seized and cast 
into prison. They were tried on a charge of treason, found guilty, and con- 
demned to suffer death. Sloughter withheld his signature to their death 
warrant ; but, when made drunk at a dinner party prepared for the purpose, 
he put his name to the fatal instrument. Before he became sober, Leisler and 
Milborne were suspended [May 26, 1691], upon a gallows.^ 

19. Sloughter was a weak and dissolute, but honest man. He convened a 
popular assembly, and formed a liberal constitution. Light was thus dawning 
hopefully upon the province, when delirium tremens, at the close of a drunken 
revel, ended the administration and the life of the governor [Aug. 2, 1691], in 
less than three months after the murder of Leisler and Milborne. 

20. Sloughter was succeeded by Benjamin Fletcher, a man of violent pas- 
sions and quite as weak and dissolute. He became the tool of the aristocracy, 
and was hated by the people. Party spirit, engendered by the death of 
Leisler, burned intensely during the whole administration of Fletcher ; and, 
at the same time, the French and Indians, under the guidance of Frontenac, 
the able governor of Canada,* were traversing the northern frontiers of the 
province. Fletcher prudently listened to the advice of Major Schuyler,* of 
Albany, respecting the Indians; and under his leadership, the English, and 
their unwavering allies, the Five Nations, successfully beat back the foe to the 
St. Lawrence, and so desolated the French settlements [1692] in the vicinity 
of Lake Champlain,° that Frontenac was glad to remain quiet at Montreal. 

1. Xote 8, page 11 \ 2. At this time Rchenectada was desolated. See verse 35, pipe 1"4. 

3. Their eitates were confiscated; but after a Inpse of several jeais, and when the violence of party 
spirit had subsided, the piopertv was restored to their families. 

4. From K,78 to 1682, and aprain from 16,S9 to 16 8, when he died, at the age of '". 

5. Peter Schuyler. He was mayor of Albanv, and acquired unbounded influence over the Five Nations. 
Verse ?, page 18. 

6. Schuyler's force was about three hundred M"hnir},:i and as many English. They slew about three 
hundred of the French and Indians, at the north end of the lake. 



Questions. — 17. How did Leisler manage affairs ? Whjit course did the magistrates and others pursue? 
IS. What circumstances led to the death of Leisler and Milborne ? W. What was tlie character of Sloughter 7 
What were the promises of his sho''t administration ? How did he die? 20. What causes made Fletcher's 
a Imiiustration an exciting one? What was done against the French and Indians ? 



NEW YORK. 119 



Kidd aud his associates. Misrule of Sir Edward Hyde. Party newspapers. 

21. The Earl of Bellomont, an honest and energetic Irish peer, succeeded 
Fletcher in 1698 ; and the following year, New Hampshire,' and Massachu- 
setts* were placed under his jurisdiction. He commenced reform with great 
earnestness, and made vigorous efibrts to suppress piracy,' wliich had become 
a fearful scourge to the infant commerce of the colonists. With Robert Liv- 
ingston'' and others, he fitted out an expedition under the famous Captain 
Kidd, to destroy the buccaneers. Kidd himself was afterward hung for 
piracy [1701], and the governor and his friends were charged with a partici- 
pation in his guilt.^ 

22. Death removed Bellomont [March IG, 1701] when his hberal jjolicy was 
about to bear fruit. He was succeeded by Edward Hyde (afterward Lord 
Cornbury,)" a hbertine and a knave, who cursed the province with misrule for 
seven years. He persecuted all denominations of Christians, except those of 
the Church of England, embezzled the public moneys, involved himself in 
heavy debts, and on all occasions was the practical enemy of popular free- 
dom. The people finally demanded and obtained his recall, and the moment 
Ills official career ceased [1708], his creditors cast him into prison, where he 
remained until his accession to the peerage, on the death of his father.'' 
From this period until the arrival of William Cosby, as governor [1732], the 
royal representatives,® unable to resist the will of the people, as expressed 
by the Assembly, allowed democratic principles to grow and bear fruit.' 

23. Rip Van Dam, "a man of the people," Avas acting governor when 
Cosby came. They soon quarreled, and two violent parties arose — the 
Democratic, which sided with Van Dam, and the Aristocratic which sup- 
ported the governor. Each party had the control of a newspaper,'" and the 
war of words raged violently for a long time. The governor, imable to com- 
pete with his opponent, finally ordered the arrest of Zenger [Nov., 1734], the 
publisher of the Democratic paper, on a charge of libel. After an imprison- 

1. Verse 2, page 64. 2. Verse 7, page 9 \ 

3. Because Spain claimed the exclusive right to the West India seas, her commerce in that region -was 
regarded as fair plunder. Privateer commissions were readily granted by the English, French aiid Dutch 
governments ; and daring spirits from all countries were found under their flags. The huccaneers, as they 
were called, became very numerous and powerful, and at length depredated upon English commerce iis 
well as Spanish. Privateers, or those legally authorized to seize the property of an enemy, became ^ira(«s, 
or sea robbers. Privateering is only legalized piracy. 

4. An iinraigrant from Scotland, and ancestor of the Livingston family in this country. lie was connected, 
by marriage, with the Van Rensselaer and Schuyler families ; and in 168.5, received from (Jovernor Douc-aii 
a grant of a feudal principality (see^a(roon, verse 2, page 111) on the Hudson, yet known as Livingston's 
Manor. 

5. Bellomont and his friends were accused of connivance with Kidd, and sharing the plunder with him. 
It appears quite certain that Kidd was made a scape-goat for others in high station. King William himself 
was a shareholder in the enterprise for which Kidd was fitted out. Kidd appeared publicly in Boston, where 
he was arrested, .«ent to England, tried, and executed. 6. Verse 7, page 129. 

7. .According to an unjust law of England, a Peer of the realm fwho is consequently a member of the 
House nf Lords, [note 7, page 177]) can not be arrested for debt. This law, enacted in the reign of llenry 
the Eighth, still prevails. 

8. Lord Lovelace, Ingoldsby, Hunter, Schuvler, Burnet, and Montpomcrie. 

9. We have already noticed fverse 42, page' 1071 <ho breakirg out of gueen Anne's War in 1,02, and the 
«nccessful expeditions fitted out and sent in the direction of Montreal in 17C9 and 1711. The debt which 
these expeditions laid upon New York was felt for manv years. . 

10. TheKne York Weelhi Joxirniil(T>emoi!VRt\e), liv .Tohn Peter Zenger ; The Keic York aazelte ( XiKto- 
cratic), by William Bradford. The latter owned the first press ever set up in the province. lie commenced 
printing in New York in 1696. See note 3, page 147. 



QcESTioss.— Jl. What occurred early in the artministration of Bcllomontf What expedition was ar- 
ranged? and for what purpnse? What was the result ? 22. Wlio was Bellomont's successor? What caused 
the people to hate him? AVliat was done to him? What showed the power of the peopH ? ?.^ What parties 
were formed in New York ? How did they oppose each other? What occurred during their disputes? 



120 COLONIES. 



Trial of Zenger. Triumph of Democratic priacipleB. Events ia Maryland. 

ment of thirty-five weeks, Zenger was tried by a jury, and acquitted [July, 
1735]. He was defended by Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, who was 
presented by the magistrates of the city of New York with a gold box, as a 
token of their esteem for his noble advocacy of popular rights. Then was 
distinctly drawn the line of demarcation between republicans and royalists. 
24. The history of New York from the arrival of Cosby until the com- 
mencement of the French and Indian War,' is composed chiefly of the records 
of party strife, and presents very httle matter of interest to the general reader. 
Only one event demands special attention, namelj^, the supposed conspiracy 
of negroes in 1741 to burn and plunder the city, murder the inhabitants, and 
set up a government under a man of their own color. Several incendiary 
fires had occurred in rapid succession, and a house had been robbed by some 
slaves. The idea of a regular and horrid conspiracy at once prevailed, and, 
as in the case of the Salem Witchcraft,^ an intense panic pervaded all classes, 
and many innocent persons suffered. This is known in liistory as The Negro 
Plot? 



SECTION" IV. 

MARYLAND. [1639.] 

1. Maryland had its colonial birth when the first popular Assembly con- 
vened at St. Mary for legislative purposes, on the 8th of March, 1635.'' Its 
sturdy growth began when, in 1639, the more convenient form of representa- 
tive government was established. It was crude, but it possessed the elements 
of repubhcanism. The freemen chose as many representatives as they pleased, 
and others were appointed by the proprietor. These, with the governor and 
secretary, composed the legislature. At this first session a Declaration of 
Rights was adopted ; the powers of the governor Avere defined ; and all the 
privileges enjoyed by English subjects Avere guarantied to the colonists.' 

2. The Indians in the vicinity, becoming jealous of the increasing strength 
of the white people, began to evince hostility. Frequent collisions occurred ; 
and in 1642, a general Indian War commenced in the region between the 
Potomac and the Chesapeake. It was terminated in 1645, but the quiet of 
the province was soon disturbed again. Clayborne had returned from En- 
gland'"' [1645], and speedily fanned embers of discontent into a flame of open 
rebellion. He became too powerful for the local authorities, and Governor 
Calvert' was obliged to flee to Virginia. During a year and a half, the in- 
sursrents held the reins of "-overnment, and the horrors of civil war brooded 



1. Pape N7. 2. Terse 40, pasc IOC. 

3. liefore ihc panic was allayed, fbiir white people were hanged; and eleven negroes were burned, eighteen 
were hanged anil lifly were sent to the West Indies and sold. 4. Verse fi, page 66. 

5. Verse 6, page 6J. 6. Note 1, page 66. 7- Verse 5, page 65. 

Questions. — "4. What characteristics does (he history of New York present from Cosby to the French 
and Indian War? Can yon relate the pa'.ticulars of the Negro Plot? 1. Wlicn was ilie birlh, and where 
began tlie real growth of the Maryland colony? What was the form and character cf its government? 2. 
What events disturbed the trane;uillity of (be colouislb? 



MARYLAND. 121 



Toleration Act. Troubles in Maryland. Re-organization of Government. 



over the colony. The rebellion was suppressed in the Summer of 1646, and 

Calvert resumed his office, in August. 

3. An iuiportant law was enacted by the Assembly in 1G49, known as The 
Toleration Act. Religious freedom Avas guarantied by the Charter/ yet as 
much animosity existed between the Protestants'- and Roman Catholics, the 
Assembly^ thought proper to give the principle the solemn sanction of law. 
By that act every professed believer in Jesus Christ was allowed fiee exercise 
of his religious opinions. Thither persecuted Churchmen of ISIew England, 
and oppressed Puritans of Virginia, fled and ibund an asylum. This act is 
the pride and glory of the early legislature of Maryland; yet it was not the 
first instance in America, as is often alleged, when religious toleration received 
the sanction of law.^ 

4. Favored by events in the mother country, republicanism grew steadily 
in the new State. Royalty was abolished in England [1649], and for more 
than ten years the democratic idea was prevalent throughout the realm. 
Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, professed republicanism on the 
death of the king, but he had been too recently a I'oyalist to secure the con- 
fidence of ParUament. Stone, his lieutenant, was removed from office [Apiil 
10, 1651] by commissioners (of whom Clayborne was one), who were sent to 
administer the government of the Colony. He was soon afterward [July 8] 
restored. On the dissolution of the Long Parliament, [1653]^ Cromwell re- 
stored full power to the proprietor, but the commissioners, who withdrew to 
Virginia, returned soon afterward, and compelled Stone to surrender the gov- 
ernment into their hands. 

5. The colonial government had been re-organized in the meantime. The 
legislative body was divided into an Upper and Lower House [1650]; the 
former consisting of the governor and his council, appointed by the proprietor, 
and the latter of representatives chosen by the people. At the same session, 
a law was passed prohibiting all taxes unless levied with the consent of the 
freemen. So great had been the influx of Protestants, that they now [1654] 
out-numlDcred the Roman Catholics as voters and in the Assembly. They ac- 
knowledged the authority of Cromwell, and boldly questioned the rights and 
privileges of an hereditary proprietor." The Roman Catholics adhered to 
Lord Baltimore, and bitter religious hatred was fostered. The Protestants 
finally disfranchised their opponents, excluded them from the Assembly, and 

1. Verse 4, page 65. 2. Note 14, page 48. 

3. Bozman, in his History of Maryland, (II. 359-356) mnintoins that the majo ity of the members of (ha 
Assembly of 1649, were Protestants. 

4. In May, 1647, the General Assembly of Rhode Island, convened at Portsmouth, adopted n code of 
laws which closed with the declaration that " all men niisrbt walk ns their conscience persuaded them, 
without molestation, everv one in the name of his Ond." This was broader toleration than the Maryland 
"•^t emtemplated, for it did not restrict men lo belief in Jesus Christ. 

6. W hen (Jiarles the First was beheaded [Note 10, page 8'], "le Parliament assumed supreme authority, 
ana remained m permanent session. Cromwell, with an army at his back, entered that assembly in the 
Autumn or 16,53, ordered them to disperse, and assumed supreme power himself, under the title of Lord 

c f'*""' J- ''''* British legislature is known in history as the Long Parliament. 

0. According to the original charter, the successors of Lord Baltimore were to be proprietors forever. 

QtTRSTIOXs.— 3. What important lnw~wa!rmadeTtrifi49? What'were'if^rincipal features? How should 
It he regarded ? 4. What political changes took place? What course did Lo'd Baltimore pursue? What 
did Oomwell effect? 5 What change in government had been eflectedf What were thj religious aspects 
and general sentiments of the colonists ? 



122 COLONIES. 



Civil war in Maryland. Anarchy. Duplicity of Lord Baltimore. 

toward the close of 1654 [Nov.], passed an act declaring Eoman Catholics not 
entitled to the protection of the laws of Maryland. 

6. Civn war ensued. Stone returned to St. Mary,' organized an armed 
force composed chiefly of Roman Catholics, seized the colonial records, and 
assumed the office of governor. Skirmishes ensued, and finally a severe bat- 
tle was fought [April 4, 1G55] not far from the site of Annapolis, in which 
Stone's party was defeated with a loss of about fifty men, killed and wounded. 
Stone was made prisoner, but his life was spared. Four other leading sup- 
porters of the proprietor were tried for treason and executed. 

7. Anarchy prevailed in the province for many months, when the discord- 
ant elements were brought into comparative order by the appointment of 
Josiah Fendall [July 20, 1G5G], as govornor. He was suspected of favoring 
the Roman Catholics, and was soon arrested by order of the Protestant As- 
sembly. For two years bitter strife continued between the people and the 
agents of the proprietor, when, after concessions by the latter, Fendall was 
acknowledged governor [April 3, 1658]. His prudence secured the con- 
fidence of the people, but the death of Cromwell [Sept. 1658], presaging a 
change in the English government, gave them uneasiness. After long de- 
liberation, the Assembly determined to avoid all further trouble with the 
proprietor, by asserting the supreme authority of the people. They accord- 
ingly dissolved the Upper House [March 24, 1660]," and assumed the Avhole 
legislative power of the State. They then gave Fendall a commission as 
governor for the people. 

8. Monarchy was restored in England in June, 1660,^ and the original 
order of things was re-estabhshed in Maryland. Lord Baltimore having 
assured the new king that his republican professions'' were only temporary 
expedients, was restored to all his proprietary rights by Charles. Fendall was 
tried and found guilty of treason, because he accepted a commission from the 
rebellious Assembly. Baltimore, however, wisely proclaimed a general pardon 
for all political offenders in Maryland ; and for almost tliirty years afterward, 
the province enjoyed repose. 

9. Maryland was governed mildly and prudently under the new proprietor, 
Charles Calvert, and the people were prospering in their political quietude, 
when the Revolution in England^ shook the colonies. The deputy governot 
of Maryland hesitated to proclaim William and Mary,* and this was made a 
pretense, by a restless spirit named Coode,' for exciting the people. He gave 
currency to the absurd report that the local magistrates and the Roman 
Catholics, had leagued with the Indians^ for the destruction of all the Prot- 

1. Terse 5, p. 65. 2. Verse 5, p. 1.1. 3. Note 1, p. 86. 4. Verse 4, p. 1?1. 

r-. Note 9. pafTC 89. 6. Verse 29, p. 89. 

7. Ooode had been a confederate in a former insurrection, hut escaped conviclion. 

**. A treaty will] ihf Indians had jnst been renewed, and the customary prescnis disln'bnted among them, 
Thi.sCoodc falsely adduced as evidence of a coalition with the savages. 

QnESTiONS. — fi. What were the chief events of a civil war in IBS.'i? 7- What sfnie of things existed for 
three years after (he civil war? What did the As.senibly do ? 8. What political changes now took plnce? 
How did they aflcct the colony? 9. AVh-'t was the cITect of the Revolution in England on Maryland? What 
rumors were circulated? What commolio:;s ensued? 



CONNECTICUT. 123 



Coode's insurrection. Quiet. Constitutions of settlers in Connecticut 



estants in the colony. A similar actual coalition of Jesuits' and savages on 
the New England frontiers,^ gave a coloring of trutli to the story, and the old 
religious feud instantly burned again intensely. The Protestants formed an 
armed association [Sept., 1689] and, led on by Coode, they took possession of 
the government, called a Convention, and invested it with legislative powers. 
Its first acts were to depose the third Lord Baltimore, and to re-assert the 
sovereign majesty of the people. 

10. The Convention managed public affiiirs until 1691, when the king un- 
justly deprived Baltimore of all his political privileges as proprietor [June 11], 
and made Maryland a royal province.^ Lionel Copley was appointed the first 
royal governor in 1692. New laws were instituted — religious toleration was 
abolished — the Church of England was made the established religion, to be 
supported by a tax on the people; and in the State founded by Roman 
Catholics, the members of that denomination were cruelly disfranciiised, with 
the consent of their sovereign. 

11. In 1716, the proprietary rights of Lord Baltimore (now deceased) were 
restored to liis infant heir, and the original form of government was re-es- 
tablished. Such continued to be the political complexion of Maryland until 
the storm of the Revolution [1776] swept away every remnant of royalty 
and feudaUsm. 



SECTION V. 

CONNECTICUT. [1639.] 

1. The example of the Connecticut colony* in forming a political constitu- 
tion [January 24, 1639], was speedily followed [June 4] by the settlers of 
New Haven.^ The religious element was supreme in the new organization, 
and the Bible was made the Statute Book of the colony ; and, in imitation of 
the constitution of the Plymouth settlers, none but church members were al- 
lowed the privileges of freemen." A committee of twelve men was appointed, 
who selected seven of their members to be "pillars" in the New State. 
These had power to admit as many otliers as they pleased to take part with 
them in legislation. Theophilus Eaton was chosen governor.' 

2. Many of the New Haven settlers being merchants, they sought to found 
a commercial colony, but heavy losses by the wreck of vessels® discouraged 

1. Note 1, pase 104. 2. Verse 35, pane 104. 

3. King: William liad an exalted iilen of roval preropatives, and was as mnch disposed as the Stuarts- (ihe 
kings of England from James the FirFt In .Tames the Second) to suppress rlemocracy in the colonies. lie 
repeatedly vetoed ("refused liis assent lo) Hills of Rights enacted hv the colonial Assemblies ; refused his as- 
sent to locrrl laws of the deepest interest to tli" colonists ; and instructed his governors to prohibit priming 
in the colonies. Note 2, page 89. 4. Verse 14, page "0. 

5. Verse 13, page 70. The people assembled in a barn to form the new constitution. 

6. Note 6, page 9''. 

7. He was nnnuallv chosen to fill the office, until his death, which occurred in Ifi.'iT. 

8. In 1*^47, a now ^hip belonging to the colony foimdered at sea. It was laden with a valuable cargo, and 
the passengers belonged to some of the leading families in the colony. Several smaller vessels were lost 
during five or six years. 

OtJESTIONS. — li\ How came Mnrvl.Tnd to be made a royal province' What changes then took pipce ? 
What wrong was perpetrated? II What wns the political Vonditon rf Mavylnnd from 1716 until the War 
for Independence? 1. Wh.it was the character of the r*ew Haven Constitution? 



124 COLONIES. 



Difficulties with the Dutch. Liberal charter for Connecticut. 

them, and they turned their special attention to agriculture. Prudence 
marked the course of the magistrates of tlie several colonies in the Connecti- 
cut valley,' and they were blessed with prosperity. But difficulties with the 
Dutch respecting territorial boundaries,^ and menaces of the neigliboring In- 
dians, gave them uneasiness, and made them readily join the New England 
confederation in 1G43.' The following year the little independent colony afc 
Saybrook'' purchased the land of one of the proprietors of Connecticut,"* and 
became permanently annexed to that at Hartford." 

3. The treaty made Avith G-overnor Stuyvesant at Hartford in 1G50,'' gave 
token of future tranquillity. But the repose was soon broken by international 
war. England and Holland drew the sword against each other in 1652 ; and 
because it was reported that Ninigret, the wily sachem of the Narragansets'^ 
had spent several weeks at New Amsterdam in the winter of 1652-'3,° the 
belief prevailed in New England, that Stuyvesant had leagued with the In- 
dians for the destruction of the English.'" Great excitement ensued, and a 
majority of the commissioners" decided [1653] upon war with the Dutch. 
Immediate hostilities were prevented by the refusal of Massachusetts to fur- 
nish its quota of supplies. The Connecticut colonies (who were nearest the 
Dutch) applied to Cromwell for aid, and he sent four ships of war for the 
purpose. Before their arrival,'" a treaty of peace had been concluded between 
the two nations, and blood and treasure were saved. The Assembly at Hart- 
ford took possession of all property then claimed by the Dutch; and after 
that the latter abandoned all claims to possessions in the Connecticut valley. 

4. On the restoration of Charles the Second [1660], the Connecticut colony 
expressed its loyalty, and obtained a charter. At first, Charles was disposed 
to refuse the application of Winthrop," the agent of the colony, for he had 
heard of the sturdy repubhcanism of the petitioners. But when AVinthrop 
presented his majesty with a ring which Charles the First had given to hig 
father, the heart of the king was touched, and he granted a charter [May 30, 
1662] Avhich not only confirmed the popular constitution of the colony, but 
contained more liberal provisions than any 3'et issued from the royal hand.'* 
Its boundary as defined included a portion of Rhode Island, and the whole 
New Haven Colony?" The latter gave a reluctant consent to the union in 

1. Verse 7, p. 68. 2. Page 67, and note S, p. 114. 3. Verse 15, p. 93. 4. Verse 6, p. 68. 

6. Verse.'?, p. 67. 6. Verse 14, p. 7 '• 7. Note 3. p. 114. 8. Note 1. p. 114. 

9. This report was set atioat by Uncas, the mischievous Mohegan sachem [verse 10, p. 691, who bated the 
Jfarraffan-'et". It had no foundation ia truth. See also verse 14, page 16. 

1 '. Verse 8, page 114. 11. Verse 15, page 96. 

12. Roger Williams, then in England, managed to delay the sailing of the fleet, and thus, again, that em- 
inent peace-maker prevented bloodshed. Verse 9, page t:8. 

13. John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts. He was chosen Governor of Connecti- 
cut in 1657, and held thi^ otTice several years. Such was his station wlien lie appeared in England to ask 
a charter of tlio king. Hopkins ("who was one of the founders of the New Haven colony) was chosen the 
first (lovcrnor of the Connecticut colony, and for several years he and Haynes werealierr.alclychosen chief 
magistrate. 

14. This original charter is now [lSfl,5], in the office of the Secretary of State of Connecticnt. It contains a 
portrait of Charles tlic Second, handsomely drawn in India ink. and forming part of an initial letter. This 
■was the instrument afterward hidden in the groat oak. See Verse 7, page 1''5. 

15. Verse 13, page 70. Thus the saveral settlements were united under the general name of Connecticut. 
QtJF.STio.NS.— 2. Why did the New Haven settlers wish to found a commercial colony? Whit was the 

condition of the Connecticut settlements ? What annexation took place ? 3. What disturbed the tran(|uillitv 
of the New England colonies? Wluit was the effect and the terminalinn of th ■ dislnvlianco? 4. How did 
Connecticut obtain a charier from the king? What bounduries did it deline? What difficulties ensued? 



CONNECTICUT. 



125 



Andros in Connecticut. Usurpation of authority. Andros and the Connecticut charter. 

1665, but Rhode Island positively refused the alliance. The two colonies dis- 
puted for more than sixty years concerning the boundary. 

5. "With the exception of some settlements far up the river, the colony of Con- 
necticut suffered but little during King Philip's War.* Yet it furnished its full 
quota of men and supplies, and its soldiers bore a conspicuous part in breaking 
the power of the New England Indians." At the same time the colonists were 
obliged to defend their liberties against the attempted visurpations of Andros, 
then Governor of New York.^ He claimed jurisdiction as far as the mouth 
of Connecticut river; and in July, 1675, he proceeded to Saybrook with a 
small naval force, to assert his authority. He was permitted to land ; but 
when he ordered the garrison in the fort to surrender, and began to read his 
commission to the people, Captain Bull, the commander, ordered him to be 
silent. Perceiving the strength and determination of his adversary, Andros 
wiselj^ withdrew, and returned greatly irritated to New York. 

6. Very little occurred to disturb the quiet and prosperity of Connecticut, 
for the next dozen years. Edmund Andros again appeared as a usurper of 
authority. He had been appointed Governor of New England [1686],* and 
on his arrival, demanded of all the colonies a surrender of their charters. 
They all complied, except Connecticut. She steadily refused to give up the 
guaranty of her political rights ; and finally Andros proceeded to Hartford 
Avith sixty armed men, to enforce obedience. The Assembly were in session 
when he arrived [Nov. 10, 1687], and received him courteously. He de- 
manded the surrender of the charter, and declared the colonial government 
dissolved. 

7. Already a jilan had been arranged for securing the safety of the charter 
and preserving an appearance of loyalty. The debates were purposely pro- 
tracted until the candles were lighted, at evening, when the charter was 
brought in and laid upon the table. Just as Andros stepped forward to take 
it, the candles were suddenly extinguished. The charter was seized by Cap- 
tain Wadsworth of the militia, and under cover 
of the night it was effectually concealed in the 
hollow trunk of a huge oak, standing not far 
from the Assembly chamber.* When the candles 
were religlited, the members were in perfect 
order, but the charter could not be found. An- 
dros assumed the government, and with his own 
hand wrote the word Finis after the last record 
of the Charter Assembly. The government was 
administered in his own name until he was 
driven from Boston jn leSQ," when the charter the cnAETEi: oak. 

1. Piipe 99. ?. Verse 15, p. 17. S. Verse 14, p. Hfi. 4. Verse ^\ p. VX 

.'). That tree remained vifrorons until about one o'elock in the mornine of the 21st of .\i:ffust, IKW, when 
it was prostrated during a heavy storin. 6. Verse :i', page 103. 




QrESTioNS. — 5. How was Connecticut alTected by Indian wars? What usurpation did Andros attempt f 
and what was the result? fi. What excitins scene occurred at Hartford in 1687? 7- How did the Connecti- 
cut people preserve their charter ? Wliat then occurred ? 



126 COLONIES. 



Governor Fletcher at Hartford. Firmness of Wadsworth. Rhode Island. 

was taken from the oak [May 19, 1689], a popular Assembly was convened, 
Robert Treat was chosen governor, and Connecticut again assumed her posi- 
tion as an independent colony. 

8. A little more than four years later, the Connecticut people were again 
compelled to assert their chartered liberties. Colonel Fletcher, then Governor 
of New YorkjMield a commission which gave him command of the militia of 
Connecticut.^ The Legislature appealed to the charter, and refused to ac- 
knowledge Fletcher's authority. In November, 1693, he repaired to Hart- 
ford, and ordered the militia to assemble. The Hartford companies, under 
Captain Wadsworth,^ were drawn up in line; but the moment Fletcher 
attempted to read his commission, the drums were beaten. His angry order 
of " Silence !" was obeyed for a moment ; but when he repeated it. Wads- 
worth boldly stepped in front of him and said, " Sir, if they are again inter- 
rupted, I'll make the sun shine through you in a moment." Fletcher 
I^erceived the futility of further assumption of authority, and returned to 
New York, greatly chagrined and irritated. The matter on being reported 
to the king was settled by a compromise. 

9. Connecticut had now [1700] a population of about thirty thousand. 
During Queen Anne's war^^ and the stirring events in America from that time 
until the commencement of the French and Indian war,^ when her people 
numbered one hundred thousand, Connecticut went hand in hand with her 
sister colonies in labors for mutual welfore , and her history is too closely in- 
terwoven with theirs to require further separate notice. 



SECTION VI. 

RHODE ISLAND. [1644.] 

1. Rhode Island commenced its independent colonial career in 1644, when 
the Providence and Rhode Island plantations w^ere united under the same gov- 
ernment." That charter was confirmed by the Long Parhament' in October, 
1652, and this put an end to the persevering efforts of Massachusetts to absorb 
" Williams's Narraganset Plantations." That colony had always coveted the 
beautiful Aquiday,^ and feared the reaction of Williams's tolerant principles 
upon the people from whose bosom he had been cruelly expelled.^ 

2. Like other colonies, Rhode Island was disturbed by internal commotions, 

1. Verse ro, pace IIR. 

2. The declared object of (his commission was to ennMe Fletcher to call forth the Connecticut militia when 
proper, to repel an expected invasion of northern New Yo.k, hy the French and Indians. 

X Verse", pafje 125. 4. Pnpe 107. 5- Pnpc H7. 

fi. Verse 7, pape 72. A general assemhlv of depnties from the several towns, met at Portsmouth on the 
2'lth of May, I6l7. and organized the new government by the election of a president and other officers. At 
thiit time u'codc oflaws was adopted, which declared the government to be a democracy, and that "all men 
might walk as their conscience persuaded them." Verse 3, page 121. 

7. Note 5, page 121. 8. Note 12, page 71. 9- Terse 2, page 71. 

QtTESTiON.s.— S. What other attempted usurpation did the Connecticnt people repel ? How was It done? 
Wliat was the resnlt? What was the general condition and p'-ogress of Connecticut? 1. When did Rhode 
Island commence its colonial career ? What was its relation to Massachusetts ? 



NEW JERSEY. 127 



Rhode Island charter. Newport Berkeley and Smibert 

growing out of religious disputes and personal ambition. These were quieted 
toward the close of 1653, when Roger Williams was chosen president. Crom- 
well confirmed the royal charter [May 2"2, 1G55] ; and during his administra- 
tion the colony prospered. On the accession of Charles the Second,' Rhode 
Island applied for and obtained a new charter [July 8, 1663], highly demo- 
cratic in its general features, and similar, in every respect, to the one granted 
to Connecticut.^ The first governor elected under tliis instrument, was Ben- 
edict Arnold f and by a colonial law, enacted during liis first administration, 
the privileges of freemen were granted only to freeholders and their oldest 
sons. 

3. Rhode Island yielded to Andros* in January, 1687 ; but the moment in- 
telligence reached the people of the accession of WilUam and Maiy^ [May 11, 
1689], and the imprL'^onment of Andros at Boston," they assembled at New- 
port, resumed their old charter, and re-adopted their seal — an anchor, with 
Hope for a motto. Under this charter Rhode Island continued to be governed 
for one hundred and fifly-seven years, when the people, in representative con- 
vention [1842], adopted a constitution.' Newport soon became a thriving 
commercial town ; and when, in 1732, John FrankUn established there the 
first newspaper in the colony, it contained five thousand inhabitants, and the 
whole province about eighteen thousand.* Near Newport the celebrated 
Dean Berkeley purchased lands [1729] ; and with him came John Smibert, an 
artist, who introduced portrait-painting into America.* Notwithstanding 
Rhode Island was excluded from the New England confederacy,'" it always 
bore its share in defensive efforts ; and its history is identifiec' nth that of 
New England in general, fi-om the commencement of King William's war." 



SECTION VII. 

NEW JERSEY. [1664,] 

1. We have considered the settlements in New Jersey, Penr>5ylvania, and 
Delaware, in the same section,'" as constituting a series of events having inti- 

1. Verse 15, paRC 85. 

2. Verse 4, page 1J4 This charter paarantied free toleralion in relifrious matters, anrl the Lesi^latureof 
the colony re-asserted the principle, so as to jrive it the popular force of law. The assertion, made by Eome, 
that Roman Catholics were excluded from voting:, and that Q\iakers were outlawed, is erroneous. 

:^. He was governor several times, serviiip in that office, altogether, .about eleven yeais. He was chief 
m-.igistrate of the colony when he died, in 167J^. 
4. Veise .«, page 103. 5. Verse 3.-?, page 103. 6. Verse S?, pnse 103. 7- Verse 6, page 319. 

8. Of toese, about 1000 were Indians, and more than l,r00 were neprroc. 

9. Berkeley preached occasionally in a small Episcopal chuich at Newport, and presented the conprega- 
lion with an organ, the first ever heard in » nicrica .Smibert was a Scotchman, and married and settled at 
Boston. Ills picture of Berkeley and his family is slill preserved at Yale College Tverse 1\ page 1 16], in 
New Haven. Berkeley (afterward made bishop of a diocese in Ireland) made great effort" toward the estab- 
lishment of the arts and learning in Amerii-n. Failing in his project of founding a new rniversitv, he 1 e- 
came one of Ihe most liberal benefactors of Yale Colloge. In view of the future progress of the colonies, ho 
wrote that prophetic poem, the last verse of which commences with the oft-quoted line — 

" Westward the course of Empire takes its way." 

10. Terse 15, page 96. 11. Verse 34. page 10 '. 12. Chap, in.. Sec. VIII., page 72. 

QUF-STtoss.— ". What distnrbed the colonv ? What was the character of a new charter ? What law wn<! 
ona>-ted? .3. What did Ihe people do when thev he-rd of the imprisonmp-it of Andros? What can .vou tell 
of Newport and thj population of Rhode Island? For what wjus it remarkable? 



128 COLONIES. 



Founding of New Jersey. Troubles with the settlers. Sale to Quakers. 

mate relations with each other. The liistoiy of the colonial organization of 
tlie first two is separate and distinctw Delaware was never a separate colony 
or State until after the Declaration of Independence, in 1776. 

2. Tlie founding of the New Jersey colony occurred when, in 1664, the 
Duke of York sold the territory to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret;' 
and the new proprietors began the work of erecting a State. They published 
a form of agreement, which they called " Concessions,"^ in which liberal offers 
were made to immigrants Avho might settle within the territory. Among 
other provisions, tlie people were to be exempt from the payment of quit- 
rents and other burdens, for the space of five years. Allured by the hberality 
of the " Concessions," as well as by tlie salubrity of the climate and the fertil- 
ity of the soil, many families came from Long Island [1664], and settled at 
EHzabethtown ;' and in August the following year, PhiUp Carteret (brother of 
one of the proprietors), was appointed governor, and ari'ived at Elizabethtown 
with a number of settlers. 

3. Nothing disturbed the repose of the colony during the five years' ex- 
emption from rents; but when, in 1670, the specified halfpenny, for the use 
of each acre of land, was required, murmurs of discontent were loud and uni- 
versal. Those who had purchased land from the Indians, denied the right of 
the proprietors to demand i-ent fi'om them ; and some of the towns had even 
denied the authority of the Assembly, at its first sitting in 1668. The whole 
people combined in resisting the payment of quit-rents ; and after disputing 
with the proprietors almost two years, they revolted, called a new Assembly, 
appointed a dissolute, illegitimate son of Sir George Carteret, governor [May, 
1G7"JJ, and soon [July] compelled Philip Carteret to leave the province. 
Preparations were in progress to coerce the people into submission, when 
New Jersey, and all other portions of the territory claimed by the Duke of 
York, fell [August, 1673] into the hands of the Dutch.' 

4. On the restoration of the territory to the English^ [November, 1674], the 
Duke of York procured a new charter ;" and then, regardless of the rights of 
Berkeley and Carteret, he appointed Edmund Andros, " the tyrant of New 
England,"' governor of the whole domain [July 11, 1674]. Carteret demur- 
red, and the duke partially restored liis rights. Berkeley sold his interest in 
the province [March 28, 1674] to Edward Byllinge, an English Quaker. Pe- 
cuniary embarrassment caused Byllinge to assign his interest to "William Penn 

1. Verse 7, page 7i. The province was called New Jersey in honor of Carteret, who was governor of the 
island of Jersey, in the British Channel, dnrintjllie civil war. He was n stanch royalist, and was Ihe last 
commander to lower the royal flajr, when the Parlinment had triumphed. 

2. This was a sort of cnn'titntron, which provided for a provefmcnt to he romnoped of a povcrnor and 
council appointed hy the proprietors, and an assemhly chosen hy the frechohlprs of the province. The legis- 
lative power resided in the a'iscmhly ; the execntive in tlie governor. The council and the assembly were 
ea"h restricted to twelve raemhers. 

^. So called, in honor of Klizabeth, wife of .Sir Oeorge Carteret. 

4. Verse 14, page Ilf). 5. Verse 14, page 116. 6. Verso 14, page 116. 7. Verse ?^'. page lOS. 

OnrSTioss. — 1. What is the difference in the history of the !:ettlrmn)l and the mlrmii of New .Jersey ? ?. 
When was the colony fonnded ? What advantages were offered to sp"lers? What settlers came? S. How 
lon^ was the prnWnce qniet? What events produced commotion ? What ended them temporarily ? 4. How 
did the DnV-e of York treat the proprietors of New Jersey 1 How came a portion of the province to change 
owners ? How was it divided ? 



NEW' JERSEY, 129 



First Assembly in New Jersey. Settlement of East Jersey. Union of the Jerseys. 

[1675] and two others.' These purchasers, unwilling to maintain a political 
union with otlier parties, successfully negotiated with Carteret for a division 
[July 11, 1G76] of the province. Carteret received the eastern portion as his 
share, and the Quakers the western part. From that time the divisions were 
known as East and West Jehsey. 

5. The proprietors of West Jersey gave the people a remarkably liberal 
constitution of government [March 13, 1677]; and in 1677 more than four 
hundred Quakers came from England and settled below the Raritan. Andros 
required them to acknowledge the authority of the Duke of York. They re- 
fused ; and the matter was referred to the eminent Sir William Jones for adjudi- 
cation, who decided against the claims of the duke. The latter submitted to 
the decision, released both provinces from allegiance to him, and the Jerseys 
became independent of foreign control. The first popular Assembly in West 
Jersey met at Salem, in November, 1681, and adopted a code of laws for the 
government of the people.^ 

6. East Jersey was purchased by William Penn and eleven of his brethren 
[February 11, 1682], who obtained a new charter, and appointed [July 27, 
1683] Robert Barclay,' a very eminent Quaker preacher from Aberdeen, gov- 
ernor for life. A large number of his sect came from Scotland and England ; 
and others from New England and Long Island settled in East Jersey to enjoy 
prosperity and repose. But repose, as well as the administration of Barclay, 
was of short duration ; for when James succeeded Charles,* he appeared to 
consider his contracts made while duke, not binding upon his honor as Mng. 
He sought to annul the American charters, and succeeded, as we have seen, in 
subverting the governments of several,^ through the instrumentality of Andros. 
The Jerseys were sufferers in this respect, and were obhged to bow to the 
tyrant. 

7. When Andros was driven from the country in 1689,^ the Jerseys were 
left without regular governments, and for more than twelve years anarchy 
prevailed in those provinces. The proprietors gladly relinquished the govern- 
ment by surrendering it to the crown,' in April, 1702. In July the two 
provinces were united as a royal domain, and placed under the government 
of Sir Edward Hyde, the licentious ruler of New York.^ 

8. New Jersey remained a dependency of New York, with a distinct legis- 
lative Assembly of its own, until 1738, when, through the efforts of Lewis 

1. These iinrchasers immediately sold one half of their interest to the Earl of Perth, from whom the pres- 
ent town of Perth * mhoy derives a part of its name. * mbov, or Amho, is (m Indian name. 

-. A remarkaliie law was enacted at that session. It provided that in all criminal cases, except treason, 
mnrd'^r, and theft, the ajrirrieved party should have power to pardon the offender. 

X He was the author of " An .VpolnVy for Quakers," a work hiirhlv esteemed hy his sect. It was wrilten 
in T,atin, and translated into several cnntinertal lanpnaers. Rarclav and Peun were intimate persoral 
friends, and traveled much tosrethcr. He died in Urv, in lfinf\ need 42 years. J. Verse 28, page ^y. 

.>). Verse V^. page 10."? : verses 6 and 7, page 125 ; ve se 3 page 127. 6. Verse ?,■ , poge WA. 

7. The proprietors ret.ained iheir property in the soil, and their claims to quit-rents. Their organr/aiion nns 
never ceased ; and unsold, barren tracts of land in West Jersey are still held by that ancient tenure. 

8. Verse 22, page IIP. 

QnrsTiONS.— .5 What caused the rnpid progress of West Jer<^ev ? How came a popular assembly to he 
estahli^hed in West Jersey? 6. What rlmnges took place in Kast .Jersey? What did .lames, as Idny, at- 
tenint to do? .ind wliaf did he ncccmrli-b ? 7. ^''bnt occurred after the expulsion of Andros V 8. How long 
was Vew Jersey a dependency cf New York ? When was it made an independent royal p: ovince? 

6* 



130 COLONIES. 



William Penn and the Indians. Founding of Philadelphia. 

Morris,' the connection was forever severed. Morris was appointed tlie first 
royal governor of New Jersey, and managed public affairs witli ability and 
general satisfaction. From that period until the independence of the colonies 
was declared in 1776, the history of New Jersey presents but few events of 
interest to the general reader. 



SECTION VIIL 

PENNSYLVANIA. [1682.] 

1. Pennsylvania began its colonial career when, in the Autumn of 1682, 
William Penn arrived," and by a surrender by the agents of the Duke of York, 
the Territories which now constitute the State of Delaware, were united with 
his province.^ Already he had proclaimed his intention of being governed 
by the law of kindness* in his treatment of the Indians ; and when he came, 
he proceeded to lay the foundation of his new State upon Truth and Justice. 
He met the Delaware cliiefs in council, under a wide-spreading elm^ [Nov. 4, 
1682], and there made with them a solemn covenant of peace and friendship, 
and paid them the stipulated price for their lands. " We meet," he said, " on 
the broad pathway, of good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be taken 
on either side, but all shall be openness and love." The Indians were de- 
lighted, and their hearts melted with good feeling. Such treatment was an 
anomaly in the history of the intercourse of their race with the white people. 
Even then the fires of a disastrous war were smouldering on the New En- 
gland frontiers." It was wonderful how the savage heart, so lately the dwell- 
ing of deepest hatred toward tlie white man, became the shrine of the holiest 
attribute of our nature. " We will live in love with William Penn and his 
children," they said, " as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." They 
were true to their promise — not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by 
an Indian. 

2. Soon after Penn's arrival,'' he proceeded to lay out a capital city [Nov. 
1682], upon lands purchased from the Swedes, lying between the Delaware 
and the Schuylkill rivers. The boundaries of streets were marked upon the 
trunks of the chestnut, walnut, pine, and other forest trees Avhich covered 
the land,' and the city was named Philadelphia, which signifies hr^otJierhj love. 

1. Son of fin officer in Cromwc'll's array, who purchased an estate near New York, known as Morrisiana. 
He died in 1746. A part of that estate yet [1865] remains in possession of the Morris family. 

2. Vevse 12, page 7li. 3. Verse 11, paire 76. 
4. Ky his direction, his agent, William Marl<ham, had opened a friendly correspondence with the Indians, 

and Penn himself had addressed a letter to them, assuring them of his love and brotherly feelings toward 
th^m. 

.5. Tlie Penn Society of Philadelphia erected a monntnent upon the spot where th;? venerable elm stood. 
The tree was blown down in ISiO, and was found to be 2RS yenrs Old. The monument is near the inter- 
section of llaunver and Beach-streets, Kensington, Philadelphia. 

6. King Philip's War, page 99 7. Verse 12, page 76. 

8. This fact was the origin of the names of Chestnut, Walnut, Pine, Spruce, and other streets in Phila- 
delphia. For many years after the city was laid out, these street marks remained, and afforded shade to 
the inhabitants. 



Questions. — 1. How was the State of Pennsylvania founded? Can you relate the particulars of Penn's 
treaty with the Indians? What effect did liis kindness h"ve upon them? 2. Relate the circumstances con- 
cerning the founding and early growth of Philadelphia. What were the prospects of the new State f 



PENNSYLVANIA. 13 1 




Liberal government of Pennsylvania. Discontants. Penn's troubles and triumphs. 

VYitliin twelve months almost a hundred houses were erected,' and the In- 
dians came daily with wild fowl and venison, as presents tor tlieir "f^ood 
Father Penn." Never was a State blessed with a 
more propitious beginning, and internal peace and 
prosperity marked its course wJiile the Quakers 
controlled its councils. 

3. Penn convened a second Assembly at Phila- 
delphia, in March, 1683, and then gave the people 
a "Charter of Liberties," so ample and just, that 
the government was really a representative democ- 
racy. Fn.'O religious toleration was ordained, and 
laws for the promotion of pubUc and private moral- 
ity were framed.'^ Unlike other proprietors, Penn surrendered to the people 
his rights in the appointment of officers, and until his death, his honest and 
highest ambition appeared to be to promote the happiness of the colonists. 

4. Penn returned to England in August, 1684, leaving five membere of the 
Council, and Thomas Lloyd as president, to administer the government dar- 
ing his absence. Soon afterward, the Enghsh Revolution occurred [1688] and 
Kincr James was driven into exile.^ Penn's personal regard for James con- 
tinued after his fall ; and for that loyalty, which had a deeper spring than 
mere political considerations, he was accused of disaffection to the new gov- 
ernment,* and suffered imprisonments. Li the mean while discontent had 
sprung up in Pennsylvania, and the " three lower counties on the Delaware,"^ 
offended at the action of some of the Council, withdrew [April 11, 1G91J 
from the Union." Penn yielded to their Avishes so far as to appoint a separate 
deputy -governor for them. 

5. Penn's provincial government was taken from him in 1692 [Oct. 31], and 
Pennsylvania was placed under the authority of Governor Fletcher of New 
York, who reunited the Delaware counties [May, 1693], to the parent prov- 
ince. All suspicions of Penn's disloyalty having been removed in 1694, his 
chartered rights were restored to liim [Aug. 30], and he appointed his original 
agent, William Markham, deputy-governor. He returned to America at the 
close of 1699 and found the people discontented, and clamorous for greater 
political privileges. He gave them a new frame of government [Nov. 6, 
1701], more liberal in its concessions than the former. It was cheerflilly ac- 
cepted by the Pennsylvania people, but those of the Delaware territories, 

1. Markham, Penn's af^ent. erected a house Tor the proprietor's nse, in 1682. Arothcr, and finer hoire 
was occupied bv Peiin in 17(X). It yet remains on the corner of Norris's alley and Second stieel. It «as 
the residence of TJeneral Arnold in 1778. Note 5, papre 226. 

-'. It was- ordained "that to prevent lawsni!s, three arbitrators, to be called Peace Makers, should he 
appointed by the county courts, to hear and determine small differences between man and man ; that child- 
ren should be taupht some usefnl trade ; that factors wrorpinp: their employers should make salisfaclion 
and one third over ; thit all canses for irreligion and vulgarity should be repressed, and that no man should 
be molested for his religious opinions." 

3. Note 9, page 89. 4. Verse 29, page 89. 5. Verse II, page 70. 6. Verse 13, page 76. 

Questions. — X What new form of government was given to the colony? What were Penn's sims? 
What caused the prosperity of his colony? ' Wliat occurred soon after Penn's return to Kngh— -I? 
What was the consequence of his loyalty? What did discontent effect? .'i. What occurred in 1''92? Why 
were Pein's lighls re.stored ? What concessions did he make to the coloni.sts? What took place ia 
Delaware? 



132 COLONIES. 



Dealli of Penn. Shaftesbury's and Locke's grand scheme of government. 



whose delegates had already withdrawn from the Assembly, [Oct. 20], evi- 
dently aiming at independence, declined it. Penn acquiesced in their decision, 
and allowed them a distinct Assembly. This satisfied them, and their first 
independent legislature was convened at Newcastle in 1703. Although 
Pennsylvania and Delaware ever afterward continued to have separate legis- 
latures, they were under the same governor until 177G. 

6. Penn returned to England in December 1701, and never virited America 
again. His departure was hastened by the ripening of a ministerial project 
for abolishing all the proprietary governments in America. His health soon 
afterward declined, and at his death he left his American possessions to his 
three sons (Thomas, John, and Richard), then minors, who continued to 
administer the government, chiefly through deputies, until the War for Inde- 
pendence in 1776. Then the commonwealth of Pennsylvania purchased all 
the claims of Penn's heirs in the province, for about five hundred and eighty 
thousand dollars.' 



SECTION IX. 

THE CAROLINAS. [1665-1680.] 

1. When settlements within the domain of the Carolinas became perma- 
nent," and tides of emigration, from various sources, flowed thitherward, the 
proprietors began to have gorgeous visions of an empire in America, that 
should outshine those of the Old World. It then became tlieir first care to 
frame a constitution of government with functions adequate to the grand 
design, and to this task, the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the ablest statesmen 
of his time, and John Locke, the eminent philosopher, were called. They 
completed their labors in March, 1669, and the instrument was called tlie 
Fundamental Constitutions.'^ It was in the highest degree monarchical in its 
character and tendency, and contemplated the transplantation, in America, 
of all the ranks and aristocratic distinctions of European society.* The spirit 
of the whole tiling was adverse to the feelings of the people, and its practi- 
cal development was an impossibility ; so, afi:er a contest between proprietors 

1. On account of the expenses incurred in Pennsylvania, Penn was compelled to borrow $SO,000, and 
mortgage his province as security. This was the commencement of the State debt of Pennsylvania. 

2. Verse 4, jiage 77, anil verse 6, page 7S. 

S. It consist-s of one hundred and twenty articles, and is supposed to have been the production, chiefly, of 
the mind of Shaftesbury. 

4. There were to be two orders of nobility ; the hipher to consist of landpi avcs, or earl$. the lower of 
cacicpies or liaromf. The territory was to be divided into counties, each coritaininK SO.UliO acres, with one 
landgrave and two cariancs. Tlicre were alFO to be lords of ninrors, who, lil.o the lobles, might lifild 
ciinriB and exercise judicial functions. Persons holrtinp 50 acres, were to be freeholders : the tenants held 
ropolitiral frarchise and could never attain to a bipher rank. The four estates of Proprietors, Earls, 
Barons and (^ommons, were to sit in one legislative chamber. The Proprietors were always (o be eipht m 
number, to possess the whole judicial power, and have the supreme control of all tribunals. Q he Coni- 
mons were to bave four members in the legislature to every three of (he nobility. But in aristocratic 
majoritv was always secured, and the real representatives of i\ie fienple had no power. Kvery religion was 
professedly tolerated, but the church of Kngland only was declared to be orthodox. Such is an outline or 
the absurd scheme proposed for governing the free colonists of the Carolinas. 

Qui^STiONS.— 6. Why did Penn hasten from America? How did he leave his province at his death, and 
how was it povrt cd? 1. What did the proprietors of the Carolinas hope for? Who framed a snbeme of 
government 1 What was its character? 



THE CAROLINAS. 133 



Revolution in North Carolina. Firmness of the people. Sothel the plunderer. 



and colonists, for twenty years, the magnificent scheme was abandoned, and 
the people were allowed to govern themselves, in their own more simple 
way.' 

2. The disorders which prevailed when the first attempts were made to 
impose Shaftesbury's scheme of government upon the people, soon ripened 
into rebellion, especially in the Albemarle or northern" colony." Excessive 
taxation and commercial restrictions bore heavily upon the industry of 
the people, and engendered wide-spread discontent. This was fostered 
by refugees from Virginia, after " Bacon's rebellion" [1G7G],' who sought 
shelter among the people below the Roanoke. They scattered, broadcast, 
over a generous soil, vigorous ideas of popular freedom, and a year after 
Bacon's deatli^ the people of the Albemarle County Colony^ revolted. The 
immediate cause of this movement was the attempt of the acting governor to 
enforce the revenue laws against a New England vessel. Led on by John 
Culpepper, a refugee from the Carteret County Colony of South Carolina," 
the people seized the chief magistrate [Dec. 10, 1677] and the public funds, 
imprisoned him and six of his council, called a new Assembly, appointed a 
new magistrate and judges, and for two years conducted the affairs of gov- 
ernment independent of foreign control. 

3. Culpepper went to England to plead the cause of the people, and was 
arrested and tried on a charge of treason. Shaftesbury procured liis acquit- 
tal, and he returned to the Carolinas.' Quiet was restored to the colony, and 
until the arrival of the unprincipled Seth Sothel (one of the proprietors), as 
governor, the people enjoyed repose. Thus early the inhabitants of that 
feeble colony practically asserted the grand political maxim, that taxation 
without representation, is tyranny,^ for the defense of which our Revolution- 
ary fathers fought, a century afterward. 

4. Sothel arrived in North Carolina in 1683. He plundered the people, 
cheated the proprietors, and on all occasions prostituted his office to purposes 
of private gain. After enduring his oppression almost six years, the people 
seized him [1689], and were about sending him to England to answer their 
accusations before the proprietors, when he asked to be tried by the colonial 
Assembly. The favor was granted, and he was sentenced to banishment for 
one year, and a perpetual disqualification for the office of governor. Ho 
Avithdrew to the southern colony, where we shall meet him again." His suc- 
cessor, Philip Ludwell, an energetic, incorruptible man, soon redressed the 
wrongs of the people, and restored order and good leelings. Governors Har- 

1. A povemor wilh r council of twelve — six chosen by the propvietors, and six by (he Assembly — and a 
House of Delegates chosen by the freeholders. ". Verse :', p'ape 77. 

3. Verse -.O, pasreST. 4. Verse -.5, pape 88. .">. Verse 2, pape 77. 6. Verse 6, pape 7P. 

7. Cnlpcppev afterward beeame snrveyor-peneral of the province, and in nR'', he was employed in laying 
out the new city of Charleston (verse (i, pape 1^1. His previous expulsion from the southern colony was 
on account of liis connection with a rebellious movement in 1672. 

8. V crse G, pape 173. 9. Verse 0, page IXk 

Qri5STioNS. — 2. What causes led to disturbances in the rorthern colony ? Who increased the discontents? 
What did the colonists do? 3. What did Culpcpne- do? What principle did the people proclaim ? 4. What 
misfortune occui red to the colonists? Wh.at did they do with their povernor? What 1 e';;ored quiet f 



134 



COLONIES. 



Progrees of South Carolina. 



Founding of CharlcBton. 



vey and Walker also maintained quiet and good will among the people. And 
the good Quaker, John Archdale, who came to govern both Carolinas in 1695, 
placed the colony in a position for attaining future i:)ro5perity, hitherto un- 
known. 

5. While these events were transpiring in the northern colony, the pt>ople 
of the Carteref or southern colony, w^ere steadily advancing in wealth and 
numbers. Their first popular legislature of which we have records, was con- 
vened in 1674," but it exhibited an unfavorable specimen of republican gov- 
ernment. Jarring interests and conflicting creeds produced violent debates 
and irreconcilable discord. For a long time the colony was distracted by 
quarrels, and anarchy prevailed. At length the Stono Indians gathered in 
bands and plundered the plantations of grain and cattle, and even menaced 
the settlers with destruction. The appearance of this common enemy healed 
their dissensions, and the people went out as brothers to chastise the plun- 
derers. They completely subdued the Indians in 1680. Many of them were 
made prisoners and sold for slaves in the West Indies, and the Stonoes never 
afterward had a tribal existence. 

6. While thus annoyed by the Indians, many English families crossed the 
Ashley and seated themselves upon the more eligible locality of Oyster Point, 

where they founded the present city 
(jf Charleston,^ in 1680. There a 
flourishing village soon appeared; 
and after the subjugation of the In- 
dians,* the old settlement Avas aban- 
doned. The Dutch settlers^ spread 
over the country along the Edisto 
and Santee, and planted the seeds 
of future flourishing communities, 
while immigrants from different parts 
of Europe and from New England 
swelled the population of Charleston 
and vicinity. 

7. Another popular legislature convened at Charleston in 1682. It ex- 
hibited more harmony than the first, and several useful laws were framed. 
Immigration was now pouring in a tide of population more rapid than any of 

2. tC seUlerfb'onght with <hem an unfinished ^^ov^ ot ih^" FundammUd ConMHirti^," h\iti^e7^t 
ice peroeiye.1 the imposrihility of conformitv (o ihat scheme of Fovcniment. Thcv held a P^'fT^^^'^ri*^ 
invention" in 16:2, and twenty delegates were elected by (he people to .,ct wiil» the Ko^"n"'^a"''j«""<^VA 




CUAELLSTON IN 1080. 



once 

con 

as a legislature. Thu 

have been very successful; and a legislature prope 



twenty delegate -..- ^ — • • i_ j t. •* 

early, representative government w:is established, but its operations 
----- of which we have any record, was not organized until 



1674, when an upper and a lower House were cslablished, and laws for (he province were enacted. 

3. Note 7, page mS. The above engraving illustrates (he manner of fortifving towns, as a defense againsi 
foes. It cxhilnts the wiills of Charleston in If. 0. and the location of churches in 1704. The points marKea 
a a a, etc., arc bastions for cannons. P, English church ; Q, French church •, R, Independent church ; S, 
Anabaptist church ; and T, Quaker meetinghouse. 

J. Verse 17, page 1.S7. 

.■5. They had founded the village of Jamestown, several miles up the Ashley river. 

QnESTiONS.— ."i. What was doing in (he southern colonv? WhaMrnnhles disturbed the peoi\U? Wliat did 
they achieve? f".. Where was a new settlement commenced? What became of the old one? Wliat immi- 
grants came ? 



THE CAROLINAS. 135 



Huguenots. Troubles in South Carolina. Sothel in that province. 

tho colonies below New England had yet experienced. Ireland, Scotland ' 
Holland, and France, conti'ibuted largely to the flowing stream. In 1G8G-7 
quite a large number of Huguenots, Avho had escaped from the severe trou- 
bles which were revived in France by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes "^ 
landed at Charleston. English hatred of the French'-' caused the settlers to 
look with jealousy upon these refugees; and for more than ten years [1686 to 
1G97] they were denied the rights of citizenship. 

8. The people of South Carolina continued restive under the proprietary 
rule ; and, like their brethren of the northern colony, they refused to accept 
Shaftesbury's complicated scheme of government.'' James Colleton, brother 
of one of the proprietors, was appointed governor in 1686, and was vested 
with full powers to bring the colonists into submission. His administration 
of about four years was a veiy turbulent one. He was in continual collision 
with the people, and at length drove.them to open rebelhon. They seized the 
public records, imprisoned the secretary of the province, and called a new 
Assembly. Pleading the danger of an Indian or a Spanish invasion,^ the gov- 
ernor called out the militia, and proclaimed the i^rovince to be under martial 
Iaw.° This measure only increased the exasperation of the people, and he 
was impeached, and banished from the province [1690], by th^ Assembly. 

9. It was in the midst of this turbulence and misrule that Sothel arrived 
from North Carolina, pursuant to his sentence of banishment,' and the people 
unwisely consented to liis assumption of the office of governor." They soon re- 
pented their want of judgment. For two years he plundered and oppressed 
them, and then the Assembly impeached and banished him [1692]. Then 
came Philip Ludwell to re-estabhsh the authority of the proprietors, but the 
people, thoroughly aroused, resolved not to tolerate even so good a man as he, 
if his mission was to enforce obedience to the absurd Fundamental Constitu- 
tions.^ After a brief and turbulent administration, he gladly withdrew to 
Virginia, and soon afterward the proprietors abandoned Shaftesbury's scheme 
[1693], and the good Quaker, John Archdale, was sent [1695] to administer 
a more simple and republican form oi government, for both the Carolinas. 

10. Archdale's administration was short, but highly beneficial.'" He healed 

1. In 16-4, Lord Cardon, and ten Scotch families, who had suffered persecution, came to South Carolina, 
and settled at Port Royal. The Spaniards at St. Augustine claimed jurisdiction over Port Royal, and duiii g 
the absence of Cardon [168 i], they attacked and dispersed the settlers, and desolated their plantations. 

2. In the city of Nantes, Henry the Kourth of France issued an edict in 1598, in favor of the llnpuenots, 
or Protestants, allowing them free toleration. The proflieate Louis Iho Fourteenth, stung with remorse in 
his old age, songht to gain the favor of heaven bv bringing his whole people into (he botoni of the Roman 
Catholic Church. He revoked the famous edict in IftSfi, and instantly active opposition to the HugnenoiB 
was kindled throughout the empire. Many thousands of the Protestants left France and found refi ge iji 
other countries. :-.. Verse ;^, page 148. 4. Verse 1, page 1' 2. 

5. The Spaniards at St. Augustine had menaced the English se'tlemcts in South Carolina, and, as we 
have seen (note 1), had actually broken up a little Scotch colonv at Port Royal. 

t). Note l.S, page 138. " " 7. Verse 4, page 1?.'^. 

^. On his arrival, Sothel took sides with the people against Colleton, and thus, in the moment of their 
anger, he unfortunately gained their good-will and mnfidi-nce. 0. Verse 1, page l.'i2. 

10. The culture of rice was introduced into South Carolina during Archdale's administration. Some seed 
was given to the governor hv the captain of a vessel from Madagascar. It was distributed among seveial 
planters, and thus its cultivation began. 



QtJESTiovs.— 7. What was done at Charleston inFR"?? What immigrants were fillre South Carolina 7 
How did the English regard snm" of them ? 8. TInwdid they regard the Constitution m.idc hv P'l.nftesburv ? 
Whnt troubles did efforts to enforce it, effect? '.). What unwise act did the people perform ? Wh:it was the 
result? and how were they relieved? 



136 COLONIES, 



Progress of North Carolina. Terrible Massacre by the Indians. 

dissensions, establislied equitable laws, and so nearly eflected an entire recon- 
ciliation of the English to the French settlers, that in the year succeeding his 
departure from the province, the Assembly admitted the latter [1G97] to all 
the privileges of citizens and freemen. From the close of Archdale's adminis~ 
tration, the progress of the two Carolina colonies should be considered as sep- 
arate and distinct, although they were not politically separated until 1729.' 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

11. The permanent prosperity of North Carolina may be dated from the ad- 
ministration of Archdale," when the colonists began to turn their attention to 
the interior of the country, where richer soil invited the agriculturist, and the 
fur of the beaver and otter allured the adventurous hunter. The Indians 
along the sea-coast were melting away like frost in the sunbeams. The 
powerful Hatteras tribe,' which numbered three thousand in Raleigh's time, 
were reduced to fifteen bowmen ; another tribe had entirely disappeared ; and 
the remnants of some others had sold their lands or lost them by fraud, and 
were driven back to the deep wilderness. Indulgence in strong drinks, and 
other vices of civilization, had decimated them, and their beautiful land, all the 
way to the Yadkin and Catawba, was speedily opened to the sway of the 
white man. 

12. In 1705, religion began to exert an influence in North Carolina, and 
the first Anglican** church edifice was then built in Chowan county. The 
Quakers^ multiplied ; and in 1707 a company of Huguenots," who had settled 
in Virginia, came and sat down upon the beautiful banks of the Trent, a trib- 
utary of the Neuse river. Two years later [1709], a hundred German fam- 
ilies, driven from their homes on the Rhine, by persecution, penetrated the 
interior of North Carolina, and under Count GrrafFenried, founded settlements 
along the head waters of the Neuse, and upon the Roanoke. 

13. A fearful calamity now fell upon the inhabitants of the interior. The 
broken Indian tribes made a last effort, in 1711, to regain the beautiful coun- 
try they had lost. The leaders in the conspiracy to crush the white people, 
were the Tuscaroras' of the inland region, and the Corees^ fin-ther south and 
near the sea-board. They fell, like hghtning from the clouds, upon the scat- 
tered German settlements along the Roanoke and Pamhco Sound. In one 
night [October 2, 1711], one hundred and thirty persons perished by the 
hatchet. Along Albemarle Sound, the savages swept with the knife of mur- 
der in one hand, and the torch of desolation in the other, and for three days 
they scourged the white people, until disabled by flitigue and drunkenness. 

14. The people who escaped the massacre called upon their brethren of the 

1. Verse 23, page 139. 2. Verse <l, page 135. ?. Note 10, page 15. 

4. The Established Church of England was so called to distinguish it from the Romish Church. 

5. Verse 18, page 97. 6. Verse 7, page 134, and page ?». 
7. Verse 4, pane IS, and verse 5, page 19. H. Verse 11, page 1:. 
Questions.— 10. What was ihe character of Archdale's admini.stration? What public good did it efTeot? 

11. When did the prosperity of Norili (Jarolina begin ? How were the Indians affected by Ihe white people? 

12. What good was manifested in North Carolina? What new immigrants came? 13. What great calam- 
ity befell the settlers? Can you relate the circumstances? 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 137 



Subjugation of tlie Indians. Expedition against St. Augustine. Indians chastised. 

southern colony for aid ; and Colonel Barnwell, with a party of Carolinians 
and friendly Indians of the southern nations,' marched to their relief He 
drove the Tuscaroras to their fortified town in the present Craven county, 
and there made a treaty of peace with them. His troops violated the treaty 
on their way back, by outrages upon the Indians, and soon hostilities were 
renewed. Late in the year [December, 1712], Colonel Moore- arrived from 
South Carolina with a few white men and a large body of Indians, and drove 
the Tuscaroras to their fort in the present Greene county, where he made 
[March, 1713] eight hundred of them prisoners. The remainder of the Tusca- 
roras fled northward in June, and joining their kindred on the southern bor- 
ders of Lake Ontario, they formed the sixth nation of the celebrated Iroquois 
confederacy in the province of New York.' A treaty of peace was made 
with the Corees in 1715, and North Carolina never afterward suflfered from 
Indian hostihties.'' 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

15. Soon after the commencement of Queen Anne's war^ [^^7; 1*^02], 
Governor Moore of South Carolina proposed an expedition against the Span- 
iards at St. Augustine.^ The Assembly assented, and appropriated almost 
ten thousand dollars for the service. Twelve hundred men (one half Indians) 
were raised, and proceeded, in two divisions, to the attack. The main di- 
vision, under the governor, went by sea, to blockade the harbor ; and the re- 
mainder proceeded along the coast, under the command of Colonel Daniels. 
The latter arrived first, and attacked and plundered the town. The Spaniards 
retired within their fortress, with provisions for four months ; and as the Car- 
olinians had no artillery, their position was impregnable. 

16. Daniels was sent to Jamaica, in the West Indies, to procure battery 
cannon, but before his return, two Spanish ships had appeared, and so fright- 
ened Governor Moore that he raised the blockade, and fled. Daniels barely 
escaped capture, on his return, but he reached Charleston in safety. This ill- 
advised expedition burdened the colony with a debt of more than twenty- 
six thousand dollars, for the payment of which, bills of credit Avere issued. 
This was the first emission of paper money in the Carolinas. 

17. An expedition against the Apalachiari' Indians (who were in league 
with the Spaniards), undertaken by Governor Moore toward the close of the 
following year [December, 1703], was more successful. Their chief villages 
were between the Alatamaha and Savannah rivers. These were desolated. 
Almost eight hundred Indians were taken prisoners, and the Avhole territory 
of the Apalacliians was made tributary to the English. 

1. They consisted of Creeled, CatatrlxiK, Chn-ol-eey, and Yamns?ee«. See pages 19 to 23, inclusive. 

2. A son of James Moore, who was Kovernor of South Carolina in 1700. 3. Verse r-, page 19. 
4. The province issued bills of credit (for the first time) to the amount of about forty thousand dollars, to 

defray the expenses of the war. 5. Verse ■4:\ pnRe 107. 6. Verse 15, page 39. 

7. A tribe of the Molnlian family [verse 1, page •;2], situated south of the Savannah river. 

QtiKSTiONS.— 14. ITnw were the Indians chastised? Tan yon relate other hostile events? Wliat led to per- 
manent peace? l.'j. What expedition was proposed in 170.'? How was it attempted? 1 5. Can yon rcl.itc the 
progress and the result of the expedition ? 1 . What other expedilion was undertaken? How did it end? 



188 COLONIES. 



The Anglican church. Spanish invasion. Kindling of an Indian war. 

18. The province had scarcely become tranquil after this chastisement of 
the Indians, when a new cause for disquietude appeared. Some of the pro- 
prietors had long cherished a scheme for estabUshing tlie Anglican Churcli,' as 
the State religion, in tlie CaroUnas. Governor Johnson, with a majority of 
Churchmen in the Assembly, accomplished it, and Dissenters^ were excluded 
from all public offices. This was a usurpation of chartered rights, and the 
aggrieved party laid the matter before the imperial ministiy. Their cause was 
sustained; and by order of Parliament, the colonial Assembly repealed the 
law of disfranchisement [November, 170G], but tlie Church maintahied its ex- 
alted position until the Revolution. 

19. The attack upon St. Augustine' excited the ire of the Spaniards, and an 
expedition, composed of five French and Spanish vessels,* with a large body 
of troops, was sent from Havana to assail Charleston, take possession of the 
province, and annex it to the Spanish domain of Florida.* The squadron 
crossed Charleston bar [May, 1706], and about eight hundred troops were 
landed at different points. The people seized tiieir arms, and led by the gov- 
ernor and Colonel Rhett, they drove the invaders back to their vessels, after 
killing or capturing almost three hundred men. So the storm which appeared 
so suddenly and threateningly, was dissipated in a day. 

20. A more formidable tempest brooded over the colony a few years later, 
Avhen a general Indian confederacy was secretly formed, to exterminate the 
white people by a single blow. Within forty days, in the spring of 1715, 
the Indian tribes from the Cape Fear to tiie St. Maiy's, and back to the 
mountains, had coalesced in the conspiracy ; and before the people of Charles- 
ton had any intimation of danger, one hundred white victims had been sacri- 
ficed in the remote settlements. The Cree/cs," Ynmasees,'' and Apalachian^ 
on the south, confederated with the Cherokees,^ Catawbas,'" and Congarces^^ 
on the west, in all six thousand strong ; while more than a thousand warriors 
issued from the Neuse region, to avenge their misfortunes in the wars of 
1712-13.'^ It was a cloud of fearful portent, that hung in the sky ; and the 
people were filled with terror, for they knew not at what moment the con- 
suming lightning miglit leap forth. 

21. At this fearful crisis. Governor Craven acted with the utmost wisdom 
and energy. He took measures to prevent men from leaving the colony ; to 
secure all the arms and ammunition that could be found, and to arm faithful 
negroes to assist the white people. He declared the province to be under 
martial law," and then, at the head of twelve hundred men, black and white, 

1. Note t, paRe 10. 2. Note 1, pace 61. 3. Verse 15, pape39. 

4. It will be lemembereil [verse 4?, page 107 j ttat iu 170J, England declared war against France, and that 
Spain was a party to the quarrel. 5. Verse 18, page 3:'. 

r.. Verse 2, page 22. 7. Verse 4, page 22. 8. Note 7, page ir.7. 9. Verse 1, page 20. 

10. Verse 1, page 19. 

11. This was a small tribe which inhabited the country in the vicinty of Colnmbia, South Carolina. 
V2. Verse 1 ', page l.Sfi. 

13. Martial law may be proclaimed by nilcrs, in an emergency, and the ci\nl law, for the time being, is 

QUESTIONS.— IS. What new cause di<:tiir)ipfl t)ie repose of the colonists? What arbitrary measures were 

adopted? How were they opposed? 19. What effect did the attack on St. A ugustine produce ? Tan yen 

relate the circumstances attending the attempted invasion of South Carolina by the Spaniards? 20 What 

danger threatened South Carolina? What tribes formed a confederacy? 



GEORGIA. 139 

Close of the Indian war. The Carolinas become royal provinces. 

he marched to meet the foe who were advancing, with the knife, hatchet, and 
torch in fearful activity. The Indians were at first victorious, but after several 
bloodj encounters, the Yamassees and their southern neighbors were driven 
across the Savannah [May, 1715], and halted not until they found refuge 
under Spanish guns at St. Augustine. The Cherokees and their northern 
neighbors had not yet engaged in the war, and they returned to their hunt- 
ing grounds, deeply impressed witli tlie strength and greatness of tlie white 
people. 

22. The proprietary government was now drawing to a close. While the 
labors of the people were building up a prosperous .state, the proprietors re- 
fused assistance to them in times of danger, or reimbursement of money 
expended in the protection of the province from invasion. The whole burden 
of debt incurred in the war with the Yamassees^ was left upon the shoulders 
of the colonists. The proprietors not only refused to pay any portion of it, 
but enforced their claims for quit-rents, with great severity. Perceiving no 
hope in the future, but in the royal rule and protection, the inhabitants met 
in convention ; resolved to forswear all allegiance to the proprietors ; and 
appointed [Dec. 21, 1719], Colonel Moore' governor of the colony. The 
matter was laid before the imperial government, when the colonists were sus- 
tained, and South Carolina became a royal province.'' 

23. The people of the northern province^ also resolved on a change of 
government ; and after a continued controversy for ten years, the proprietors 
sold all their claims to the soil and incomes in both provinces to the king. 
North and South Carolina were then separated. George Burrington was 
appointed the first royal governor over the former, and Robert Johnson over 
the latter. From that period until the commencement of the French and 
Indian war,* the general history of the Carolinas presents but few features 
of interest, except the efforts made for defending the colony against the Span- 
iards and the Indians. The people gained very little by a change of owners ; 
and during forty-five years, until the Revolution made the people independent, 
there was a succession of disputes with the royal governors. 



SECTION X. 

GEORGIA. [1732.] 

1. Oglethorpe's colony on the Savannah'^ rapidly increased in numbers, and 
within eight years, twenty-five hundred emigrants were sent over, at an ex- 
made subservient to the military. This object is to allow immediate and energetic action for repelling in- 
vasions, or for other purposes. 1. Note 2, page 1 "• 

2. The first governor, by royal appointment, was Francis Nicholson, who had been successively governor 
of New York [verse 17, page lU], Maryland, Virginia, ii"d Nova Scntia. 

3. Verse 4, page 77. 4. Chap. IV., Sec. XII., page 1-t, . 5. Verse 5, page 79- 

Qdestions. — -1. What measures did the governor adopt ? Can you relate the incidents and results of tfio 
war? What tribes were nf)t engage I . 2'. How were the pconle treated by the proprietors? Wliatdidthe 
people do? 23. What changes took place in tlie two prcvi.ices? How did the change affect the people? 



140 COLONIES. 



The Georgia colony. Wesley and Whitefield. Movements of the Spaniai-ds. 

pense to the Trustees' of four hundred thousand dollars. Yet prosperity did 
not bless the enterprise. Many of the settlers were unaccustomed to habits 
of industry, and were mere drones ; and as the use of slave labor was pro- 
hibited, tillage was neglected. Even the industrious Scotch, German, and 
Swiss families Avho came over previous to 1740, could not give that vitality 
to industrial pursuits which was necessary to a development of the resources 
of the country. 

2. Oglethorpe went to England, and returned in 1736, with about three 
hundred immigrants. Among them were one hundred and fifty Highlanders, 
well skilled in mihtary affairs. These constituted the first army of the colony 
during its early struggles. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist denomi- 
nation, also came with Oglethorpe, to make Georgia a religions colony, and to 
spread the gospel among the Indians. He was unsuccessful ; for his strict 
moral doctrines, and his rigid discipline, made him unpopular among the great 
mass of the colonists, who winced at restraint. The eminent George White- 
field also visited Georgia [1738], when only twenty-three years of age, and 
succeeded in establishing an orphan asylum near Savannah, which flourished 
many years, and was a real blessing. The Christian efforts of those men, 
prosecuted with the most sincere desire for the good of their fellow-mortals, 
Avere not appreciated. Their seed fell upon stony ground, and after the death 
of Whitefield [1770] his " House of Mercy" in Georgia, deprived of his sus- 
taining influence, became a desolation. 

3. The rapid increase of the new colony excited the jealousy of the Span- 
iards at St. Augustine, and the vigilant Oglethorpe prepared to oppose any 
hostile movements agains his settlements. He established a fort at the site 
of Augusta, as a defense against the Indians, and he erected fortifications at 
Darien, on Cumberland Island, at Frederica (St. Simon's Island), and on the 
north bank of the St. John, the southern boundary of the English claims. 
Spanish commissioners came from St. Augustine to protest against these 
jireparations, and to demand the immediate evacuation of the whole of 
Georgia, and of all South Carolina below Port Eoyal.'' Oglethorpe, of course, 
refused compliance, and the Spaniards threatened him with war. 

4. In the winter of 1736-7, Oglethorpe went to England, and returned the 
following Autumn [Oct. 1737], bearing the commission of a brigadier, and 
leading a regiment of sk hundred well-disciplined troops, for the defense of 
the whole southern frontier of the English possessions,^ but for two years 
their services were not much needed. In May, 1740, Oglethorpe marched 
for St. Augustine, with four hundred of his best troops, some volunteers from 

1. Verse 3, p.ige 79. 2. Note 1, page 135. 

.S. His coniinission gave him the command of the militia of South Carolina also, and he stood as u guard 
between the Englisli and Spanish possessions in the southern country. 



Questions,—!. How did Oglethorpe's colony progress? What causes retarded its prosperity ? 2. Who 
came with Oglettiorpe on his return from England in IT.'f? What religious and benevolent clTorls wore 
made? How did thev succeed? X Wliat events troubled the colonists? What preparations for war did 
Oglethorpe make? What demands were made by the Spaniards? 1. How were the Georgians prepared for 
defense in 1(37 ? Why was an expedition against Florida planned? How was it begun ? 



GEORGIA. 141 



Hostilities between the Georgians and the Spaniards. Oglethorpe's stratagem. 

■ South Carolina, and a large body of friendly Creek Indians,' in all, more than 
two thousand men. 

5. Oglethorpe captured two forts, one within two miles of the city ; but 
when he appeared before the town and fortress, and demanded instant sub- 
imission, he was answered by a defiant refusal. A small English tleet 
blockaded the harbor, and for a time cut off suppUes from the Spaniards, but 
swift-winged galleys" passed through and bore to the garrison several weeks' 
provisions. Oglethorpe had no artillery with which to attack the fortress, and 
being warned by the increasing licats of summer, and sickness in his camp, 
not to wait for their supplies to become exhausted, he raised the siege and 
returned to Savannah. 

6. The Spaniards, in turn, prepared to invade Georgia in the summer of 
1742. An armament fitted out at Havana and St. Augustine, consisting of 
thirty-six vessels, with more than three thousand troops, entered the harbor 
of St. Simon's, and landed a little above the town of the same name on 
the IGtli of July. Oglethorpe had been apprised of the intentions of the 
Spaniards, and made his head-quarters at his principal fortress at Frederica. 
He was at Fort Simon, near the landing-place of the invaders, with less than 
eight hundred men, exclusive of Indians, when the enemy appeared. He 
innnediately spiked the guns of the fort, destroyed his stores, and retreated to 
Frederica. There he anxiously awaited hoped-for reinforcements and sup- 
I^lies from Carolina, but in vain. 

7. Oglethorpe successfully repulsed several detachments of the Spaniards, 
who attacked him at Frederica,^ and finally he resolved to make a night assault 
upon the enemy's battery, at St. Simon's. A deserter (a French soldier) de- 
feated his plan ; but the sagacity of Oglethorpe caused the miscreant to be 
instrumental in driving the invaders from the coast. He bribed a Spanish 
prisoner to carry a letter to the deserter, which contained information respect- 
ing a British fleet that was about to attack St. Augustine.* Of coure the let- 
ter was handed to the Spanish commander, and the Frenchman was arrested 
as a spy. The intelligence in Oglethorpe's letter alarmed the enemy ; and 
while some ofl&cers were holding a council, some Carolina vessels, with sup- 
plies for the garrison at Frederica, appeared in the distance. Believing them 
to be part of the British fleet alluded to in the letter, the Spaniards determ- 
ined to attack the Georgians immediately, and then . hasten to St. Augustine. 
On their march to assail Frederica they were ambuscaded in a swamp. Great 
slaughter of the invaders ensued, and the place is still called Bloody Marsh. 

1. Verse '?, pape 22. 

2. A low built vessel propelled by bolh sails and oars. The war vessels of Uie ancients were nil pallcys. 
See N'lirnian vessel, page 27. 

3. The remains of Fort Frederica. so late as 1860, formed a very picturesque ruin on the plantation of 
W. W. Hazzard, Ksq , of St. Simon's Isiiind. 

4. Oglethorpe addressed the Frenchman as if he was a spy of the Enfrlish. He directed the deserter to 
represent the (Jeorgians as in a weak condition, to advise the Spaniards to attncl< them immediately, and to 
persuade the Spaniards to remain three days longer, within which time six Hritish men-of-war, and two 
thousand men from Carolina would probably enter the harbor of St. .-Vugrustine. 

QUKSTIONS. — ."'. Canyon rel.ite the iiiciilents of this experliiion ? What was (he result? C. What inva- 
sion of (ieorgia took place? How did Oglethoipe oppose Ilie Sp-'inin-d-^? 7- How did Oglelhoipo manage to 
drive the Spaniards away? Can you relate the incidents of the repulse? 



142 COLONIES. 



Salvation of Georgia. Condition of the province. A retrospect. 



The survivors retreated in confusion to their vessels, and sailed immediately 
to St. Augustine.' On their wa.j, they attacked [July 19] the English fort at 
the southern extremity of Cumberland Island,^ but were repulsed with the loss 
of two galleys. The whole expedition was so disastrous to the Spaniards, 
that the commander (Don Manuel de Monteano) was dismissed from the 
service. Oglethorpe's stratagem saved Georgia, and, perhaps, South Carolina, 
from utter ruin. 

8. Oglethorpe went to England in 1743, and never returned to Georgia, 
where, for ten years, he had nobly labored to establish an attractive asylum 
for the oppressed.^ He left the province in a tranquil state. The mild mili- 
tary rule under wliich the people had lived, was now changed to civil gov- 
ernment [1743], administered by a president and council, under the direction 
of the Trustees ■* yet the colony continued to languish. Several causes com- 
bined to produce this condition. We have already alluded to the inefficiency 
of most of the earlier settlers, and the prohibition of slave-labor.^ They 
were also deprived of the privileges of commerce and of traffic with the In- 
dians ; and were not allowed the ownership, in fee, of the lands which they 
cultivated.^ 

9. In consequence of these restrictions, there were no incentives to labor, 
except to supply daily wants. General discontent prevailed. They saw the 
Carolinas growing rich by the use of slaves, and by commerce with the West 
Indies. Gradually the restrictive laws Avere evaded. Slaves were brought 
from Carolina, and hired, first for a short period, and then for a hundred years, 
or for life. The price paid for life service was the money value of the slave, 
and the transaction was, practically, a sale and purchase. The slave-ships 
came to Savannah directly from Africa; slave labor was generally used [1750], 
and Georgia became a planting State. At the expiration of the twenty-one 
years named in the patent,' the trustees gladly resigned the charter into the 
hands of the king [1752] ; and from that time until the Revolution, Georgia 
lemained a royal province. 



SECTION XL 

A RETROSPECT. [1492-1750.] 

1. We have now considered the principal events which occurred within the 
domain of our Republic from the time of first discoveries [1492] to the com- 
mencement of the last inter-colonial war,* a hundred years ago, a period of 

1. They first bunied Fort Simon, but in their haste, ihey left several of their cannons and a quantity of 
their provisions beliinrl them. 

2. Fort Witliam. There was another small fort on the northern end of the island called Fort Andrew. 

3. Verse .% pnge '9. 4. Verse 3, page 79. 5. Verse 1, pagre 139. 

C. Verse 5, page 9'. 7. Verse 3, page 79. 8. Chap. IV., Sec XII., page 147. 

QtJESTiONS. — 8. In what condition did Oglethorpe leave the province? What yet retarded ; he progress rf 
the colony? 9. How was slave-labor introduced into Georgia? IIow did it affect its profperify? What 
change took place in 1752? 



A RETKOSPECT. 143 



General characteristics of the colonists. 



about two hundred and sixty years. During that time, fifteen colonies were 
planted,' thirteen of which were commenced within the space of about fifty- 
Bix years [1G07 to 1673]. By the union of Plymouth and Massachusetts,* 
and Connecticut and New Haven,' the number of colonies was reduced to 
thirteen, and these were they which went into the revolutionary contest in 
1775. 

2. Several European nations contributed vigorous materials for these col- 
onies ; and people of opposite habits, tastes, and religious faith, became com- 
mingled, after making impressions of their distinctive characters where their 
influence was first felt. England furnished the largest proportion of colonists, 
and her children always maintained sway in the government and industry of 
the whole country ; while Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Holland, France, Swe- 
den, Denmark, and the Baltic region, contributed large quotas of people. 
Churchmen and Dissenters/ Roman Catholics and Quakers,* came and sat 
down beside each other. For a while, the dissonance of nations and creeds 
prevented entire harmony, but the freedom enjoyed ; the perils and hardships 
encountered and endured ; the conflicts with pagan savages on the one hand, 
and of hierarchical" and governmental oppression on the other, which they 
maintained for generations, shoulder to slioulder, diSused a brotherhood of 
feeling throughout the whole social body of the colonists, and resulted in 
liarmony, sympathy, and love. And when, as chUdren of one family, they 
loyally defended the integrity of Great Britain (then become the "mother 
country" of nearly all) against the aggressions of the French and Indians^ 
[1756 to 1763], and yet were compelled, by the unkindness of that mother, to 
sever the filial bond,° [1"'76] all diObrences were forgotten, and they struck the 
dismembering blow as with one hand. 

3. The character of the people of the several colonies, differed according to 
their origin and influence of climate and pursuits. The Virginians and their 
southern neighbors, enjoying a mild climate, productive of tendencies to vo- 
luptuousness and ease, were from those classes of English society where a 
lack of rigid moral discipline allowed free living and its attendant vices. They 
generally exhibited less moral restraint, more hospitality, and greater frank- 
ness and social refinement than the people of New England. The latter were 
from among the middle classes, and included a great many religious en- 
tliusiasts, possessing more zeal than knowledge. They were extremely strict 
in their notions; very rigid in their manners, and jealous of strangers. Their 
early legislation, recognizing, as it did, the most minute regulations of social 

1. Virginia, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay. New Hampshire, Connerticnt, New Ilaven, Rhode Island, 
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, and Ueoifria. 

2. Verse 38, page 105. 3. Verse 4, page 1.9. 4. Note 1, papre 61. .5. Note 1, page '.8. 
fi. Hierarchy is, in a general sense, a priestly or ecclesiastical government. Such was the original form 

of government of the ancient Jews, when the priesthood held absolute rule. 
7. Chap. IV., Sec. XII., page 147. 8. Verse 10, page 202. 

Qdfstions. — 1. What events have we considered in the preceding pages ? What colonies were formed ? 
and what were their names in 1775 ? 2. What sort of people formed the colonies ? Wliv were Ihcy united ? 
How did lliey manifest unity ? 3. What determined the oharncler of the reople cf the £Ove:al colonies? 
Cau you give the general characteristics of those of each section of the country ? 



144 



COLONIES. 



New Englanders, Dutch, and Marylanders. 




life, often p'-^^^^t'^i fno'^I for merriment/ Yet their intentions were pure; 
their design was noble ; and, in a great degree, 
its vh'tuous purposes were accomplished. They 
aimed to make every member of society a 
Cliristian, according to their own pattern ; and 
they erected strong bulwarks against those little 
vices which compose great private and public 
evils. Dwelling upon a parsimonious soil, and 
possessing neither the means nor the inclination 
EARLY N. E. n(>usi;.-2 for suinptuous hving, their dwellings were sim- 

ple, and their liabits frugal. 

4. The manners, customs, and pursuits of the Dutch prevailed in New 
York, and portions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, even a century after 
the English conquest of New Netherlands [1664], and society had become 
permeated by English ideas and customs. They were plodding money- 
gettors : abhorred change and innovation, and loved ease. They possessed 
few of the elements of progress, but many of the substantial 
social virtues necessary to the stability of a State and the 
health of society. From these the Swedes and Finns upon 
the Delaware^ did not differ much ; but the habits of the 
Quakers, who finally predominated in West Jersey^ and 
Peiiu?ylvania,° were dilierent. They always exhibited a re- 
lined simplicity and equanimity, without ostentatious displays 
of piety, that won esteem ; and they were governed by a re- 
ligious sentiment without fanaticism, which formed a power- 
ful safeguard against vice and immorality. 

5. The early settlers of Maryland' were also less rigid 
inoialists than the New Englanders, and greater formalists in 
DUTcuiiAN. [lOGO.] religion. They were more refined, equally industrious, but 
lacked the stability of character and perseverance in pursuits, of the people 




1. They assumed the right to regulate the expenditures of the people, even for wearing apparel, accord- 
ing to their several incomes. The general court of Massachusetts, on one occasion, required the proper 
officers to notice the " apparel" of the people, especially their "ribands and great boots." Drinking of 
healths, wearing funeral badges, and many other things that seemed improper, were forbidden. At Hart- 
ford, the general court kept a constant eye upon the morals of the people. Freemen were compelled to vote 
under penalty of a fine of sixpence ; the use of tobacco was prohibited to persons under twenty years of 
age, without the certificate of a physician, and no others were allowed to use it more than once a day, and 
then they must be ten miles from any house. The people in Hartford were all obliged to rise in the morn- 
ing when the watchman rang his bell. These are but a few of the hundreds of similar enactments found on 
the records of the New England courts. In 1641, the Legislature of Massachusetts passed a law, which im- 
posed the penalty of a flogging upon any one who should kiss a woman in the streets. More than a hundied 
years afterward, this law was enforced in Boston. The captain of a British man-of-war happened to return 
from a cruise, on Sunday. His overjoyed wife met him at the wharf, and he kissed her several limes. The 
magistrates ordered him to be flogged. The punishment incurred no ignominy, and he associated fieely 
with the best citizens. When about to depart, the captain invited the magistrates and olhei.s on Ixard his 
vessel, to dine. When dinner was over, he caused all the magistrates to be flogged, on deck, in sight of the 
town. Then assuring them that he considered accounts settled between him and them, he dismissed them, 
and set sail. 

2. This is a picture of one of the oldest houses in New England , and is a favorable specimen of the best 
class of frame dwellings, at that time. It it is yet standing [l&Go), we believe, near Medfield, in MassB- 
cliuselts. 3. Verse 12, page 115. 4. Verse 4, page 73. 

5. Verse 4, page 1C8. 6. Verse 10, page "5. 7. Verse 1, page 64. 



Questions. — 4. What do yon know about the Dutch, Swedes, and Quakers? .5. What kind of people sct- 
t1e<l ilury land ? How did tliese several kinds of people agree at the beginning of the war for independence t 



A RETROSPECT. 145 



Pursuits of the coloaists. 



of the East. But at the close of the period we have been considering [175G], 
the pecuharities of the inhabitants of each section were greatly modified by 
mtermigration, and a general conformity to the necessities of their several con- 
ditions, as founders of new States in a wilderness. The tooth of religious 
bigotry and intolerance had lost its keenness and its poison, and when the 
representatives of the several colonies met in a general Congress,' [Sept. 1774] 
for tiie public good, they stood as brethren before one altar. 

6. Agriculture was necessarily the chief pursuit of the colonists, yet during 
the time we have considered, manufactures and commerce were not wholly 
neglected. Necessity compelled the people to make many things whicli their 
poverty would not allow them to buy ; and manual labor, especially in the 
New England provinces, was dignified from the beginning. The settlers came 
where a tlirone and its corrupting influences were unknown, and where the 
idleness and privileges of aristocracy had no abiding place. In the magnificent 
forests of the New World, where a feudal lord" had never stood, they began a 
life full of youth, vigor, and labor, such as the atmosphere of the elder gov- 
ernments of the earth could not sustain. They were compelled to be self- 
reliant, and what they could not buy from the workshops of England for their 
simple apparel, and furniture, and implements of culture, they rudely manu- 
factured,' and were content. 

7. Their commerce, too, had but a feeble inftmcy, and never, until they 
were politically separated from Great Britain [1776], could their interchange 
of commodities be properly dignified with the name of Commerce. England 
early became jealous of the independent career of the colonists in respect to 
manufactured articles, and navigation acts^ and other unwise and unjust re- 
straints upon the expanding industry of the Americans, were brought to bear 
upon them. As early as 163G, a Massachusetts vessel of thirty tons made a 
trading voyage to the West Indies; and two years later [1G38], another ves- 
sel went from Salem to New Providence, and returned with a cargo of salt, 

* cotton, tobacco, and negroes.^ This was the dawning of commerce in Amer- 
ica. The Eastern people also engaged quite extensively in fishing, and all 

1 Verse 35, pa^e 185. 2. Note 15, pase 48. 

3. From tlie beginning of colonization there were shoemakers, tailors, and blacksmiths in the several col- 
onies. Chalmers says of New England in Ui'.S : " There be fine iron works which cast no guns ; no house 
in New England has above twenty rooms ; not twenty in Boston have ten rooms each ; a dancing-school 
was setup here, but put down ; a fencing-school is allowed. There be no musicians by trade. AH cord- 
age, sailcloth, and mats, come from England ; no cloth made there worlh four shillings per yard ; no alum, 
no copperas, no salt, made by their sun." 

i. The first navigation act 1 16dl] forbade all importations into England, except in English ships, or those 
belonging to English colonies. In lOtiO, this act was confirmed, and unjust additions were made to it. The 
colonics were forbidden to export their chief productions to any country except to England or its dependen- 
cies. Similar acts, all bearing heavily upon colonial commerce, were made law, from time to time. Sco 
Note 3, page 85. 

5. This was the first introduction of slaves into New England. The first slaves introduced info the En- 
glish colonies, were those landed and sold in Virginia in 162n. (See Note 6, page 82.) Thcv were first rec- 
ognized as such, by law, in Massachusetts, in 1641 ; in Connecticut and Rhode Island, about l^l •. in New 
York in 1656 ; in Maryland in 1663 ; and in New Jersey in 1665. There were hut few slaves in Pennsylvania, 
and those were chiefly in Philadelphia. There were .^ome there as earlv as 1690. The people of rielawaro 
held some at about the same time. The introduction nf slaves into the Carolinns, was coeval with their set- 
tlement, and into Georgia about the year 1750, when the people generally evaded the prohibitory law. VcrsG 
9, page 142. 

QnESTlONS.— 6. What was the chief pursuit of the colonists ? Whv was labor dignified? What gave the 
colonists success? 7- What was the commerce of the colonies? Wliat hinderances did England make? 
What commercial efforts did the colonists make? What did Parliament do? 



146 COLONIES. 



Manufactures and government restrictions. 



were looking forward to wealth from ocean traffic, as well as from the land, 
when the passage [1660] of the second Navigation Act' evinced the jealousy 
of Great Britain. From that period, the attention of Parliament was often 
directed to the trade and commerce of the colonies; and in 1719, the House 
of Commons declared " that erecting any manufactories in the colonies, tended 
to lessen their dependence upon Great Britain." 

8. Paper, woolen goods, hemp, and iron were manufactured in Massachu- 
setts and other parts of New England, as eai-ly as 1732, and almost every 
family made coarse cloth for domestic use. Hats were manufactured and car- 
ried from one colony to the other in exchange ; and at about the same time, 
brigantines and small sloops were built in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, 
and exchanged with West India merchants for rum, sugar, wines, and silks. 

9. Unwisely considering the increase of manufactures in the colonies to be 
detrimental t > English interests, greater restrictions were ordained. It was 
enacted that all manufactories of iron anl steel in the colonies, should be con- 
sidered a " common nuisance," to be abated within thirty days after notice 
being given, or the owner should suffijr a fine of a thousand dollars." The ex- 
portation of hats even from one colony to another was prohibited, and no 
hatter was allowed to have more than two apprentices at one time. The im- 
portation of sugar, rum, and molasses, was burdened with exorbitant duties; 
and the Carolinians were forbidden to cut down the pine-trees of their vast 
forests, and convert their wood into staves, and their juice into turpentine and 
tar, for commercial purposes.^ These unjnst and oppressive enactments 
formed a part of that " bill of particulars" which the American colonies pre- 
sented in their account with Great Britain, when they gave to the world 
their reasons for declaring themselves " free and independent States." 

10. E-lucation received early and special attention in the colonies, particu- 
larly in New England. Schools for the education of both white and Indian 
children were formed in Virginia as early as 1621 ; and in 1692, William and 
Mary College was established at Williamsburg.'' The Reformed Dutch Church ' 
established a school in New Amsterdam, in 1633. Harvard College, at Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts, was founded in 1637. Yale C-jllege, in Connecticut, 
Avas established at Saybrook in 1701,^ and removed to its present location, in 

1. Note .3, pafieSe. 

2. A law was enacted in 1750, which prohibiteii the " erection or contrivance of any mill or other engine 
for slitting or rolling iron, or any plating forge to work with a tilt-hammer, or any furnace for making steel 
i 1 the colonies." Such was the condition of manufactures in the United Stales, one hundred years ago. 
Notwithstanding we are eminently an agricultural people, the census of 1850 shows that we have, in round . 
numbers, $530,l)IX),0f)0 invested in manufactures. The value of raw material is estimated at $.5,50,000,000. 
The amount paid for labor during thnt year, was $240,000,0''0, distributed among 1.050,000 operatives. The 
value of manufactured articles is estimated at more than a thousand millions of dollars ! 

.3. For a Inmdred years the British government attempted to confine the commerce of the colonies to the 
interchange of their agricultural products for Kngli.sh manufactures only. The trade of the growing col- 
onies was certainly worth securing. From 17.38 to 17 '8, the average value of exports from Great Britain to 
the American colonies, was almost three and a fjuarter millions of dollars annually. 

4. Tiie schools previously established did not flourish, and the funds appropriated for their support were 
given to the college. 

.5. In 1700, ten ministers of the colony met at Snybrook, and each contributed books for the establishment 
of a college. It was incorporated in 1701. See note 9, page 127. 

QtJFSTiONS.— 8. In what indu.strial pursuits did Nfw England people ererace? 0. What ininrions restric- 
tions did the British government impose? What did they lead to f 10. How was education fostered in the 
colonies ? What colleges were formed? 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 147 



Education. Common schools. Books and newspapers. 

New Haven, in 1717. It was named in honor of Eliliu Yale, president of the 
East India Company, and one of its most liberal benefactors. The college of 
New Jersey, at Pi'inceton, called Nassau Hall, was incorporated in 1738. 

11. But the pride and glory of New England has ever been its common 
schools. These received the earliest and most earnest attention. In 1036 
the Connecticut Legislature enacted a law which required every town that 
contained fifty flxmilies, to maintain a good school, and every town containin"' 
one hundred householders, to have a grammar-school.' Similar provisions 
for general education soon prevailed throughout New England ; and the peo- 
ple became remarkable for their intelligence. The rigid laws which dis- 
couraged all frivolous amusements, induced active minds, during leisure hours 
to engage in reading. The subjects contained in books then in general cir- 
culation, were chiefly History and Theology, and of these a great many were 
sold. A traveler mentions the fact that, as early as 1686, several booksellers 
in Boston had "made fortunes by their business.'"- But newspapers, the 
great vehicle of general intelligence to the popular mind of our day, were 
very few and of little worth, before the era of the Revolution.^ 

12. Such were the people, and such their political and social condition, at 
the commencement of the last inter-colonial war, which we are now to con- 
sider, during which they discovered their strength, the importance of a con- 
tinental union, and their real independence of Great Britain.* 



SECTION XII. 

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1756-1763.] 

1. The first three inter-colonial wars, or the conflicts in America between 
the English and French colonies, already noticed,^ originated in hostilities first 
declared by the two governments, and commenced in Europe. The fourth 

1 . These townships were, in peneral, organized religious communities, and had many interests in common. 

2. Previous to 1753, there liad been seventy booksellers in Massachusetts, two in New Hampshire, two in 
Connecticut, one in Rhode IsUinrt, two in New York, and seventeen in Pennsylvania. 

3. The first newspaper ever printed in America was the Bo.«ton A^eu-s i««fr,"printed in 1704. The next was 
established in Philafklphia in 1719. The first in New York was in 1725; in Maryland, in 1728: in South 
Carolina, in 1731 ; in Rho'le Island, in 17.32 ; in Virginia, in 1736 •, in New Hampshire, in 17.53 ; in t'onneclicnt, 
in 1755; in Delaware, in 17I'>1 ; in North Carolina, in 1763; in Georgia, in 1763; and in New Jcisey, in 1777. 
In 1.S50, there were puhlished in the United States, 2.800 newspapers and magazines, having a circulation of 
5,000,000 of copies. The niimher of copies printed in that year was about -23.0(10,000. 

4. We have no exact enumeration of the inhabitants of tlie colonies ; but Mr. Bancroft, after a careful ex- 
amination of many oflicial returns and private computations, estimates the number of white people in the 
colonies, at the commencement of the French and Indian w.ar. to have been about 1,16.', 000, distributed as 
follows : In New Kngland (N. H., Mass., R. I., and Conn.), 4L''5.000 ; in the middle colonies (N. Y., N. J., 
Penn., Del., and Md.), 457,001); and in the southern colonies (Va., N. and S. Carolina, and Ga.), 2\3,000. 
The estimated number of slaves, '"fiO.OO', of whom nhAi.t ll.O'O were in New England ; middle colonies, 
il,00l; and the southern colonies, 178,000. Of thel,lr)5,000 white people. Dr. Franklin estimated that only 
about 80,000 were of foreign birth, showing (he fact thai i-inigration to .America had almost censed. At the 
beginning of the Revolution, in 1775, the estimated population of the thirteen colonies was 2,803,00t'. The 
documents of Congress in 1775, give the round number of 3,0 0,000. 

5. King William's trar (page 104) ; Qtieen Anne'n tear (page 107) ; and King George'.i uar (page 109). 

Questions. — 11. What provisions were made for common education ? What efl"ects ensued f How did rigid 
laws encourage reading.' What evidence is given of a prevailing taste for reading? 1'. Can you given 
general outline of the character, pursuits, and condition of the colonists, as delineated in this tection? 1. 
How did the several inter-colonial wars oiiginatef 



148 COLONIES. 



Settlements of the French and English in America. Causes of jealousy. 

and last, which resulted in establishing the supremacy of the English iu 
America, originated here in disputes concerning territorial claims. 

2. For a hundred years the colonies of the two nations had been gradually 
expanding and increasing in importance. The EngUsh, more than a milUon 
in number, occupied the seaboard from the Penobscot to the St. Mary's, a 
thousand miles in extent. Tiie French, not more than a hundred thousand 
strong, made settlements along the St. Lawrence, the shores of the great 
lakes, on the Mississippi and its tributaries, and upon the borders of the Gulf 
of Mexico. The English planted agricultural colonies; the French were 
cliiefly engaged in traffic with the Indians. This trade, and the operations of 
the Jesuit' missionaries, who were usually the self-denying pioneers of com- 
merce in its penetration of the wilderness, gave the French great influence 
over the tribes of a vast extent of country lying in the rear of the English set- 
tlements.* 

3. The ancient quarrel between the two nations, originating far back in 
feudal ages, and kept alive by subsequent collisions, burned vigorously in the 
bosoms of the respective colonists in America, where it was continually fed 
by frequent hostilities on frontier ground. They had ever regarded each 
other with extreme jealousy, for the prize before them was supreme rule in 
the New World. The trading-posts and missionary stations of the French, in 
the far north-west, and in the bosom of a dark wilderness, several hundred 
miles distant from the most remote settlement on the English frontier, at- 
tracted very little attention, until they formed a part of more extensive opera- 
tions. But when, after the capture of Louisburg,^ in 1745, the French adopted 
vigorous measures for opposing the extension of British poAver in America : 
when they built strong vessels at the foot of Lake Ontario" — made treaties of 
friendship with the Delaware' and Shawnee'^ tribes — strengthened Fort Ni- 
agara'' — and erected a cordon of fortifications, more than sixty in number, 
between Montreal and New Orleans — the English were aroused to immediate 
and effective action in defense of the territorial claims given to them in tlieir 
ancient charters. By virtue of these, they claimed dominion westward to the 
Pacific Ocean, south of the latitude of the north shore of Lake Erie ; while the 
French claimed a title to all the territory watered by the Mississippi and its 
tributaries, under the more plausible plea, that they had made the first ex- 
plorations and settlements in that region.* The claims of the real owner, the 
Indian, were lost sight of in the discussion.* 

4. The territorial question was speedily brought to an issue. In 1749, the 

1. Xote 1. page 10!. 2. Chiefly of the ^Jyonguin nntion. Verse 2, pase 13. 

■S. Veise 4.S, paRc 109. •»■ At Frontenac, now Kingston, Upper Oanndn. 

5. Verse 13, page 15. 6. Verse 0, page 14. 7. Verse 39, page ir4. 8 Verse 2, above. 

9. When the agent of the Ohio Company went into the Indian country, on the borders of thf Ohio river, a 
messenger was sent by two Indian sachems to make the significant inqniry, " Where is the Indians' land? 
The English claim it all on one side of the river, the French on the other ; where does the Indians' land 
lay?" 

QuESTTONS, — 2. What regions in America did the French and English occupy ? What were their pursuits f 
Whnt gnvn infl'icnce tn (he French? 3. What mndc !bp Frercb >i"d Knrli'b i" ' vnf-'-« p"emieR to c»ch 
otbr-r? What circnmstances awakened the fears and Jealousies of the English? What did ihcy respectively 
claim? 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 149 

Troubles in tho Ohio region. Washington's mission. His journey. 

king granted six hundred thousand acres of land, on tho south-east bank of the 
Ohio river, to a company composed of London m(;rcliants and Virginia land 
speculators, "with the exclusive privilege of traffic with the Indians. It was 
called Tlie Ohio Company. Surveyors were soon sent to explore, make 
boundaries, and prepare for settlements ; and English traders went even as 
far as the country of the Miamiss^ to traffic with the natives. The French re- 
garded them as intruders, and seized [1753] and imprisoned some of them. 
Apprehending the loss of traffic and influence among the Indians, and the 
ultimate destruction of their line of communication between Canada and 
Louisiana, the French commenced tho erection of forts between the Alleghany 
river and Lake Erie, near the present western line of Pennsylvania." Tlie 
Ohio Company complained of these hostile movements; and as their grant 
lay witliin the chartered limits of Virginia, the authorities of that colony con- 
sidered it their duty to interfere. Robert Dinwiddle, the lieutenant-governor, 
sent a letter of remonstrance to M. De St. Pierre, the French commander.^ 
George Washington was chosen to be the bearer of the dispatch. He was a 
young man less than twenty-two years of age, possessed nmch experience of 
forest hfe, and was adjutaiit-general of one of the four miUtia districts of Vir- 
ginia. From early youth he had been engaged in land-surveying, and had 
become accustomed to the dangers and hardships of the wilderness; and was 
acquainted with the character of the Indians, and of the country he was called 
upon to traverse. 

5. The mission of young Washington involved much personal peril and 
hardship. The savage tribes through which he had to pass, Avere hostile to 
the English, and the French he was sent to meet were national enemies, wily 
and suspicious. With only two or three attendants,^ Washington started 
from Williamsburg late in autumn [October 31, 1753], and after journeying 
full four hundred miles (more than half the distance through a dark wilder- 
ness), encountering almost incredible hardships, amid snow, and icy floods, 
and hostile Indians, he reached the French outpost [December 4] at Venango.* 
He was politely received, and his visit was made the occasion of great con- 
viviality by the officers of the garrison. Wine made the Frenchmen incautious, 
and they revealed to the sober Washington their hostile designs against the 

-English, which the latter had suspected. 

u 6. After tarrying a day at Venango, Washington pushed forward to the 
head-quarters of St Pierre, at Le Boeuf " That officer entertained him po- 

T. Verse 7, p.ifre 14. 

". Twelve hmidrcil men erected a fort on the south shore nf Lake Erie, at Presaue Isle, now Erie ; soon 
afterward, another was built at I.c Hnriif, on the Venanpo (French crceU), now tlie village of Waterfovil ; 
nnd a third was erected at Venango, at the junction of French creek and the Alleghan.v river, now the vil- 
lage of Franklin. 

X .Already the governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania had received orders from the imperial govcm- 
raent lo repel the French by force, whenever they were " found within the undoubted limits of their prov- 
,. jpces." 

4. He was afterward joined by two others at Wills creek (now Ramberland), in Maryland. 

6. Note 2, above. 6. Note 2, abov". 

'.'■' 

QtTESTiovs. — 4. What hro'ic-ht the question of claims to an issue? What did n!'>wid'!i'' do? Wli^i" did 
be send 1o the French ? .5 Wha' iinnliMps did young Washington's mission require? Can you relate the 
circumstances of his journey ? What folly did the Frenchmen commit ? 



150 COLONIES. 



Kesult of "Washington's mission. Warlike preparations against the French. Bloodshod. 



litely during four days, and then gave him a written answer to Dinwiddie's 
remonstrance, enveloped and sealed. Washington retraced his perilous path- 
way through the wilderness, and after an absence of eleven weeks, he again 
stood in the presence of Governor Dinwiddie [January 16, 1754], his mission 
fulfilled to the satisfaction of all. His judgment, sagacity, courage, and exec- 
utive force — qualities which eminently fitted him fur the more important 
duties as chief of the Revolutionary armies, more than twenty years afterward 
[1775] — were nobly developed in the performance of his mission. They were 
publicly acknowledged, and Avere never forgotten. 

7. During Washington's absence, the Legislature of Virginia had made an 
appropriation of fifty thousand dollars for the support of troops to be led 
against the Frencl;. The revelations made to Washington confirmed the sus- 
picions of Dinwiddie. St. Pierre said he was acting in obedience to the orders 
of his superior, the Marquis Du Quesne,' at Montreal, and refused to withdraw 
his troops from the disputed territory. Dinwiddie immediately prepared an 
expedition against the French, and solicited the co-operation of the other col- 
oniea It was the first call for a general colonial miion against a common 
enemy. All hesitated, except North Carolina. Its legislatm-e promptly voted 
four hundred men, and they were soon on the march for Win(>lioster, Virginia. 
Some volunteers from South Carolina and New York, also hastened toward 
the seat of future war. The Virginians nobly responded to the call, and a 
regiment was soon organized, with Colonel Joshua Fry as its (jommander, and 
Major Washington as his lieutenant. The troops rendezvoused at Alexandria, 
and from that city, Washington, at the head of the advanced corps, marched 
[April 2, 1754] toward the Ohio. 

8. In the mean while, the Ohio Company had sent thirty men to construct 
a fort at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, now the 
site of Pittsburg. A party of French and Indians attacked and expelled them 
[April 18], completed the fortification, and named it Du Quesne, in honor of 
the governor-general of Canada.^ When intelligence of this event reached 
Washington ou his march, he hastened forward, with one hundred and fifty 
men, to a point on the Monongahela less than forty miles from Fort Du 
Quesne. There he was informed that a strong force was marching to inter- 
cept hun, and he cautiously fled back to the Great Meadows, where he erected 
a stockade,' and called it Fort Necessity.* Before completing it, a few of his 
troops attacked an advanced party of the French, under Jumonville. They 
were surprised at the dead of night [May 28], and the commander and nine 
of his men were slain. Of the fifty who formed the French detachment, only 

1. Prononnced Dn Kane. 2. Verse 7, above. 

3. Sfookade is a pencral name of stnictures for defense, formed by driving strong posts in the ground, so 
as to make a safe inclosure. It is the same as a palisade. See picture on page 1 1. 

4. Near the national road from Cumberland to Wheeling, in the south-eastern part of Fayette county, 
Pennsylvania. The Great Meadows are on a fertile bottom about four miles from the foot of I/aurel Hill, 
and fifty from Cumberland. 

OoESTIONS.— fi. What clf'e did Washi'icton do? What did hie performance of these duties reveal? 7. 
What did the Virginia letrislatnre dn? What action on thp part of the English did the reply of the French 
commander produce? What expedition was formed? 8. What took place at the junction of the Alleghany 
and Monongahela rivers? What did Washington do? What caused the first bloodshed? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 151 



First bloodshed. Capitulation of Fort Necessity. Colonial Congress at Albany. 

about fifteen escaped. This was the first blood-shedding of that long and 
eventful conflict known as Tlie French and Indian war.' 

0. Two days after this event [May oU], Colonel Fry died, and the whole 
command devolved on Washington. Troops hastened forward to join the 
young leader at Fort Necessity, and with about four hundred men he pro- 
, ceeded to Fort du Quesne. M. de Villiers, brother of the slain Jumonville, had 
' inarched at about the same time, at the head of more than a thousand Indians, 
and some Frenchmen, to avenge the death of his kinsman. Advised of his 
approach, Washington fell back to Fort Necessity, and there, on the 3d of 
July, he was attacked by almost fifteen hundred foes. After a conflict of 
about ten hours, de ViOiers proposed an honorable capitulation." Washington 
signed it on the morning of the 4th, and marching out of the stockade with 
the honors of war, departed, with his troops, for Virginia. 

10. During this military campaign, a civil movement of great importance 
was in progress. The British ministry, perceiving war to be inevitable, ad- 
vised the colonics to secure the continued friendship of the Six Nations,^ and 
to unite in a plan for general defense. All the colonies were invited to ap- 
point delegates to meet in convention at Albany, in the summer of 1754. 
Only seven responded by sending delegates.* The convention was organized 
on the 19tli of June.^ Having renewed a treaty with the Indians, the subject 
of colonial union was brought forward. A plan of confederation, simik'- ,o 
our Federal Constitution, drawn up by Dr. Franklin, was submitted." It was 
adopted on the 4th of July [1754], and was ordered to be laid before the sev- 
eral colonial Assemblies, and the imperial Board cf Trade,' for ratification.* 
Its fate was singular. The Assembhes considering it too aristocratic — giving 
the royal governor too much power — refused their assent ; and the Board of 
Trade rejected it because it was too democratic.^ Although a legal union was 
not consummated, the grand idea then began to bud. It blossomed in the 
midst of the heat of the Stamp Act excitement,'" eleven years later [17G5], 
and its fruit appeared in the great Congress of 1774. 

1. It is known in Eniopean history ps The Seven Yean'' War. 

2. A mutual restoration of prisoners was to take place, and the English were not to erect any establish- 
ment beyond the mountains, for the space of a year. The English troops were to march, unmolested, bjick 
to Virginia. 3. Verse 5, page K. 

4. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. 

5. James Delancy, of New York, was elected president. There were twenty-five delegates in all. 

6. Franklin was a delegate from Pennsylvania. The idea of union was not a new one. William Penn 
suggested the advantage of n union of all the Knglisli colonies, as early as 17(X) ; and Coxe, Speaker of the 
New Jersey Assembly, advocated it in 17-2. Now it first found tangible expression under the sanction of 
authority. . 7. Note :', page 107. 

8. It proposed a general government to be administered by one chief m:igistrate, to be appointed by the 
crown, and a council of forty-eight members, chosen by the several Legislatures. This council, answering 
to ou» Senate, was to have power to declare war; levy troops, raise monev, regulate trade, conclude pence, 
and many other things necessary for the general good. The delegates from ronnecticut aloi.e objected to 
the plan, because it gave the governor-general veto power, or the right to refuse his signature to laws or- 

o" Ti,''-V''' S?rnte, and thus prevent them hei-nming statutes. 

.1. The Board nf Trade had proposed a plan xvl,!cl, contained all the elements of a system for the nttcr en- 
slaveinent and denendence of the Americiins. Thev proposed a penern! gnvprripcryt, composed of the gover- 
norsof the several colonies, and certain select members of the several Councils. These wee tohave powcrto 
draw on the British Treasurv for money to cai-ry on the impending war: the sum to be reimbursed by taxes 
imposed upon the colonists bv Parliament The colonists preferred to do their own fighting and lew their 
own taxes, indepentlent of Great Britain. 111. Verse 11, page 175 



QnESTtONS. — 9 How came Washington to hnve chief command? What nocnrred nt Fnrt Neces«itv? lOl 
What important event took place at Albany in 17.'j4':' What was the fate of Franklin's plan of union? 



152 COLONIES. 



Indian hostilities. Preparations for war. Bimddock. Plan of campaign. 



11. Soon after the close of this convention, the Indians commenced mur- 
derous depredations upon the New England frontiers [August and September, 
1754] ; and French emissaries were busy among the tribes west of the Alle- 
ghanies, arousing them to engage in a war of extermination against the En- 
glish. Shirley Avas putting forth energetic cfltorts in Massachusetts ; New 
York voted $25,000 for military service, and Maryland $30,000 for the same. 
The English government sent over $50,000 for the use of the colonists, and 
with it a commission to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, appointing him com- 
mander-in-chief of all the colonial forces. Soon disputes about military rank 
and precedence, ran high. Washington resigned his commission, and the year 
[1754] drew to a close without any efficient preparations for a conflict with the 
French. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1755. 

12. AVar had not yet been declared by the two nations ; and for more than 
a year and a half longer the colonies were in conflict, before England and 
France formally announced hostiUty to each other. In the mean while the 
British government extended its aid to its colonies. Early in 1755 [Feb. 20], 
Edward Braddock, an Irish officer of distinction, arrived in Chesapeake Bay 
with two regiments of his countrymen. He had been appointed commander- 
in-chief of all the British and provincial forces in America ; and at his re- 
quest six colonial governors' met in convention at Alexandria [April] to assist 
in making arrangements for a vigorous campaign. Three separate expeditions 
were planned ; one against Fort du Quesne,'' to be led by Braddock ; a sec- 
ond against Niagara and i' .-ontonac (Kingston), to be commanded by Grover- 
nor Shirley ; and a third against Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, under 
General William Johnson,' then an influential resident among the Mohawk 
nation of the Iroquois confederacy.^ Already a fourth expedition had been 
arranged by Shirley and Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, designed to 
drive the French out of that province, and other portions of ancient Acadie.s 
The legislatures of the several provinces, except Pennsjdvania and Georgia, 
voted men and supplies for the impending war. The Quaker Assembly of 
Pennsylvania was opposed to military movements; the people of Georgia 
were too poor to contribute. 

13. The eastern expedition first proceeded to action. Three thousand men, 
under General John Winslow," sailed from Boston on the 20tli of May, 1755, and 
landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Tliere they were joined by Colonel 
Monckton with three hundred British regulars' from the neighboring garri- 

1. Shirlcv, of IfasfarTiusfttt ; Dinwiddie, of Virginia; DelaTicy. of JVew Ynrl; ; Shar[te, ot MitryfaTul ; 
Morris, of Penn' t/lvania ; and Pcbbs, of North CnruHna. Ai1mii:il Keppc'i commander of the British fleit, 
was «l?o present. 

2. Verpe 8. pupe irO. 3. Ve'-se 19, pajre i:.*). 4. Verse 2, pnpre 18. 5. Verse 29, psge 4J. 

C<. He was a Kreat-f^'andson of Edward Winslow, the third srovemor of Plymouth. He was a major-gen- 
crnl in the Massachusetts militia, bnt on tliis occasion held the office of lieutenant-colonel. 
7. This term is used to denote soldiers who are attached to the reRiilar army, and as distinguished from 

OnFSTinvs. — 11. What tronWes ensued on the frontier? Whnt p'-ep.Tr-itions were made for war with 
tlie French and Indians? Whnt prnrinred feebleness of action ? 12. What wns done before Kngla"d and 
France declared war? Wli.Tt was Kraddock's first movement? What expeditions were planned? and 
what preparations were made? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 153 



Desolation of Acadie. Expedition against Fi^rt du Quesne. Battle with French and Indians. 



son, and that officer, having official precedence of Winslow, took the com- 
mand. They captured the forts of the French [June] Avithout difficulty, and 
placed the whole region under martial rule.' This was the legitimate result 
of war. But the cruel sequel deserves universal reprobation. The total de- 
struction of the French settlements was decided upon. Under the plea that 
the Acadians would aid their French brethren in Canada, the innocent and 
happy people were seized in their houses, fields and churches, and conveyed 
on board the English vessels. Families were broken, never to be united ; and 
to compel the surrender of those who fled to the woods, their starvation 
was insured by a total destruction of their growing crops. In one short 
month, their paradise had become a desolation, and a happy people were 
crushed into the dust. 

14. On account of delays in obtaining provisions and wagons, Braddock 
did not commence liis march from Wills Creek (Cumberland), until the 10th 
of June, 1755. His force consisted of about two thousand men, British and 
provincial. Anxious to reach Fort du Quesne before the garrison should re- 
ceive reinforcements, he made forced marches with twelve hundred men, 
leaving Colonel Dunbar, his second in command, to fol- 
low with the remainder, and the wagons. Colonel Wash- 
ington'^ had consented to act as Braddock's aid, and 
to him was given the command of the provincials. 
Knowing, far better than Braddock, tlie perils of their 
march and the kind of warfare they might expect, he 
ventured, modestly, to give advice, founded upon his ex- 
perience. But the haughty general would listen to no ^°'"' "" QcrsNE. 
suggestions, especially from a provincial subordinate. This obstinacy proved 
his ruin. 

15. When within ten miles of Fort du Quesne, and marching at noon-day 
[July 9], in fancied security on the south side of the Monongahela, a volley of 
bullets and a cloud of arrows assailed the advanced guard, under Lieutenant- 
Colonel G-age.^ They came from a thicket and ravine close by, where a 
thousand dusky warriors lay in ambush. Again Washington asked permis- 
sion to fight according to the provincial custom, but was refused. Braddock 
must manoeuvre according to European tactics, or not at all. For three hours, 
deadly volley after volley, fell upon the British columns, while Braddock at- 
tempted to maintain order, where all was confusion. The slain soon covered 
the ground. Every mounted officer but Washington was killed or maimed, 
and finally the brave Braddock himself, after having several horses shot under 

roluntfem and militia. The latter term applies to the ffreat body of citizens who are liable to do perpetual 
military duty only in time of war. 1. Note 13, pace 138. 2. Verse 4, pape 14?. 

?. .\fterward General Gape, rommander-in-chief of the British troops at Boston, at the beginning of tho 
Revolution. Verse 33. page 184. 

QUESTION'S. —13. What did the en^'ern expedition ficenmrlish? Whit outrages were eomm't'ed 1 y i'? 
14. How was Bvartdock delaved? Ilow did he pioere^s? Wliat did Washii-e^on advice? V-. Where '-id 
a b.-iiile ocur? Can vnn relate ii'e ri'-'-umo'aT'rps' What was the princ'psl caufc of defeat ? How were 
any saved 1 How and where was Braddock burietl ? 




154 COLONIES. 




Death of Braddock. Expedition against Niagara. Johnson's expedition. 

him, was mortally wounded.' Washington remained unhurt.'' Under his 
direction the provincials rallied, while the regulars, seeing their general fall, 
were fleeing in great confusion. The provincials covered their retreat so gal- 
lantly, that the enemy did not follow. A week afterward [July 15], Wash- 
ington read, by torch-light, the impressive funeral service 
of the Anglican Church,^ over the corpse of Braddock. 
Colonel Dunbar received the flying troops, and marched 
to Philadelphia [Aug.] with the broken companies. Wash- 
ington, with the southern provincials, went back to Vir- 
ginia. Thus ended the second expedition of the cam- 
paign of 1755. 

16. The expedition against Niagara and Frontenac, 
under Shirley, though not so disastrous, was quite as 
unsuccessful. It was late in August before Shirley had 
collected the main body of his troops at Oswego, whence 
GENEEAL BEADDocK. ^iQ intended to go to Niagara, by Avater. His force was 
twenty-five hundred strong on the first of September, yet circumstances 
compelled him to hesitate. The prevalence of storms, and of sickness in bis 
camp, and finally the desertion of the greater part of his Indian allies,* made 
it perilous to proceed, and he relinquished the design. Leaving sufficient men 
to garrison the forts which he had commenced at Oswego,'' he marched the 
remainder to Albany [Oct. 24], and returned to Massachusetts. 

17. General Johnson's expedition against Crown Point" accomplished more 
than that of Braddock' or Shirley,* but failed to achieve its main object. In 
July [1755] about six thousand troops, drawn from New England, New York, 
and New Jersey, had assembled at the head of boat navigation on the Hud- 
son (now the village of Fort Edward), fifty miles north of Albany. They 
were under the command of General Lyman^ of Connecticut ; and before the 
arrival of General Johnson in August, Avith cannon and stores, they had 
erected a strong fortification, which was afterward called Fort Edward.'" On 

1. Braddock was shot by Tbomus Faucett, one of ihe provincial soldiers. His plea was self-preservation. 
Braddock had issued a positive order, that none of the English should protect tliemselves behind trees as 
the French and Indians did. Fancett's brother had taken such position, and when Braddock perceived it, 
he struck him to the earth with his sword. Thomas, on seeing his brother fall, shot Braddock in the back, 
anfJ then tlie provincials, fighting as they pleased, were saved from ntter destruction. 

2. Dr. Craik, who was with Washington at this time, and also attended him in his last illness, says that 
while in the Ohio country with him, fifteen years afterward, an old Indian chief came, as he said, *' a long 
way" to see Ihe Virginia colonel nt whom he fired his rifle fifteen times during the battle on the Mononga- 
hela, without hitting him. Washington was never wounded in battle. ^. Note 4, page 186. 

4. Tribes of the Six Nations [verse .'j, page 19|, ami some Stockhridge Indians. The litter were called 
Jlriiixalonirn, from the river on which they were found. They were a division of the Jlohegan [verse 14, 
page I6| tribe. 

5 Fort Ontdrio on the east and Fort Pepperell on the west of Oswego river. Fnrt Pcr);)crW? was after- 
ward called Fort Oswego. See map, page 1.^7. The house was built of store, and Ihe walls were three feet 
thick. It was within a square inclosure composed of a thick wall, with two strong scinnre towers. 

6. Upon this tongue of land on Lake Champlain, the French creeled a fortification which thev called Fort 
St. Frederic. On the Vermont side of the lake opposite, there was a French settlement as early as 1731. 
In allusion to the chiranevs of their houses, which remained long after the settlement was destroyed, it is 
still known as i;himney Point. 7. Verse l.-i, page 15.S. 8. Verse Ifi, pn'ge l,'i4. 

9. Born in Durham, Conneclicnt : was a grRdunte of Yale College, and became a lawyer. He performed 
important services during the whole war. He died in Florida, in 177.5. 

10. It was first called Fort Lyman. Johnson, jealous of (leneral Lyman, changed the name to Edward. 

QUESTIOKS.— 16. Can you relate the circnmsfnnces of the e\ped!tion against Niaga-a ? What did Shirley 
Bccomnlish! 17. What preparations were made against Crowu Point? V?hat was done in the vicinity O" 
La^ce George? 



FRE2s'Cn AND INDIAN WAU. 



155 



Events near Lake George. 



An ambuscade. 



Battle at Lake George. 




his arrivul, Johnson took command, and with tlie main body of the troops, 
marched to (ho head of Lake George, about fifteen mik's distant. 

18. In the mean while, General Baron Dii-skau, with about two thousand 
men, chiefly Canadian militia and Indians, was approaching from Montreal, 
by -way of Lake Champlain, tO meet the English.' When Johnson arrived at 
Lake George [Sept. 7], Indian scouts informed him that Dieskau was di«- 

^embarking at the head of Lake Champlain (now the village of Whitehall), 
preparatory to marching against Fort Edward. The 
next scouts brought Johnson the intelligence that 
Dieskau's Indians, terrified by the English cannon? 
when they approached Fort Edward, had induced him 
to change his plans, and that he was marching to at- 
tack his camp. Colonel Williams w^as immediately 
sent [Sept. 8] with a thousand Massachusetts troops, 
and two hundred Mohawks^" under the famous chief 
Hendrick, to intercept the enemy. They met in a 
narrow defile, four miles from Lake George. The En- 
glish suddenly fell into an ambuscade. Williams and fokt edwabd. 
Hendrick were both killed,^ and their followers fell back in great confusion 
upon Johnson's camp, hotly pursued by the victors. 

19. Johnson was assured of Williams's defeat before the flying fugitives 
made then- appearance. He immediately cast up a breastwork of lo-^s and 
limbs, place 1 upon it two cannons which he had received from Fort Eilward 

two days before, and when the enemy came rushing 
on, close upon the heels of the English, he was pre- 
pared to receive them. The fugitives had just 
reached Johnson's camp when Dieskau and his 
flushed victors appeared. Unsuspicious of heavy 
guns upon so rude a pile as Johnson's battery ex- 
hibited, they rushed forward and made a spirited at- 
tack. One volley from the English cannons made 
the Indians flee in terror to the shelter of the deep 
forests around. The Canadian militia also fled as 
General Lyman and a body of troops approached 
from Fort Erlward ; and finally, the French troops, after continuing the con- 
flict several hours, and losing their commander,* Avithdrew, and hastened to 




Sra WII,I,IAM JOHNSON. 



1. Dieskau nnd his French troops narrcTrlv escaped capture hy Admiral Bnscawen, on (heir way from 
France, off Newfoundland. They eluded his fleet during a fog, and went in safety up the St. Lawrence. 

2. Verse 2, paee 18. 

3. Wliile on his way north, Williams stopped at Albany, made his will, and henneathed certain property 
to found a free school for Western Ma'SHchnsetts. That was (he foundation of " Williams's Pollepe" — his 
best monument. Tlic rock near whirli hi= hody wns found, vonlh of llie road from (Glenn's Kails (o Lake 
Geore-p. still bears his nnme ; and a collection of v~ter on (he hnttle trronnd is called Bfnorfp Pnnd. 

4. nieskan was found mortally wounded, carried into the KrclMi cnmp, nnd (here tenderly treated. He 
was afterward conveyed to New York, whence he sailed to England, where he dice'. 



Or-^STtoxR. — 1°. Wh->t expedition ''pp^scd the Erplish? Can yon relate the circumstances, and (he result? 
10. Wliat occurred at (he head of Lake George and vicinity? 



156 



COLONIES. 



Fort William Henry. 



Plan of the campaign of 1756, 



Crown Point. Their baggage was captured by some New Hampshire troops 
from Fort Edward, and tlie defeat Avas complete. 

20. Johnson erected a fort on the site of liis camp, and called it Fort Wil- 
liam Heniy ; and being informed that the French were strengthening their 
works at Crown Point, and were fortifying Ticonderoga/ he thought it pru- 
dent to cease offensive operations. He garrisoned Fort 
Edward and Fort William Henry, returned to Albany, 
and as the season was advanced [Oct. 1755], he dispersed 
the remainder of his troops. For his services m this cam- 
paign, the king conferred the honor of knighthood upon 
liim, and gave him twenty-five thousand dollars. This 
honor and emolument properly belonged to General Ly- 
man, the real hero of the campaign.'' Johnson had Sir 




FORT TVILLIAM HENUY. 



Peter Warren and other friends at court, and so won the unmerited prize. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 

21. The campaign of 1755 having assumed all the essential features of 
regular war, and there appearing no prospect of reconciliation, England form- 
ally proclaimed hostilities against France [May 17, 1756], and the latter soon 
afterward [June 9] reciprocated the action. Shir- 
ley, who ha 1 become commander-in-chief after the 
death of Braddock, was superseded by General 
Abercrombie^ in the spring of 1756. He came as 
the lieutenant of Lord Loudoun, whom the king 
had appointed to the chief command in America, 
and also governor of Virginia. Abercrombie ar- 
rived, with several British regiments, early in June. 
The plan of the campaign for that year had already 
been arranged by a convention of colonial governors 
held at New York early in the season. Ten thou- 
sand men were to attack Crown Point j"* six thou- 
sand were to proceed against Niagara ;5 three 
thousand against Fort du Quesne ;" and two thousand were to cross the coun- 
try from the Kennebec, to attack the French settlements on the Chaudiere 
river. 




ABEECKOMBIE. 



1. Verse-2, pnpe 161. 

2. layman urged Johnson to pursue the Frenrh, nnrt assnil Crown Point. The ^fohmrl■.•i biirnca lor nn 
opportunity to nvenpp the death of Herdtick. But .lohnsnn preferred ease and safety, and spent the aulmnr 
in constructii'K Fort William Henry. He meanly wiihhcld all praise from Lyman, in his dispatches to pov- 
ernment. .Tohnson was horn in Ireland in 1714. He came to .\ merica to take charfcc of the lands ol his 
'incle. Admiral Warrci [ve'-se 4", pape inO], on the Mohawk riyer, and gained great influence over the In 
dians of New York. He died at his seat in the ]\!ohawk valley, in 1774. 

."?. A strong party in Kngland, irritated bv the failures of the campaign of I'SS, cast the hlame of Urad 
dock's dcfcMt and other disasters, upon the Americans, and finally procured the recall of Shirley. He com 
pletclv vindicated his character, and was appointed governor of the Bahama Islands. 

4. Verse S'*, page 164. 5. Verse : 9, page 164. 6. Verse 8, page 15'. 



Questions —?o. What course did Johnson pursue? What 'cwards did he receive? end how were they 
deserved? I'l. When did Kngland and France declare war? Who took the command in America? What 
was the plan of the campaign of 17.'6? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



157 



Expedition against Crown Point. 



Capture of Oswego. 



Defensive operationp. 



22. Greneral Winslow' had been appointed to the command of the expedi- 
tion against Crown Point, and had collected seven thousand men at Albany, 
when Abercrombie arrived. Difficulties immediately occurred respecting mil- 
itary rank, and caused delay. They were not adjusted when the tardy Lou- 
doun arrived ; and his arrogant assumption of superior rank for the royal 
officers, increased the irritation and discontent of the provincial troops. Wiicn 
t'.iese matters were finally adjusted, in August, the French had gained such 
positive advantages, that the whole plan of the campaign was disconcerted. 

23. The Marquis de Montcalm succeeded Dieskau^ in the command of the 
French troops in Canada. Perceiving the delay of the English, and the in- 
efficiency of their commander-in-chief, he collected about five thousand 
Frenchmen, Canadians, and Indians, at Frontenac,' and crossing Lake On- 
tario, landed, with thirty pieces of cannon, a few miles east of Oswego. Two 
days afterward, he appeared before Fort Ontario [August 11, 175G], on the 
east side of the river, then in command of Colonel Mercer. After a short but 
brave resistance, the garrison abandoned the fort [August 12], and withdrew 
to an older fortification, on the west side of the river.* Their commander 
was killed, and they were soon obliged to surrender themselves [August 14] 
prisoners of war. The spoils of victory for Montcalm were fourteen hundred 
prisoners, a large quantity of arms and military stores, 
and several vessels. After securing these, he demol- 
ished the forts,^ and returned to Canada. The whole 
country of the Six Nations was now laid open to the 
incursions of the French. 

24. When intelligence of the fall of Oswego reached 
Loudoun, he recalled the troops then on their way to- 
ward Lake Champlain ; and all the other expeditions 
were abandoned. Forts William Henry" and Edward' 
were strengthened ; fifteen hundred volunteers and 




FOKTS AT OSWEGO. 



drafted militia, under 
Washington, were placed in stockades,* for the defense of the Pennsylvania 
and Virginia frontiers; and on the western borders of the Carolinas several 
military posts were established as a protection against the Cherohees^ and 

1. Verse 11, pnprpl'?. ". Verse If. paprel'5. S. Verse l'',pnsel.')2. 
4. A palisaderl blockhouse built by order of Governor Kiirnet in 17 7, 
near the spot where Fort Pcpperell was oreeted. A redoubt is a forlified 
building, of peculiar construction, well calculated for defense. They 
were generally built of logs, in the form represented in the engravii g. 
They were usually two stories, with narrow openings through which 
they might fire muskets. They were sometimes prepared with open- 
ings for oannons. 

."). This was to please the Six Nations, who h-id never felt contented 
with this supporter of power in their mids». The rlemolilion of these 
forls induced the Indians to assume an attitude of neutrality, by a solemn 
treaty. 

(i. Verse rn, page 1,56. It commanded a view of the lake from its head 
to the Narrows, fifteen miles. 

7. Verse 17, pagel.^. The Hudson is divided at Fort Kdwavd, into 
two channels, by Roger's Island, on which the provincial troops out of 
the fort, usuall.v encamped. 
8. Note .'^, page 1.^0. 9. Verse 1, page ''0. 




BLOCKHOCSE 



OnssTiONS —"1. What preparations were made agair-^f Orown Point ? What caused 'he failure cf the ex- 
isii'ion? i". Who commanded the French in 1756? What was done at Oswego by Montcalm aud his fol- 



158 COLONIES. 



Battle of Kittanning. Expedition against Louisburg. Montcalm at Fort William Henry. 

Creeks,^ whom French emissaries were exciting to hostilities against the En- 
ghsh. The most important achievement of the provincials during that year, 
was the chastisement of the Indians at Kittaning, their chief town, situated on 
the AUeghany river. During several months they had spread terror and des- 
olation along the western frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and almost 
a thousand Avhite people had been murdered or carried into captivity. Colonel 
John Armstrong of Pennsylvania," accompanied by Captain Mercer of Vir- 
ginia, with about three hundred men, attacked them on the night of the 8th 
of September [1756], killed their principal chiefs, destroyed their town, and 
dispersed and completely humbled them. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1757. 

25. At a military council held at Boston early in 1757 [January 19], Lord 
Loudoun proposed to confine the operations of that year to an expedition 
against Louisburg,' and to the defense of the frontiers. Because he was com- 
mander-in-chiefj wiser and better men acquiesced in his plans, but deplored 
his want of judgment and executive force. The people of New England, in 
particular, were greatly disappointed when they ascertained that the execu- 
tion of their favorite scheme of driving the French from Lake Champlain, was 
to be deferred. However, the general ardor of the colonists was not abated, 
and the call for troops was so promptly responded to, that Loudoun found 
himself at the head of six thousand provincials on the 1st of June. 

26. The capture of Louisburg was the earl's first care. He sailed from 
New York on the 19th of June, and on arriving at Halifax ten days afterward, 
he was joined by Admiral Holbourn, with a poweiful naval armament and 
five thousand land troops, from England. They were about to proceed to 
Cape Breton," when they were informed that six thousand troops were in the 
fortress at Louisburg,^ and that a French fleet, larger than Holbourn's waa 
lying in that harbor. The enterprise was abandoned, and Loudoun returned 
to New York [Aug. 31], to hear of defeat and dis!?raceon the northern front- 
ier, the result of his own ignorance and utter unskillfulness. 

27. Toward the close of July, Montcalm left Ticonderoga with about nine 
thousand men (of whom two thousand were Indians), and proceeded to be- 
siege Fort William Heniy, at the head of Lake George." The garrison of 
three thousand men was commanded by Colonel Monro, a brave English 
officer, who felt strengthened in his position by the close proximity of his 
chief. General Webb, who was at the head of four thousand troops at Fort 
Edward,' only fifteen miles distant. But his confidence in his commanding 
general was sadly misplaced. When Montcalm demanded a surrender of the 

1. Verse :^ pace :2. 

2. He was a General in fhe war for IndepenileTicp. Note 2, papre 201. 3. Verse 48, pa^e 109. 
4. Note 7, pape 109. 5. Verse 48, pap-e 109. fi. Verse TO, page 156. ". Verse 17, page 154. 
QtTESTiONS. — ?4. How dMtlie fall of Osweeo affect T.oiuloun's mnvemonts? What preparations were mafle 

for frontier defenses? What did (Jeneral Armstronp effect? 25. What did T.ondnim propose? Howwercthe 
colonists di'appnipted? and how were thev affected? 2^. In what expedition did l.ondoiin enpape? How 
wns it conducted? What was the result? 27. What did Mont'-alm do in the Simnner of 17.''>7? Can you 
relate the circumstances of (he siege of Fort William Henry ? How did General Webb behave? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



150 



Bad conduct of Webb. Surrender of Fort William Henry. Condition of the colonistB. 

fort and g^arrison [Aug. 3, 1757], Monro boldly refused, aud sent an express to 
General Webb for aid. It Avas not furnished. For six days Montcalm con- 
tinued the siege, and expresses were sent daily to Webb for reinforcements, 
but in vain. Even when General Johnson,' with a corps of provincials and 
Putnam's Rangers," had, on reluctant permission, marched several miles in the 
direction of the beleaguered fort, Webb recalled them, and sent a letter to 
Monro, advising him to surrender. 

28. Webb's letter was intercepted by Montcalm,^ and he sent it to Monro 
with a peremptory demand for capitulation. Perceiving further resistance to 
be useless, Monro yielded. Montcalm was so pleased with the bravery dis- 
played by the garrison, that he agreed upon very honorabl(> terms of sur- 
render, and promised the troops a safe escort to Fort Edward. Montcalm's 
Indians, expecting blood and booty, were enraged by the merciful terms, and 
at the moment when the English entered the forests a mile from Fort William 
Henry, the savages fell \ipon them with great fury, slaughtered a large num- 
ber, plundered their baggage, and pursued them to within cannon-shot of 
Fort Edward. Montcalm declared liis inability to restrain the Indians, and 
expressed his deep sorrow. The fort and all its appendages were burned or 
otherwise destroyed.'' It was never rebuilt, and now [1857] its site is occu- 
pied by a hotel for summer visitors. Thus ended the 
military operations of Lord Loudoun, for 1757. 

29. The result of the war, thus far, was humiliating to 
British pride, while it incited the French to greater 
efforts in the maintenance of their power in America. 
In the Anglo-American^ colonies there was much irrita- 
tion. Knowing their own competency, unaided by royal 
troops, to assert and maintain their rights, they regarded 
the interferences of the home government, as clogs upon 
their operations. Some of the royal governors were 
weak and rapacious, and all were marked by a haughty 
deportment offensive to the sturdy democracy of the 
colonists. Their demands for men and money, did not 
always meet with cheerful and ample responses ; and the 
arrogant assumptions of the English officers, disgusted 
the commanders of the provincial troops, and often 

1. Verse 19, page IW. 

2. Israel Putnam, afterward a major-greneral in the armv of the Revolution. He row held the commis- 
sion of major, and with Major Rogers and his Rangers, performed important services duiing the whole 
French and Indian war. 

3. It is said that Montcalm was jnst on the point of raising the siege and refnrning to Ticonderoga, when 
Webb's cowardly letter fell into his hands. The nnmber and strength of Johnsons's tioops had been 
greatly exnecerated, and Montciilni wns preparing to flee. 

4. Major P'ltnam vi-^ited the ruins while the fires were vet hnrnine. and he deccrihcd <he scene as very 
appalling. The bodies of mnrdered Englishmen were scattcre'l in everv direction, some of them half con- 
sumed among the embers of the conflagration .Among ihe dead were more than one hundred women, 
many of whom had been scalped fnnte 1, pnge 111 bv the TndianB. 

5. This is the title given to Americans who are of English descent. Those who are desceri'lants of the 
Saxons who settled in England, are called .\ngIo-Saxons. 

QUESTTOVS.— 2,«. Tlow came Monro to surrender? What atrocities were committed' Whnt wnc done with 
the fort? 29. What had the war thus far effected? What were the feelings of the colonists? What reasons 
bad they for compl.iints ? What might thev have done ? What was done in England ? 




LAKE GEOKGEAND 
VICINITY. 



160 COLONIES. 



Pitt called to be prime-minister. His policy. Campai^ of 175S. 

cooled the zeal of whole battalions of brave Americans. Untrammeled by 
the oi'ders, exactions, and control of imperial power, the Americans Avould 
probably have settled the whole matter in a single campaign ; but at the 
close of the second year of the war [1756] the result appeared more uncertain 
and remote than ever. The people of England had perceived this clearly, 
and clamored for the dismissal of the weak and corrupt ministry then in 
power. The popular will prevailed, and William Pitt, by far the ablest states- 
man England had yet produced, was called to the control of public affairs in 
June, 1757. 

30. Energy and good judgment marked every movement of Pitt's admin- 
istration, especially in measures for prosecuting the war in America. Lord 
Loudoun was recalled,' and Greneral Abercrombie^ was appointed to succeed 
him. A strong naval armament was prepared and placed under the com- 
mand of Admiral Boscawen ; and twelve thousand additional English troops 
were allotted to the service in America,' Pitt addressed a circular to the sev- 
eral colonies, asking them to raise and clothe twenty thousand men. He 
promised in the name of Parliament, to furnish arms and provisions for them; 
and also to I'eimburse the several colonies, all the money they should expend 
in raising and clothing the levies. These liberal offers had a magical effect, 
and an excess of levies soon appeared. New England alone raised fifteen 
thousand men;* New York furnished almost twenty-seven hundred, New 
Jersey one thousand, Pennsylvania almost three thousand, and Virginia over 
two thousand. Some came from other colonies. Royal American troops 
organized in the Carolinas, were ordered to the North; iind when Aber- 
crombie took command of the army in May, 1758, he found fifty thousand 
men at his disposal ; a number greater than the whole male population of the 
French dominions in America, at that time.^ 

CAMPAIGN OF 1758. 

31. Louisburg," Ticonderoga,' and Fort du Quesne,' were the principal 
points of operation specified in the plan of the campaign of 1758. Boscawep 
arrived at Halifax early in May, with about forty armed vessels bearing a 

1. Pitt save as a chief reason for recallinp; TiOiidoun, that he could never hear from him, and did not 
know what he was about. Loudoun was always arranging great plans, but executed nothing. It was ro- 
mirked to Dr. Franklin, when he made inriniries concerning him, that he was " like St. (rcorge on the 
si^ins— alwavs on horseback, but never rides forward." 2. Verse 21, page 156. 

X Pitt hail arranged such an admirable militia system for home defense, that a large number of ihe troop? 
of the standing army could be .spared for foreign service. 

4. Public .and private advances during 17'8, in Massachusetts alone, amounted to more than a million of 
dollars. The taxes on real estate, in order tn raise money, were enormous ; in many cases equal to two 
thirds of the income of the tax-payers. Yet it was levieil % their mm reprfsetttntive---. and they did rol 
murmur. A few years later, an almost nominal tax, in the form of dnty upon nn article of luxury, levied 
without their rniixe'nt, excited the people of ihnt colony to rebellion. See verse 29. page 182. 

.">. The total number of inhabitants in Canada, then capable of bearing arms, did not exceed twenty thou, 
sand, or tliesc, between four and five thousand were regular troops. 

6. Verso 48, page 109. 7. Note 5, page Kil. 8. Verse 8, page 150. 



QtTESTlONS. — "0. What did Pitt exhibit? What preparations were made for war? How did Pitt please 
thi Am«!'icans ? What were the effects of his liberal policy? R\. Whft was the pinn of the campnigii tf 
1758? Can you relate the circumstances of the capture of Louisburg? What were tho spoils ? Wliat were 
the effects of this victory? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



161 



Siege and capture of Louisbiirg. Expedition against Ticonderoga. Death of Lord IIowp. 




LOBD AMIIEBST. 



land force of twelve thousand men, under General 
Amherst' as chief, and General Wolfe^ as his lieuten- 
ant. On the 8th of June the troops landed, without 
nmch opposition, on the shore of Gabarus Bay, near 
the city of Louisburg." The French almost imme- 
diately deserted their outposts, and retired within 
(he town and fortress. After a vigorous resistance 
f >r almost fifty days, and when all their shipping in 
the harbor Avas destroyed, the French surrendered 
[July 26, 1758] the town and fort, together with the 
island of Cape Breton and that of St. John (now 
Prince Edward), and their dependencies, by capitulation. The spoils of vic- 
tory were more than five thousand prisoners, and a large quantity of mu- 
nitions of war. By this victory, the EngUsh became masters of the coast 
almost to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. From that time the decline of 
French power in America was continual and rapid. 

32. While Amherst and Wolfe were conquering in 
the East, Abercrombie and the j^oung Lord Howe 
were leading seven thousand regulai'S, nine thousand 
provincials, and a heavy train of artillery, against Ti- 
conderoga, then occupied by Montcalm with about 
four thousand men. Abercrombie's army had ren- 
dezvoused at the head of Lake George, and at the 
close of a calm Sabbath evening [July, 1758] they 
went down that beautiful sheet of water in flat-boats, 
and at dawn landed at its northern extremity [July G]. 
The whole country from there to Ticonderoga was covered with a dense 
forest, and tangled morasses lay in the pathway of the English army. Led 
by incompetent guides they were soon bewildered, and while in this con- 
dition, they were suddenly attacked by a French scouting partj^ The enemy 
was repulsed, but the victory was at the expense of the life of Lord Howe.'' 
He fell at the head of the advanced guard, and a greater part of the troops, 
who considered him the soul of the expedition, retreated in confusion to the 
landing-place. 

33. Intelligence reached Abercrombie that a reinforcement for Montcalm 
was approaching. Deceived concerning the strength of the French lines 
across the neck of the peninsula on which the fortress stood,^ he pressed for- 

1. liOvd .Teffery Amherst was born in Kent, England, in 1717. He was commande'.-in-cbief of the army in 
England, during a part of our war for Independence, and afterward. He died in 1797, aged eighty jears. 

2. Note 3. page 165. 3. Nole 7, page 109. 

4. Lord liowe was brodier of Admiral Lord Howe, who commanded the British fieet on llie American 
coast, in 1 7S-'i7, and of Sir William Tlowe, the commander of the land forces. lie was greatly beloved 
by the troops, and Mante, who was in the service, remarks ; " Wi'.hhim the soul of theexpediiion sctmcd to 
expire " lie was only thirty-four years of age when he fell. The legislature of Massnchusclts l!ay appro- 
priated SI, 250 for a monument to his memory, in Westminster Abbey. His remains were conveyed to Al- 
bany by Onptain fafterward General) I'hilip Schuyler, and there placed in a vault. 

5. The diagram (page li'il ) shows the general form of the principal works. The ground on which Ticon- 
QuESTioys. — •"2. Whet wfis oTurring at. Ticonderoga? Cnn yon relate the circumstances of the advance 

of the English army? What disasters befell them? What can'you tell of Lord Howe? 




TICONDESOGA. 



162 



COLONIES. 



Defeat of Abercrombie. 



Expedition against Fort du Qucsne. 




1.03D nowF. 



ward to the attack without his artillery, and or- 
dered his troops to scale the breastworks [July 8], 
in the face of the enemy's fire. Tliey proved 
much stronger tlian he anticipated,' and after a 
bloody conflict of four hours, Abercrombie fell 
back to Lake George, leaving almost two thou- 
sand of his men dead or wounded, in the deep 
forest.^ He hastened to his former camp at the 
head of the lake, and then, on the urgent solicita- 
tion of Colonel Bradstreet, he detached three 
thousand men under that officer, to attack the 
French post at Frontenac' They captured the 
fort, garrison, and shipping, without much I'esistance, on the 27th of August* 
Bradstreet lost only three or four men in the conflict, but a f(?arful sickness 
broke out in his camp, and destroyed about five hundred. With the re- 
mainder, he slowly retraced his steps, and at the carrying place on the Mo- 
hawk, where the village of Rome now stands, his troops assisted in building 
Fort Stanwix.* Abercrombie, in the mean while, after garrisoning Fort 
George," returned with the remainder of his troops to Albany. 

34. General John Forbes commanded the expedition against Fort du 
Quesne,' and in July had about nine thousand men at his disposal, including 
the Virginia troops under Colonel Wasliiugton, at Fort Cumberland. Pro- 
tracted sickness and perversity of will and juilgment, caused delays almost 
fatal to the expedition. Contrary to the advice of Washington, Foibcs in- 
sisted in constructing a new road, further north, over the mountains, instead 
of following the one made by Braddock. His progress was so slow, that in 
September, when it was known that not more than eight hundred men were 
at Fort du Quesne,® Forbes, with six thousand troops, was yet east of the 
Alleghanies. Major Grant, at the head of a scouting party of Boquet's ad- 
vanced corps, was attacked [Sept. 21], defeated, and made prisoner. Still 
Forbes moved slowly and methodically, and it was the 8tli of November be- 
fore he joined Boquet with the main body, fifty miles from the point of des- 

deroga stood is about one hundred feet above tlie level of llie hike. Water is upon lliiee sides, and a deep 
morass extends almost across the fourth, forming a narrow necl<, where Ihe French liad erected a slvorg 
line of breastworks with batteries. This line was about a mile north-west of the fortress, which occupied the 
point of the peninsula. The ruins of the fort are yet [1865] quite picturesque. See paRe 171). 

1. The breastworks were nine feet in height, covered in front by shaipencd branches of felled trees, point- 
ing outward like a mass of bayonets, 

■/. Among the wounded was Captain Charles Lee, afterward a general in the army of the Revolution. 

3. Verse 12, page \:a. 

4. They made eight hundred prisoners, and seized nine armed vessels, sixty onnnotis, sixteen mortair, r. 
large quantity of ammunition and stores, and goods designed for iralfie wiih tlie Indians. Among Biad- 
street's subalterns, was Nathaniel WoodhuH, afterward a general at the rommenoement of the war forlrdc- 
pendence [see note I, page 205]. Stark, Ward, Poraeroy, Gridley, Putnam, Pchiiyler, and many ollie-s 
who were distinguished in the revolutionary struggle, were active participants in the scenes of the French 
and Indian War. 5 Verse 2^, page "21 

6. Fnrt George was erected about a mile south-east of the niins of Fort William kenry. at the head of 
Lake George. The ruins of the main work, or citadel, are still (18(!.5]quile prominent. 7." Verse 8, p. l.W. 

8. The capture of Fort Frontenac spread alarm among the French west of that important point, because 
their supplies from Canada were cut off. It so affcrted the Indians with fear, that a greater part of Ihoie 
who were allied to the French, deserted them, and Fort dn Qucsne was feebly garrisoned. 

Questions. —3.1. What did Abercrombie attempt? Wliat befell him? What other expedition was planned, 
.-nd how was it executed? .34. Wliat were the operations of the English in Western Pennsylvania, in 1758? 
How was Fort du Quesne captured? What did Forbes then do? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 163 



Capture of Fort du Quesne. Preparations for the final struggle. 

tination. The approach of winter, and discontent of the troops, caused a 
council of war to decide upon abandoning tlie enterprise, when three prisoners 
gave information of the extreme weakness of the French garrison. Washing- 
ton was immediately sent forward, and the whole army prepared to follow. 
Indian scouts discovered the Vii-ginians when they were within a day'ti 
march of the fort, and their fear greatly magnified the number of the provin- 
cials. The French garrison, reduced to five hundred men, set fire to the fort 
[Nov. 24], and fled down the Ohio in boats, in great confusion, leaving every 
thing behind them. The Virginians took possession the following day. 
Forbes left a detachment of four hundred and fifty men, to repair and gar- 
rison the fort, and then hastened back to go into winter quarters. The name 
of Fort du Quesne was changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of the great English 
statesman.' 

35. The campaign of 1758 resulted in great gain to the English. They had 
efiectually humbled the French, by capturing three of their most important 
posts,' and by Aveakening the attachment of their Indian aUies. Many of the 
Indians had not only deserted the French, but at a great council held at 
Easton, on the Delaware, during the summer [1758], had, with the Six Na- 
tions,' made treaties of friendsliip or neutrality with the English.^ 

CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 

36. The final struggle was now at hand. Encouraged by the success of the 
campaigns just closed, Pitt conceived the magnificent scheme of conquering 
all Canada, and destroying, at one blow, the French dominion in America. 
That dominion was really confined to the region of the St. Lawrence. Pitt 
liad the rare fortune to possess the entire confidence and esteem of the P.-^-rlia- 
ment and the colonists. The former was dazzled by his greatness; the latter 
Avere deeply impressed by his justice. He had promptly reimbursed all the 
expenses incurred by the provincial Assemblies during the campaign,* 
amounting to almost a miUion of dollars, and they promptly seconded his 
scheme of conquest, which had been communicated to them under an oath of 
secresy. 

37. General Abercrombie" was succeeded by General Amherst ;' and early 
in the spring [1759], the new commander-in-chief found twenty thousand 
provincial troops at his disposal. A competent land and naval force was also 
sent from England to co-operato with the Americans, and the campaign 
opened with brilliant prospects for the colonies. The general plan of oper- 
ations against Canada, was similar to that of Phipps and Winthrop in 1690.' 

1. Verse 29. page 159. 

2. LouisbuiB:, Frontenac, and Du Quesne. Others, except Quebec, were stockades. Note 3, page 150. 

3. V erse 5, pace 19. 

4. The chief tribes represented, were the Delairarr.-,. Shaicnec, Nanlico7,-^o. Moheqnns, Cmovn, and Mon- 
teys. Ihe Twtghtirff.:, on the Ohio r,-.- <-e 7, pae-o U\, had fliw.avs remained the friends nf the English. 

5. Verse 30, page 160. t^. Verse 21, page ISfi. 7- Verse .-^1, page If^O. 8. Verse .'57, page 105. 

Questions.— 3.5. What was the result of iho oampaie-n of 17.'-,^'? 3fi. What scheme did Pitt contemplate? 
Whit was the extent of the French dominion in Vmeri---? Wlmt causerl Pitt to be verv popular? ?,7. What 
preparations were made for the conquest of Canada? What were the general plans for' that purpose? 



164 



COLONIES. 



Plans for 1759. 



Amherst on Lake Charaplain. 



Attack on Fort Niagara. 




A strong land and naval force, under General Wolfe, was to ascend the St. 
Lawrence and attack Quebec. Another force, under Amherst, was to drive 
the French from Lake Cliampluin, seize Montreal, and join Wolfe at Quebec; 
and a third expedition, commanded by General Prideaux,' was to capture 
Fort Niagara, and then hasten down Lake Ontario to Montreal. 

38. General Amherst appeared before Ticonderoga with eleven thousand 
men, on the 22d of July, 1759. The French commander had just heard of 
the arrival of Wolfe at Quebec [June 27], and offered no resistance. Four 

days afterward [July 2G], the garrison abandoned the fort, 
partially demolished it, and fled to Crown Point. ^ Amherst 
pursued them, and on his approach, they took to their boats 
[August 1], and went down the lake to Isle Aux Noix,' in 
the Sorel river. Amherst remained at Crown Point long 
enough to construct a sufficient number of rude boats to con- 
cuowN POINT, yey lils tFOops, artillery, and baggage, and then started to 
drive his enemy before him, across the St. LaAvrence. It was now mid 
autumn [October 11], and heavy storms compelled him to return to Crown 
Point, and place his troops in winter quarters.* While there, they constructed 
that strong fortress whose picturesque ruins, after the lapse of almost a hun- 
dred years, yet [1857] attest its strength. 

39. Prideaux, accompanied by Sir William J(jhnson as bis lieutenant, col- 
lected his forces (chiefly provincial)' at Oswego, and 
sailed from thence to Niagara. Landing without op- 
position [July 17, 1759], he immediately commenced 
the siege. He was killed the same day by the burst- 
ing of a gun, and was succeeded in command by 
General Johnson. The beleaguered garrison, in daily 
expectation of reinforcements which had been or- 
dered from the southern and western forts, held out 
bravely for three weeks, when the expected troops 
appeared [July 24]. They were almost three thou- 
sand strong, one half being French regulars, and the 
remainder Indians, many of them from the Creeh'^ and Cherohee' nations. A 

1. Pronounced Predo. 

'2. The -ibove diagram shows the general form of the military works at Crown Point. These, like the 
iriiins at Ticonderopra, are quite picturesque remains of the post. A \ A show the position of the stronK 
stone barracks, portions of which are yet standing. W .shows the place of a very deep well, dug thron.srh 
the solid rock. It was filled up, and so remained until a few vearsago, when Fome money-diggers, foolishly 
believing there was treasure at the bottom, cleared it out. They found nothing. 

?>. Pronoimced O i\'oo-(iA. 

4. Wliile at Crown Point, Major Rogers, at the head of his celebrated Rangers, went on an expedition ^rainst 
the St. Francis Indians, who had lone been a terror to (he frontier settlements of New Kngland. The vil- 
lage was destroyed, a large ntimberof the Indians were slain, and the Rangers were eomplrtcly victorious. 
They suffered from cold and hunger whiie nn their return, and many were left dead in the forest before the 
party reached the nearest settlement at Rcllows Falls. Rogers went to Kngl.ind after the war, returned in 
177-5, inined the liritish army at New York, and soon went to Fngland again, where he died. 

."). .inhnson's influence over the Six Nations, made many of them disregard the treaty of neutrality made 
with ^lontealm [note 5^ page 157], and a considerable number accompanied him to Niagara. 

G. Verse 2, page 22. 7. Verse 1, page 2". 

Qhkstions. —■'.''. What caused the French to leave Lake Ohamplain? What did * mhe-"* attempt' Whot 
did ho accnmpli'^h? .'^0 e-in yo'i relate the circumstances of the expedition against Niagara? Why did 
John.son not proceed to Montreal? 




FOET NIAGAEA. 



FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



165 



Capture of Fort Niagara. 



The English at Quebec. 



severe conflict ensued. The relief forces were completely routed ; and on the 
following day [July 25], Fort Niagara and its dependencies, and the garrison 
of seven hundred men, were surrendered to Johnson. The connecting link 
of French mihtary posts between Canada and Louisiana,' was eficctually 
broken, never again to be united. Encumbered with his prisoners, and un- 
able to procure a sufficient number of vessels for the purpose, Johnson could 
not proceed to Montreal, according to the original plan.'- He garrisoned 
Fort Niagara, and returned home. 

40. Wolfe' left Louisburg with eight thousand troops, under convoy of a 
large fleet, commanded by Admirals Holmes and Saunders, and on the 27th 
of Juno landed upon Orleans Island, a few miles below Quebec. That city 
then, as now, consisted of an Ui:)per and Lower 
Town, the former within fortified walls, upon the 
top and declivities of a high peninsula ; the latter 
lying upon a narrow beach at the edge of the 
water. Upon the heights, three hundred feet above 
the watei", Avas a level plateau called the Plains of 
Abraham. At the mouth of the St. Charles, which 
here enters the St. Lawrence, the French had 
moored several floating batteries.* The town was 
strongly garrisoned by French regulars, and along 
the north bank of the St. Lawrence, from the St. 
Charles to the Montmorenci river, was the main French army, under Mont- 
calm,^ in a fortified camp. It was composed chiefly of Canadian militia and 
Indians. 

41. The English took possession of Point Levi [July 30], opposite Quebec, 
and throwing hot shot from a battery, they almost destroyed the Lower 

Town. They could not dam- 




GENEE VL \\ OLI r 




MILITAET OPEKATIONB AT QUEBEC. 



age the strong fortifications of 
the city from that distance, 
and Wolfe resolved to attack 
the French camp. He had 
already landed a large force 
under Generals Townshend 
and Murray, and formed a 
camp [July 10, 1759] below 
the river Montmorenci. G-en- 
eral Monckton, with grena- 



■I \T t -IAS 2. Verse 3", page lfi.S. 

.': .TaTIs wl!lfe wtTsthe son of a British general, arrt horn in Kent, Enplaml, in 172 -.Before he was 
twenty years of ape, he was .listinRuislie-l in hattle. He was now only thirty-lhree Tf " ^ "l^.- „„„„._. 

J Those were a kind of flat-boats, with proper breastworks or other defenses, and aimed with cannons. 

h. He was descended from a noble family. He was appointed Governor of ( anada in 1,56. His lemairs 
are beneath the Ursuline convent atQnebec. 



OuFSTioNS— 40. Wh^t PN-nedi'ion approached Quebec? What was the situation of he cilj' 
defended? How was the French array situated ? 



How was it 



166 COLONIES. 



Events at Quebec. Decision of a council of war. Englisli on the Plains of Abraham. 

diers,' and other troops, crossed from Point Levi, and landed upon the beach 
[July 31] at the base of the high river bank, just above the stream. Murray 
and Townshend were ordered to force a passage across the Montmorenci, and 
co-operate with him, but Monckton was too eager for attack to await their 
coming. He unwisely rushed forward, but was soon repulsed and compelled 
to take shelter behind a block-house" near the beach, just as a heavy thunder- 
storm, which had been gathering for several hours, burst upon the combatants. 
Night came on before it ceased, and the roar of the rising tide warned the En- 
glish to take to their boats. Five hundred of their number had perished. 

42. Eight weeks elapsed, and yet the English had gained no important ad- 
vantages. Wolfe had received no intelligence from Amherst, and the future 
appeared gloomy. The exposure, fatigue, and anxiety which he had endured, 
produced a violent fever, and at the beginning of September [1759], he lay 
prostrate in his tent. He called a council of war at his bedside, and on the 
suggestion of Townshend, it was resolved to scale the heights of Abraham,' 
and assail the town on its weakest side. Wolfe heartily approved of the 
design. A plan was speedily matured, and feeble as he was, the commander- 
in-chief determined to lead the assault in person. The camp at the Montmo- 
renci was broken up [Sept. 8], and the attention of Montcalm was directed 
from the real designs of the English, by seeming preparations to again attack 
his lines. The affair was managed so secretly and skillfully that the French 
had no suspicions of these movements. 

43. On the evening of the 12th of September, the attacking party ascended 
the river in several vessels of the fleet ; and at midnight, tliey embarked 
in flat-boats, with muffled oars, and moved silently down to the mouth of a 
ravine, a mile and a half from the city, and landed.'' At dawn [Sept. 13], 
Lieutenant-Colonel Howe^ led the van up the tangled ravine, in the face of 
a sharp fire from a guard above. He was followed by the generals and the 
remainder of the troops, with artillery ; and at sunrise the whole army stool 
in battle array upon the Plains of Abraham," It was an apparition little 
anticipated by the vigilant Montcalm. 

44. The French commander perceived the peril of the city ; and marching 
his whole army immediately from his encampment, crossed the St. Charles, 
and between nine and ten o'clock in the morning [Sept. 13], confronted the 
English. A general, fierce, and bloody battle now ensued. Although twice 

1. Grenadiers are companies of the repnlar nrmy, distinguished from (he resl by some peculiarity of 
dress and accoutrements, and always composed of llie tallest and most muscular men in the service. They 
are jrenerally employed in bayonet charges, and sometimes carried grenades, a kind of small bomb-shell. 

2. Note 4, page 157. 

3. The declivity from Cape Diamond, on which the chief fortress stands, along the St. Lawrence to the 
cove below Sillery, was called by the general name of the' heights of Abraham, the plains of that name 
being on the top. Sue map on page 165. 

4. This place is known as Wolfe'x Cove ; and the ravine, which here breaks the steepness of ihc rocky shore, 
and up which the English clambered, is called Wol^t's Raeine. 

.5. Afterward General Sir William Howe, the conimander-in chief of theEnglish forces in America, when 
the Revolution had fairly commenced. Verse 10, page 191. 6. Verse 40, page 1C5. 



Questions.— 41. What position did the English army and fleet take before Quebec? What engagement 
took place, and what was the result? 42. What circumstances discouraged Wolfe? What plan was ar- 
ranged? What movements were made? -,'3. How did Ihc English proceed to the attack of Quebec? What 
dilTiculties did they overcome? How did they prepare for battle? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 167 




The English victorious. Death of Wolfe and Montcalni. Disasters to the English. 

severely wounded, Wolfe kept his feet ; and as the two armies closed upon 
each other, he placed himself at the head of his grenadiers, and led them to 
u charge. At that moment a bullet entered his breast. He was carried to 
the rear ; and a few moments afterward, Monckton, who took the command, 
also fell, severely wounded. Townshend continued the battle. Montcalm 
soon received a fatal wound ;' and the French, terrilsly pierced by Enghsh 
bayonets, and smitten by Highland broadswords, broke and 
fled.^ Wolfe died just as the battle ended, with a smile upon 
his lips, because his cars heard the victory-shouts of his army. 

45. Townshend now prepared to besiege the city. Threat- 
t?ned famine within aided him ; and five days after the death 
of Wolfe [Sept. 18, 1759], Quebec, with its fortifications;, 
shipping, stores and people, was surrendered to the English, 
and five thousand troops, unler General Murray, immediately 
took possession. The campaign now ended, yet Canada was 
not conquered. The French yet held ^Montreal, and had a 
considerable land and naval force above Quebec. 

CAMPAIGN OF 17G0. 

46. Early in the Spring of 1660, Vaudreuil, then Governor- ^^d montcalm. 
General of Canada, sent M. Levi, the successor of Montcalm, to recover Que- 
bec. He went down the St. Lawrence with six frigates and a strono- land 
force. General Murray marched out, and met him at Sillery, about three 
miles above Quebec, and there was fought [April 28, 1760] one of the most 
sanguinary battles of the war. Murray was defeated. He lost all his artil- 
lery and about a thousand men, but succeeded in retreating to the city with 
the remainder. Levi now laid siege to Quebec, and Murray's condition was 
becoming perilous, from the want of supplies, when an Enghsh squadron, with 
reinforcements and provisions, appeared [May 9] in the St. Lawrence. Levi 
supposed it to be the whole British fleet, and at once raised the siege [May 
10] and fled to Montreal, after losing most of his shipping. 

47. The last stronghold of the French was now to be assailed ; and Yau- 
dreuil gathered all his forces at Montreal for the final struggle. Amherst 
made extensive preparations during the Summer ; and early in September 
[Sept. 6, 7,] three English armies met before the doomed city. Amherst, at 
the head of tc-n thousand troops, and a thousand warriors of the Six Nations, 
under General Johnson,^ arrived on the Gth, and was joined the same day by 

1. He was carried into the city, and when told that he must die, he said, " So mnch the better ; I shall be 
spared the mortlHcation of seeing the surrender of Quebec?" His remains are yet in Quibec ; those of 
Wolfe were conveyed to England. People of the two nations have long dwelt peaceably togellier in tlie 
ancient city, and they have united in erecting a tall granite obelisk, dedicated to the linked memory of 
Wolfe and Montcalm. See sketch on page 167- 

2. The English lost, in killed and wounded, about six hundred ; the French had about five hundred 
killed, and a thousand, including the wounded, made prisoners. 3. Verse 19, page 15o. 



QnESTlONS. — 4-1. What did Montcalm do? Can you de'^cribe the battle? ReUite the circumstance of 
Wolfe's rlealh. ■('. lliw w;is Quebec finally captured ? What was yet to be done? 4fi. How did the cam- 
paign of 17C0 open? What batUe occurrel? How was Quebec raenacjcl? and how was it relieved? 



168 COLONIES. 



C.ipture of Montreal. End of French dominion in America. Troubles with the Indians. 

General Murray and four thousand troops from Quebec. The next day, 
Colonel Haviland arrived, with three thousand troops, from Crown Point,' 
liaving taken possession of Isle-Aux-Noix," on the way. Against such a 
crushing force, lesistance would be vain ; and Vaudreuil immediately signed 
a capitulation [Sept. 8, 1760], surrendering Montreal and all other French 
posts in Canada, into the hands of the English.' General Gage* was appointed 
governor at Montreal ; and Murray, with four thousand men, garrisoned 
Quebec. 

48. The subjugation of the French produced great joy in the Anglo-Amer- 
ican colonies,^ and everywhere the people assembled to utter public thanks- 
givings to Him who rules the nations. Although the war had ceased in 
America, the French and English continued it upon the ocean, and among 
the West India islands, with almost continual success for the latter, until 
1763, when a definitive treaty of peace," agreed upon the year before, was 
signed at Paris [Feb. 10, 1763], by which France ceded to Great Britain all 
her claimed possessions in America, eastward of the Mississippi, north of 
the latitude of Iberville river.' At the same time Spain, with whom the 
English had been at war for a year previously, ceded [Feb. 10, 1763] East 
and West Florida to the British crown. And now, England held undisputed 
possession (except by the Indians) of the whole Continent, from the shores 
of the Gulf of Mexico to tiio frozen North, and from ocean to ocean.® 

49. While the English were crushing the power of the French, on the 
north, the frontier settlements of the Carolinas were suffering dreadfully from 
frequent incursions of Indian war parties. French emissaries were busy 
among the Cherokeeffj hitherto the treaty friends of the English ; and their in- 
fluence, and some wrongs inflicted upon the Indians by some frontier Vir- 
ginia rangers, produced hostilities, and a fierce war was kindled in March of 
1760.' The whole frontier of tlie Carolinas was desolated in the course of a 
few weeks. In April, Colonel Montgomery, with some British regulars and 
provincial troops, marched from Charleston, South Carolina, and laid waste a 
portion of the Cherokee country.'" Yet those bold aboriginal highlanders were 
not subdued; but when, the following year. Colonel Grant led a stronger 
force against them," burned their towns, desolated their fields, and killed 
many of their warriors, they humbly sued for peace [June, 1761], and ever 
afterward remained comparatively quiet. 

I. Verse 17, page 154.- "• ^ote .S pape Ki. 

3. The chief posts surrendered were Presque Isle (now Erie, Pennsylvania), Detroit and Mackinaw. 

4. Verse 15, pape 153, and verse 33, pape 184. 5. Note r, page i;9. 

6. France and England, Spain and Portneal. were parties to (his treaty. 

7. New Orleans, with the whole of Louisiana, were ceded by .'^pain to France at (he same (ime, and slie 
relinquished her entire possessions in Norlli America. In 1MK1, Spain, by a secret trea(y, re(roceded Louisi- 
ana to France ; and in 18ft3, Napoleon sold it to (Ii^^ United Slates for SI5,()nn,0mi. Verse 2, page 273- 

8 The cost to Knpland, of this ,Sei'c;i I'e.irs' Tl'ir, as (he conflict was called in Enrope, was five linndicd 
an<l sixty millions of dollars. 9. Verse 3, pace 20. 10. Verse 1, pape 2i>. 

II. Marion, Monluie, and several other men, afterward distinguished in the war for Independence, ac- 
companied G:ant on this occasion. 

QUESTIONS — 47. How was Montreal captured? What was surrendered with Montreal? Wliat was done 
with (he conquered people ? 48. How did the conquest affect (he English colonies? Where did war con- 
tinue? Wh.ai did a (rea!y effect? -,9. What English frontiers suffered Indian cruelties? What caused a 
war? How was it terminated? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 169 



Conspiracy of Pontiac. His subjugation and death. Condition of the colonies. 



50. Scarcely had the storm ceased in the South, when another, more por- 
tentous and alarming, gathered in tlie North-west. Pontiac, a sagacious 
chief of the OUawas,' who had been an early ally of the French, secretly 
confederated several of the Algonquin tribes [17UJ], lor the purpose of ex- 
peOiasr the English from the country west of the AUeghuuies." After the fall 
of Montreal,^ he had professed an attachment to the English ; and as there 
seemed safety for settlers west of the mountains, emigration began to pour 
its living streams over those barriers. Like Philip of Mount Hope,* Pontiac 
saw, in the future, visions of the displacement, perhaps destruction, of his 
race, by the pale-faces ; and he determined to strike a blow for hfe and coun- 
try. So adroitly were his plans matured, that the commanders of the west- 
ern forts had no suspicions of his conspiracy until it was ripe, and the first 
blow had been struck [June, 1763]. Within a fortnight, all the posts in pos- 
session of the English, west of Oswego, fell into his hands, except Niagara,* 
Port Pitt" and Detroit. Boquet saved Pittsburg;' Niagara was not at- 
tacked; and Detroit, after sustaining a siege of ahnost twelve months, was 
relieved by Colonel Bradstreet** [May 17G4], with reinforcements. The In- 
dians were now speedily subdued, their power was broken, and the hostile 
tribes sent their chiefs to ask for pardon and peace. The haughty Pontiac 
refused to bow. He went to the country of the Illinois' j ami was murdered 
[17G9J. This was the last act in the drama of the French and Indian War.'" 

51. We have now arrived at a point in the histoiy of the United States, of 
great interest and importance. We have traced the growth of the colonies 
through infancy and youth, their interests and destinies gradually comming- 
ling, until they really formed one people," strong and lusty, like the mature 
man, prepared to vindicate natural rights, and to fashion political and social 
systems adapted to their position and wants. We view them now, conscious 
of their physical and moral strength, possessing clear views of right and 

1. Verse 3, page 13. 

2. The confederation consisted of (he Oltiiwan, Hfiamies, Wyandots, Chippejcas, PotlatccUomie!), Mifsiisor- 
gaie^, Shawnees, Oiitagamies. or Foxe.-!, and Winnebaijoes [section ii, page l:;i. The Senecas, the most west- 
erly clan of the Six Nations, also joined in the conspiiacy. 

.]<. Verse 47, page 167. 4. Verse 2 ;, page '."9. 5. Verse 39, page 161. 6. Verse r4, pape 162. 

". Henry IJoquet was a brave English officer. He was appointed lientenant-coloncl in 175 \ and was in 
the exparlition against Fort du Quesne (verse 34, page 10 ]. In 176:5, Amherst sent him from Montreal, with 
provisions and military stores for Fort Pitt. His arrival was timely, and he saved the garrison from des- 
trnction. The following year he commanded an expedition against the Indians in Ohio, and was successful. 
His journal was published after the war. 

S. Verse 33, page 161. 

9. An Knglish trader bribed a Pcorin Indian to mnrder him. for which be gave him a barrel of rum. The 
place of his death was Cahokia, a small village on the east side of the Mississippi, a little below St I,onis. 
Pontiac was one of the greatest of all the Indian chiefs known lo the white people, and deserved a better 
fate. It is said, that dnring the war of 176.^ he appointed a commissary, and issned bills of credit. So 
highly was he esteemed by the French inhabitants, that these were received by Ihera. Montcalm thought 
much of him ; and at the time of his death, Pontiac was dressed in a French uniform, presented to him by 
that commander. See verse 3, page 1". 

10. The most accessible work in which the details of colonial evpifs mav be found, is Graham's Colonial 
BMori/ of the United Stat'-.i, in two volumes octavo, published by Blanchaid ard Lea, Fhiladclphia. 

Il._ It m'ltt not be understood that there was yet a perfect unity of feeling among the various coloni-sts. 
Sectional interests produced sectional jealousies, and these worked much mischief, even while soldiers from 
almost every colony were fighting shoulder to shoulder [verse 17, page 061 in the conliuental armv. Bur- 
naby, who traveled in America at this period, expressed the opinion, that sectional iealousv and dissimilar- 
ity would prevent a permanent union ; yet he avers that the people were imbued with ideas of independence, 
and that it was frequently remarked among them, that " the tide of dominion was running westward, and 
th.1t America was destined to be the mistress of (he world." 



QtTESTiONS.— .'SO. What Indian confederacy and conspiracy was formed Who was (ho instigator? anC 
what were his motives? What did Pontine accomplish? How was he crushed? 



170 COLONIES. 



Fuiure topics for contemplation. 



justice, and prepared to demand and defend both. This is the point in the 
progress of the new and growing nation to which our observation is now di- 
rected, when the great question was to be decided, whether independent self- 
control should be enjoyed, or continued vassalage to an ungenerous parent 
should be endured. Our next topic wiU be the events connected with the 
settlement of that question. 




BUIN8 Ol' TICONDEKOGA. 





PATKICK UENKY BEFOKE THE VIEGINIA ASSEMIiLY. 

CIIAPTEPv V. 

THE REVOLUTION. PRELIMINARY EVENTS, 
17G1-1775. 

SECTION I. 

1. The principles of civil and religious 
liberty, and the inalienable rights of man 
which they involve, Avere recognized and 
asserted long before Columbus left Palos 
for the New World/ Their maintenance 
Iiad shaken thrones and overturned dynas- 
ties before Charles the First was brought 
to the block ;- and they had lighted the torch of Eevolution long before the 
trumpet-tones of James Otis' and Patrick Henry* aroused the Anglo-Amer- 
icans^ to resist British aggression. From the earliest steps in the progress of the 
American colonies, we have seen the democratic theories of all past reformers 
developed into stui'dy democratic practice ; and a love of liberty, which had 
germinated beneath the heat of persecution in the Old World, budded and 
blossomed all over the New, wherever English hearts beat, or English tongues 
gave utterance. 



JAMES OTIS. 



I. VcvseS, page 29. 
4. Note 5, page 175. 



2. Verse 11, page 84. 



X Ver.se 9, page 174. 
5. Note 5, page 159. 



QuESTiOK. — 1. Wliat can you tell of the principles of civil and religious liber! y? 



172 THE REVOLUTION. 



Strength and independence of the colonists. 



2. Nor did English hearts alone cherish the precious seedling, nor English 
tongues alone utter the noble doctrines of popular sovereignty ; but in the 
homes of all in this beautiful land, whatever country gave the inmates birth, 
there was a slirine of freedom, and a refuge for the oppressed. Here king- 
craft and priest-crafl never had an abiding-place, and their ministers were 
always weak in the majestic presence of the popular will. 

3. From the beginning, the colonists had evinced an impatience of arbitrary 
rule ; and every manifestation of undue control by local magistrates or distant 
monarchs — every effort to abridge their hberties or absorb their gains, stim- 
ulated the growth of democratic principles. These permeated the whole social 
and political life in America, and finally evolved from the crude materials of 
royal charters, religious covenants and popular axioms, that galaxy of repre- 
sentative governments which, having the justice of the English Constitution, 
the truth of Christian ethics, and the wisdom of past experience for their 
foundation, were united in " the fullness of time," in that symmetrical com 
bination of free institutions, the Republic of the United States of America, 

4. The war of the Revolution was not the violent result of recent discon- 
tents, but the culmination of a long series of causes tending to such a climax. 
The parliamentary enactments which kindled the rebellion, were not oppress- 
ive measures entirely novel. They had their counterparts in the British 
statute-books even as early as the restoration of monarchy [1660],' a hundred 
years before. They were only re-assertions of tyrannical legislative power 
and royal prerogatives, to which the colonies, in the weakness of their infancy 
and early youth, were compelled to submit. Now they had grown to matur- 
ity, and dared to insist upon receiving exact justice. They had recently 
emerged from an exhausting war, which, instead of weakening them, had 
taught them their real moral, political, and physical strength. They had also 
learned the important lesson of power in union. 

5. Having acquired a mastery over the savages of the wilderness, and as- 
sisted in breaking the French power on their frontiers into atoms," the colo- 
nists felt their manhood stirring within them, and they tacitly agreed no 
longer to submit to the narrow and oppressive pohcy of Great Britain. Their 
industry and commerce were too expansive to be confined within the nar- 
row limits of those restrictions which the Board of Trade,^ from time to time, 
had imposed, and they determined to regard them as mere ropes of sand. 
For long and gloomy years they had struggled up, unaided and alone, from 
feebleness to strength. They had built fortifications, raised armies, and fought 
battles for England's glory and their own preservation, without England's aid. 
and often without her sympathy.* And it was not until the growing import- 

1. Verse 15, page 85. 2. Verses ,'7 and 4S, pages 107, 168. 3 Note 3. page 107. 

4. (Jeorgia, .i!oni', reeeived parliamentary aid [verse 3, page 79], in the establishment of settlements. In 
all the other colonies, where vast snms were expended in fitting out expeditions, purcliasing tlie soil of the 

Qdestions. — 2. When and by whom were these principles cheiislied? What were their effects? 3. What 
developed democratic sentiments? How were they manifested? What were their results in America? 4. 
Wliat cnti you tell of the origin of the war of the Revolntion? What remote canses assisted in producing 
it? 6. What made the colonists feel strong? Wliat was the condition of their commerce? "What bad they 
done alone? What caused Britain to be just? What justified rebellion ? 



PKELIMINARY EVENTS. 173 



The form of British oppression. 



ance of the French settlements excited the jealousy of Great Britain, that her 
jiiinisters perceived the expediency of justice and liberality toward her colo- 
nies, in order to secure their loyalty and efficient co-operation.' Compelled 
to be self-reliant from the beginning, the colonists were made strong by the 
mother's neglect ; and when to that neglect she added oppression and scorn, 
they felt justifieil in using their developed strength in defense of their rights. 

G. The colonists could not complain of the willful exercise of tyrannical 
power on the part of Great Britain. There was no motive for such a course. 
They complained of an unjust and illiberal policy, which accomplished all the 
purposes of absolute tyranny. The rod of iron was often covered with velvet, 
and was wielded, as often, by ignorant rather than wicked hands. Yet the 
ignorant hand with the concealed rod, smote as lustily and offensively as if 
it had been a wicked one, and the rod bare. Tlie first form of governmental 
and proprietary oppression," was in the appointment of local rulers. The peo- 
ple were not represented in the appointing power. Then came commercial 
restrictions,' prohibitions to manufacture,* imposts upon exchanges,^ and direct 
taxation,^ by enactments of Parliament, in which the colonists were not rep- 
resented. At the beginning they had asserted, and during their whole prog- 
ress they had maintained, that important political maxim, that taxation loitli- 
oiit representation -is tyrannij. This was the fundamental doctrine of their 
political creed — this was the test of all parliamentary measures — this was the 
strong rock upon which the patriots of the Revolution anchored their faith 
and hope. 

7. When the treaty of Paris [1763] closed the French and Indian war, the 
colonists louked forward to long years of prosperity and repose. A young 
monarch,' virtuous and of upright intentions, was just seated [1761] upon tlie 
British throne. Having confidence in his integiity, and having recently felt 
the justice of the government, under the direction of Pitt," they were disposed 
to forget their grievances. But the serenity of the colonial sky soon disap- 
peared, and it was not long before violent tempests were raging there. Even 
before the treaty at Paris, a cloud had arisen which portended future trouble. 
The war had exhausted the British treasury,^ and ministers had devised various 
schemes for replenishing it. They had observed the resources of the colonists, 
as manifested by their eflforts during the recent struggle,"* and as they were 

Indians, aud sustaining the settlers, neither the crown nor Parlinment ever contributed a farthing of pecuniary 
aid. Tlie seitlinf; of Massiu'luiselts, alone, cost a million of doll;irs. Lord Baltimore spent two liuiuhcd 
thousand dollars in colonizinR Maryland ; and William Penn became deeply involved in debt, in his elTorts 
to settle and improve Pennsylvania. 

1. Verse 36, page 1G3. 

2. Three forms of government had existed, namely, charter, proprietary, and roj/al. The New England 
governments were based on royal charters ; New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Carolinas, were 
owned and governed by individuals or companies ; and t!ic remainder were immediately subject to the 
crown. Notwithstimding this diversity in the source of povernment, the anti-monarchical spirit pervaded 
the pi^opleof all, from the beginning, and gave birth to popular legislative Assemblies. 

:< Note .3, page 86. 1. Verse 9, page 1 '6. P. Note 1 , page 17.5. fi. Verse '"7, page 182. 

7 George the Third. He was crowned in K*^!, at the age of twenty years. He reigned almost sixty 
years, and died in 18?0. His son was appointed Regent. 8. Verso ' 0, pKge 'W. 

9. Note 8, page 168. 10. French and Indian war. See pr.ge 147- 

(JUKSTIONS. — 6. Of what did the colonists ii«tly complain? Wbat did a narrow policy accomplish? Of 
what rights were the colonists deprived? What was th'^ir political m;Axim? 7. What gnve the colonists 
promise of prosperitv? In what did they take pride' What caused the government to disappoint them? 
What did '.he government do ? 



174 THE REVOLUTION. 



Writs of Assistance. Opposition to them. 



relieved from further hostilities by the subjugation of Canada^ [1759], the gov- 
ernment looked to them for aid. Instead of asking it as a, favor ^ it was de- 
manded as a right ; instead of inviting the colonial assemblies to levy taxes 
and make appropriations, government assumed the right to tax their expand- 
ing commerce ; and then commenced a vigorous enforcement of existing rev- 
enue laws, which had hitherto been only nominally oppressive." 

8. The first act which revealed the intentions of Parliament to tax the 
colonies by enforcing the revenue laws, was the authorization [17G1], of Writs 
of Assistance. These were general search-warrants, whicli not only allowed 
the king's officers who held them, to break open any citizen's store or dwell- 
ing to search for and seize foreign merchandise, on which a duty had not been 
paid, but compelled sheriiFs and others to assist in the work. The people 
could not brook such a system of petty oppression. The sanctities of private 
hfe might be invaded, at any time, by hirelings. 

9. These writs were first issued in Massachusetts, and immediately great 
excitement prevailed. Their legality was questioned, and the matter was 
brought before a court held in the old town-hall in Boston. The advocate 
for the crown (Mr. Gridley) argued, that as Parliament was the supreme 
legislature for the whole British nation, and had authorized these writs, no 
subject had a right to complain. He was answered by James Otis,' the 
younger, then advocate-general of the province. On that occasion, the in- 
tense fire of his patriotism beamed forth with inexpressible brilliancy, and his 
eloquence was like lightning, far-felt and consuming. On that day the trum- 
pet of the Revolution was sounded. " The seeds of patriots and heroes were 
then and there sown;" and when the orator exclaimed, "To my dying day I 
will oppose, with all the power and faculties God has given me, all such in- 
struments of slavery on one hand, and villainy on the other," the independ- 
ence of the colonies was proclaimed.* Prom that day began the triumphs of 
the popular will. Very few writs were issued, and these were ineffectual. 

10. The young king unwisely listened to the councils of Bute,^ an unprin- 
cipled Scotch adventurer, who had been his tutor, and turned his back upon 
Pitt.° Disastrous consequences ensued. Weak and corrupt men controlled 

1. Verse 47, pape 167- 

'J. Commercial restrictions were imposed upon the colonies as early as 1651 [note 3, page ?6]. In 166.1, 
1672, 167. i, 1691, ami 1.92, attempts were made by Parliament to derive a revenue by a tariQ-taxalion upon 
the colonies. In 1696, a proposition was made to levy a direct tax upon the coloi.ies. Then, not oiily in 
Britain, but in America, the power of Parliament (wherein the colonists were not represenled) to tax thoEO 
colonies, was strenuously denied. 

3. .lames Otis was born at Barnstable, Mass., in 1725. He was the leader of the Revolutionary party in 
Massachusetts, at the beginning. He was wounded by a British ofHcial in ri69, and never fairly recovered. 
He was killed by lightning in 1,72. See portrait at the liead of this chapter. 

4. Later than this (17681, Otis wrote to a friend in London, and said : "Our fathers were a good people : 
we have been afrei- people, and if you will not let us remain so any longer, we shall be n great people, and 
liie present measures ran have no tendency but to hasten with great rapidity, evei-.ts which every good and 
lioncst man would wish delayed for ages." He evidenMy alluded to the future inilcpendenccof the colories. 

.">. Bute was a gay Srotch earl, poor and proud. He became !\ favorite with the mother of George the 
Third, was appointed his lulor and acfpiired such innni-nce over fhe mind of the piiiice, that on his acces- 
sion to the throne, he made him his chief minister and adviser. The Kiiglish people weve much incensed ; 
and the unwise measures of the early years of Oeoge's reign, were properly laid to the charge of Bute. A 
placnrd was put up in I,ondon, with'tlie words, " No Scotch minister — no petticoat government." 
6. Pitt, disgusted by the ignorance and assurance of Bute, and the misplaced conlidence of the king, re- 
QuESTioNS. — !^. What measure caused the first resistance? Can yo\i explain its character? What was dorie 
in opposition? What was the result? 9. When and where were Wiits of Assistance fir.st issued? What 
occurred in the old town-hall at Boston ? 



PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 



175 



The Stamp Act. 



Opposition to it in America. 



his cabinet, and Parliament approved of illiberal and unjust measures toward 
the colonists. The Sugar bill' was re-enacted, and at the same time, George 
Grenville, then prime-minister, proposed "certain stamp duties on the col- 
onies." The subject was left open for consideration almost a year, when, in 
defiance of the univesral opposition of the Americans, the famous Stamp Act, 
which declared that no legal instrument of writing should be valid, unless it 
bore a government stamp, became a law." Now was executed without hesi- 
tation, a measure which no former ministry had possessed courage or reckless- 
ness enough to attempt.^ 

11. Intelligence of the passage of the Stamp Act 
produced general and intense indignation in Amer- 
ica. The hearts of the people were yet thrilled by 
the eloquent denunciations of Otis,^ and soon Pat- 
lick Henry sent forth a response equally eloquent, 
from the heaving bosom of the Virginia Assembly.^ 
Tiie people boldly expressed their indignation. The 
pulpit denounced the scheme, and associations of 
Sons of Libert}/' in every colony, put forth their en- 
ergies in defense of popular freedom. The press, 
then assuming great power, spoke out like an oracle 
of Truth. In several cities popular excitement ere- a. stamp. 

ated mobs, and violence ensued. Tlie Stamps were 

seized on their arrival, and secreted or burned. Stamp distributors' were in- 
sulted and despised, and on the day when the law was to take effect [Nov. 1, 
1765], there were no officials courageous enough to enforce it. 




signed oflfice, and retired to his connlry seat Rt Hayes. The king esteemed him highly, but was too much 
controlled by Bute to follow his own inclinations. 

1. A bill which imposed a duty upon sugar, cofTee, indigo, etc., imported into the colonies fiom the West 
Indies. 

2. The stamps were upon blue paper, in the form seen in the engraving nhtiTe, and were to be at- 
tached to every piece of paper or parchment on which a legal instrument was written. For these stamps, 
government charged specific prices ; for example, for a cotnmon property deed, one shilling and sixpence; 
for a diploma or a certificate of a college degree, two pounds, etc., etc. 

3. During Walpole's administration [1732J, a stamp duty was proposed. He said, "I will leave the tax- 
ation of America to some of ray successors, wlio have more courage than I have." Sir William Keith, 
Governor of Pennsylvania, proposed such a tax in 1739. f'ranklin thought it just, when a delegaie in the 
Colonial Congress at Albany, in 1754 [verse 10, p. 151J. But when it was proposed to Pitt in 1759, hcsaid, 
"I will never burn my fingers with an American Stamp Act." 4. Vcr.'se 9, p. 1,4. 

5. He introduced a series of resolutions, highly tinctured with rebellious doctrines. He asserted the gen- 
eral rights of all the colonies ; then the exclusive right of tlie Virginia Assembly to tax the people of that 
province, and boldly declared that the people were not bound to obey any law relative to taxaiion which 
did not proceed from their representatives. The last resolution declared that whoever should dissent from 
the doctrines inculcated in the others, should be considered an " enemy of the colonies." The introduction 
of these resolutions produced great excitement and alarm. Henry supported ihem with nil the power of 
his wonderful elo(|uence. Some rose from their seats, and others sat in breathless silence. At length, when 
alluding to tyrants, he exclaimeil, " Cajsar had his Brutus, Ohiirles the First his Cromwell, and Geoipe the 
Third" — there was a cry of " Treason ! treason !" He paused a moment, and said — " may prolit by their 
example. If that be treason, make the most of it." [See picture nt the head of this chapter. The head if 
the speaker is a correct likeness of Patrick Henry.l A part of his resolutions were adopted, and these 
formed the first gauntlet of defiance cast at the feetof the British monarch. Their power was felt through- 
out the land. 

6. These Associations were composed of popular leaders and others, who leagued with the avowed de- 
termination to resist oppression to the uttermost. After their organization in the dilfcrent colonies, they 
formed a sort of National '.eague, and by continual correspondence, aided effectually in preparing the way 
for the Revolution. 

7. Men appointed by the crown to sell the government stamps, or stamped paper. 



Questions. — 10. What did the young king unwisely do? What consequences ensued? What odious 
measure did Parliament adopt, and how? 1!. What were the eflects of the Stamp Act, in America? What 
associations were formed ? What did they do? How was the popular indignation evinced? 



176 THE EEVOLUTIOlSr. 



Stamp Act Congress. Sons of Liberty. Spirit of the people. 

12. In the midst of this great excitement, a Congress of Delegates ap- 
pointed by several colonies, assembled [Oct. 7] at New York." They con- 
tinued in session fourteen days, and in three well-written documents,''' they 
ably set forth tlie grievances and the rights of the colonists, and petitioned the 
king and Parliament for a redress of the former, and acknowledgment of the 
latter. The proceedings of this Second Colonial Congress^ were applauded by 
all the provincial assemblies, and the people of America were as firmly united 
in heart and purpose then, as they were after the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, more than ten years later. 

13. The first of November was observed as a day of fasting and mourn- 
ing. There were funeral processions and tolling of bells. The colors of ves- 
sels were placed at half-mast, and the newspapers exhibited the black -line 
tokens of public grief. The courts were now closed, legal marriages ceased, 
ships remained in port, and for some time all business was suspended. But 
tlie luU in the storm was of brief duration. The people were only gathering 
strength for more vigorous achievements in defense of their rights. The Sons 
of Liberty'^ put forth new eflbrts; mobs began to assail the residences of 
officials, and burn distinguished royalists in effigy.^ Merchants entered into 
agi-eements not to imj^ort goods from Great Britain while the obnoxious Act 
remained a law, and domestic manufactures w re commenced in almost every 
family." The wealthiest vied with the middling classes in economy, and wore 
clothing of their own manufacture. That wool might not become scarce, the 
use of sheep flesh for food was discouraged. Soon, from all classes in Amer- 
ica, there went to the ears of the British ministry, a respectful, but firm, pro- 
test. It was seconded by the merchants and manufacturers of London, whose 
American trade Avas prostrated,' and the voice, thus made potential, was 
heard and heeded in liigh places. 

14. In the mean Avhile, Grenville® had been succeeded in office by the Mar- 
quis of Rockingham, a friend of the colonies, and an enlightened statesman. 

1. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina, 
were represented. The Assemblies of those not represented, declared their readiness to agree to whatever 
measures the (JonKress might adopt. Timothy Kuggles, of Massachusetts (who afterward coroinanded a 
corps of Tories) [note 3, page 185], presided. 

1'. A Derlaralion of lilghti!, written by John Crugcr, of New York : a Memorial to both Hoimes of Par- 
liament, by Robert R. Livingston, of New York ; and a Petition to the king, by James Ulis, of Massachu- 
setts. 1. Verse 10, page 101. 

4. Note 0, page 175. 

f). Public indignation is thus sometimes manifested. .\ figure of a man intended to represent the obnox- 
ious individual, is paraded, and then hung upon a scaffuKl, or burned at a slake, as an i''tima(ion of the 
deserved fate of the person thus represented. It was a common practice in England at the time in question, 
and has been often done in our own country since. 

6. The newspapers of the day contain many laudatory no' ices of the conformity of wealihy people to these 
agreements. On one occasion, forty or fifty yoni g ladies, who called themselves " Paughters of Libcrly," 
met at the house of Rev. ,Mr. Morehead, in linslon, with their spinning wheels, and spun two hundred a'.'d 
thirty-two skeins of yarn, during the day, and presented them to the pastor. It is said " there were up- 
ward of one hundred spinners in Mr. Morehead's Society." "Within eighteen months," wrote a gentle- 
man at Newport, R. I., " four himdred and eighty-seven yards of cloth, and thirty-six pairs of stockings, 
have been spun and knit in the family of James Nixon, of this town." 

7. Half a million of dollars were due to them by the colonists, at that time, not a dollar of which could 
be collected under the existing slate of things. 1. Verse 10, page 174. 



QtJi?STlo.N-s.— 12. What Congress assembled at New York? Wliat did the delegates do ? Whatwerethe 
effects? 1". What happened on (he first of November, 1765? What did the people do in opposition lo the 
Stamp Act? Ilnw were thoy heard ? 14. What change in the ministry took place? What was done con- 
cerning the stamp Act ? What was the result ? 



PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 177 



Repeal of the Stamp Act. The Declaratory Act. 

William Pitt, who had been called from his retire- ^^'^^^'iT' •> 

mcnt' by the voice of the people, hoping much from C'^^'^~'''^'^*»^^i% 

the new ministry, appeared in Parliament as the fM'% w 

earnest champion of the Americans. Justice and 'f^'^ '^k.^V 
expediency demanded a repeal of the Stamp Act," ffi^'i 'Jim 
and early in January, 1766, a bill for that purpose VftJ^i'ijA ''^Hi 
was introduced inio the House of Coumions, and Vj^^jj^^^^"^ — jK; 
was warmly supported by Pitt, Barr6, and others. |^H^, ;. ^Sttk^ 
Then Edmund Burke first appeared as the chain- ^ 1'^^ '^^W^^^^^^^\ 
piun of right, and during the stormy debates on the ' '^^5:5=.^ IJfw*^^ ' 
subject which ensued, he achieved some of those william pitt. 

earliest ami most wonderful triumphs of oratory, which established his fame, 
and endeared him to the American people.^ The obnoxious Act was re- 
pealed on the ISth of March, 1766. London warehouses were illuminated, 
and flags decorated the shipping in the Thames. In America, public thanks- 
givings, bonfires and illuminations, attested the general joy, and Pitt,* who 
had boldly declared his conviction that Parliament had no right to tax the 
colonies without their consent/ was lauded as a political Messiah. Non- 
importation societies were dissolved, business was resumed, and the Americans 
confidently expected justice from the mother country, and a speedy recon- 
ciliation. 

15. But another storm soon began to lower. Pitt, himself, tenacious of 
British honor, and doubtful of the passage of the Repeal Bill without some 
concessions, had appended to it an act, which declared that Parliament pos- 
sessed the power " to bind the colonies, in all cases whatsoever." The egg 
of tyranny which lay concealed in this " declaratory act," as it was called, 
was not perceived by the colonists, while their eyes were filled with tears of 
joy ; but when calm reflection came, they saw clearly that germ of future 
oppressions, and were uneasy. They perceived the Repeal Bill to be only a 
truce in the war upon freedom in America, and they watched every move- 
ment of the government party with suspicion. Within a few months after- 
ward, a brood of obnoxious measures were hatched from that egg^ and aroused 
the fiercest indignation of the colonists. 

16. A large portion of the House of Lords, ° the whole bench of Bishops,' 

1. Note 6, page 174. 2. Verse 10, page 174. 

.3. Iioin in Ireland in 1730. He became a lawyer ; was a popular writer as well as speaker ; was in oCBce 
about tliirt.v .years, and (lied in 1,0 . 

4. See portrait on pase 177. William Pitt wa.s born in 170^ and held manv hi^h olfices, Purinp nn 
exciting debate in Parliament, on American affairs, in 1778, he swooned, and died within a month after- 
ward. 

."). " Taxation," said Pitt, " i.s no part of the governinp or lesrislative power. Taxes are llie voluntary 
gift or (jrant of the t^ommons alone." " I rejoice," he said, " that .\merica has resisted. Three millions 
of people, so dead to all the feelings of liberty, as voluntarily to become slaves, would have been fit instru- 
ments to make slaves of the rest." And (Colonel Barro declared that the colonies were planted by English 
oppression, grew by neglect, and in all the essential elements of a free people, were perfectly independent 
of Great Britain. He then warned the government to act justly, or the colonies would be lost to (Jrcat 
Britain forever. 

6. Every peer in the British realm is a legislator, by virtue of his title ; and when they arc .'tsfembled for 
legislative duties, they constitute the House of Lords, or upper bianch of the legislature, answcrh g, in 
some degree, to our Senate. 

7. Two archbishops, and twe nty-four bislio ps of England and Wales, ha ve a right to sit and vote iu tho 

QnESTiON. — 1\ What caused rew excitpments in Amciicaf 
Q* 



178 THE REVOLUTION. 



Tho mutiny act. New taxation schemes. Action of the colonial assemblies. 

and many of the Commons, were favorable to coercive measures tov^^ard the 
Americans. Not doubting the power of ParUament to tax them, they pre- 
vailed on the Ministry to adopt new schemes for i-eplenishing the exhausted 
treasury' from the coffers of the colonists, and urged the justice of employ- 
ing arms, if necessary, to enforce obedience. Troops were accordingly sent 
to America [June, 17G6] ; and a Mutiny Act was passed, which provided for 
their partial subsistence by the colonies." The appearance of these troops in 
New York, and the order for the people to feed and shelter the avowed instru- 
ments of their own enslavement, produced violent outbreaks in that city, and 
burning indignation all over the land. The Assembly of New York arrayed 
itself against the government, and refused compliance with the demands of 
the obnoxious act. 

17. Soon after these t"oops were sent to America, Pitt was called to the 
head of the Ministry, and was created Earl of Chatham [July 30, 17G6J. He 
opposed the new measures as unjust and unwise. Charles Townshend, the 
chancellor of the exchequer, coalesced with Grenville^ in bringing new taxa- 
tion schemes before Parliament. A bill was passed [June, 1767] for levying 
duties upon tea, glass, paper, painters' colors, etc., imported into the colonies. 
Another was passed in July for establishing a Board of Trade in the colonies, 
independent of colonial legislation, and for creating resident commissioners of 
customs to enforce the revenue laAvs."* Then another, a fcAv days later, which 
forbade the New York Assembly to perform any legislative act whatever, 
imtil it should comply with the requisitions of the Mutiny Act.^ 

18. This direct blow at popular liberty, and these new taxation schemes, 
produced excitement throughout the colonies, almost as violent as those on 
account of the Stamp Act." Tho colonial Assemblies boldly protested ; new 
non-importation associations were formed ; pamphlets and newspapers were 
filled with inflammatory appeals to the people, defining their rights, and urg- 
ing them to a united resistance;'' and early in 1768, almost every colonial As- 
sembly had boldly expressed its conviction that Parliament had no right to 
tax the colonies. These expressions Avere in response to a circular issued by 
Massachusetts [Feb. 176S]to the several Assemblies, asking their co-operation 
in obtaining a redress of grievances. That circular greatly offended the ^lin- 

House of Lords, and have the same political importance as tho peers. I5y the act of nnion between Ireland 
and England, four " lords spiritual," from among the archbishops and bishops of the former country, have 
a seat in the House of Lords. The " lords temporal and the lords spiritual" conslilule the Home of Lonlx. 
The Ho'iae of Commons is composed of men elected by the people, and answers to the Home of Representa- 
tives of our Federal Oongress. 1, Verse 7, page 173. » 

2. This act also allowed military officers, possessing a warrant from a justice of the peace, to break into 
any house where he might suspect deserters were concealed. Like the Writs of Assistance [verse y, page 
171, this power might be used for wicked purposes. 

3. Verse 10, page 17 1. In January, 176 , (rrenville proposed a direct taxation of the colonies to the 
amount of twenty thousand dollars. 

4. Note 2, page 14, and note 3, page 107. 5. Note 2, page 118. 6. Verse in, page 174. 
7. Among the most i)i>werfnl of these appeals, were a series of letters, written by John Dickinson of 

Philadelphia, ai\d ontitleil. Letters of a Pennsi/lvani'i Farmer. Like Paine's Crisis, ten years later [note 3, 
page "O^i, these Letters produced a widespread and powerful effect on the public mind. James Otis as- 
serted, in a pamphlet, that " taxes on trade [tariffs], if designed to raise a revenue, were just as much a 
viohition of their rights as any other tax." 



Questions. — Ifi. Who proposed to comprl the Amer)c."-,s to submission? What act was passed ? What 
then occurred ? 17. What hapnened to Pitt? What meiisnres we-e proposed ? and by whom? 18. What 
was now done in America 1 What publications appeared ? What did the Assemblies do ? 



PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 179 



Miiiisterial circular. Commissioners of customs. Troops at Boston. 

istry; and the Governor of Massachusetts was instructed to command the 
Assembly, in the king's name, to rescind the resolution adopting it. The As- 
sembly passed [Juue 30, 17GS] an almost unanimous vote not to rescind,' and 
made this very order an evidence of the intentions of government to enslave 
the colonists, by restraining the free speech and action of their representatives. 

19. The British Ministry continued to disregard the portentous warnings 
which every vessel fi-om the New World bore to their ears. Having re- 
solved on employing physical force in the maintenance of obedience, and not 
doubting its potency, they became more regardless of even the forms of justice, 
and began to treat the colonists as rebellious subjects, ratlier than as free 
British brethren. Ministers sent circulars to the colonial Assemblies, warning 
them not to imitate the factious disobedience of Massachusetts -^ and the 
royal governors were ordered to enforce submission by all means in their 
jwwer. The effect of these circulars was to disgust and irritate the Assem- 
blies, and to stimulate their sympathy for Massachusetts, now made the special 
object of royal displeasure. 

20. Tlie now commissioners of customs^ arrived at Boston in Ma)'', 1768. 
They were regarded with as much contempt as were the tax-gatherers in 
Judea, in the time of our Saviour.'' It was difficult to restrain the more ig- 
norant and excitable portion of the population from committing personal 
violence. A crisis soon arrived. In June, 1768, the sloop. Liberty, belong- 
ing to John Hancock, one of the leaders of the popular mind in Boston,^ 
arrived at that port with a cargo of Madeira wine. The commissioners 
demanded the payment of duties, and when it was refused, they seized [June 
10] the vessel. The news spread over tlie town, and the people resolved on 
effectual resistance. The commissioners were assailed by a mob; their 
houses were damaged ; and they were obliged to seek safety in Castle Wil- 
liam, a small fortress at the entrance to the harbor." 

21. Alarmed by these demonstrations of the popular feeling, Governor Ber- 
nard unwisely invited General Gage,' then in command of British troops at 
Halifax, to bring soldiers to Boston to overawe the inhabitants." They came 
in September [Sept. 27, 1768], seven hundred in number, and on a quiet Sab- 
bath morning, landed under cover of the cannons of the British ships which 
brought them, and Avith drums beating, and colors flying, they marched to 
the Common," with all the parade of a victorious army entering a conquered 

1. James Otis and Samnel Adams were (he principal speakers on this occnsion. "When Lord Hill - 
horoiigh fcolonial secretary] knows," said tlie former, " tliat we will not rescind oir acts, he should apply 
to Parliament lo rescind theirs. Let Britons rescind their measures, or the colonies are lost to (hem for- 
ever." 2. Verse 18, page 178. 3. Verse 17, papc 178. 

4. Thepi/WjVa»w, or toll gatherers of Jiulea, bcinj!; a standing monument of the dcprrndation of the Jews 
nnder the Roman .yoke, were abhorred. One of the accusations against our Saviour wps, that he did *' eat 
with pvWjVrrn.'j and sinners." ."j Verse 1', page 203. 

(i. About three miles S.E. from Boston. The fortress was ceded to the U. S. in 1'98; and the following 
year it was visited by President Adams, and named Fort Indeperutenre, its present title. 

7. Verse 47, page 167. 

8. Previons to this request, the Bri'ish ministry had re-'olved to send troops thither. 

9. A large public park, on the fonthern slope of Beacon Hill. 



Questions. — ^9. How did the ministry act? What o'dc'S weve issued? How did those nfTect the cMp- 
li-'S'r ■ n. How we'p tha fomraissioners of customs regarded? Whatproduced excitement i'l liosto"? What 
f. 'IS effected? 21. What insult was offered to (ho people of Boston? Wliat did British troops do? 



ISO THE REVOLUTION. 



Proceedings in parliament. Disputes witli governors. Quarrel with the troops. 



city. Religion, popular freedom, patriotism, were all outraged, and the cup 
of the ijeople's indiguation was full' The colonists were taught the neces- 
sary lesson, that armed resistance must oppose armed oppression.^ 

22. The Assembly of Massachusetts refused to afford food and shelter for 
the royal troops among them, and for this offense, Parliament, now become 
the supple instrument of tlie crown, censured their disobedience, approved of 
coercive measures, and by resolution, prayed the king to revive a long obso- 
lete statute of Henry the Eighth, by which the Governor of the rei'ractory 
colony should be required to arrest and send to England for trial, on a charge 
of treason, the ringleaders in the recent tumults.' The colonial Assembly in- 
dio-nantly responded by re-asserting the chartered privileges of the people, 
and denying the right of the king to take an offender from the country, for 
trial. And in the House of Commons a powerful minority battled manfully 
for the Americans. Burke pronounced the idea of reviving that old statute 
as "horrible." "Can you not trust the juries of that country?" he asked. 
" If you have not a party among two millions of people, you must either 
change your plans of government, or renounce the colonies forever." But a 
majority voted [Jan. 26, 1769] in favor of the resolution. 

23. For more than a year afterward the colonies were agitated by disputes 
with the royal governors. The Assembly of Massachusetts, encouraged by 
the expressed sympathy of the other colonies, firmly refused to appropriate a 
single dollar for the support of the troops. They even demanded their with- 
drawal from the city, and refused to transact any legislative business wliile 
they remained. Daily occurrences exasperated the people against the troops, 
and finally led to bloodshed in the streets of Boston. 

24. A ropemaker quarreled with a soldier [March 2, 1770], and struck, 
him. Out of this aflray grew a fight between several soldiers and rope- 
makers. The latter were beaten, and this result aroused the vengeance of 
the more excitable portion of the inhabitants. A few evenings afterward 
[March 5], about seven hundred of them assembled in the streets for the avowed 

purpose of attacking the troops.* A sentinel was 
assaulted near the custom-house, when Captain 

1 As the people refused to supply the troops with quarters, they were 
placed, some in the State House, some in Fareuil Hall [pag-e 1S4], and 
others in tents on the (Common. Cannons wcie planted at ditlerent 
point: ; sentinels challenged the citizens as they passed ; and the whole 
city had tlie appearance of a camp. 

2. There were, at that time, fnll two hundred thousand men in the 
colonies, capable of beaiioK aims. 3. \ erse 20, papu 179. 

4 These were addressed by a tall man, disguised by a white wig, and 
a scarlet cloak, who closed his harangue by shouting " To the main 
glial d I To the main guard !" and then disappeared. It was always 
believed that the tall man was Samuel Adams, one of the most mHexi- 
ble patriots of the Revolution, and at that time a popular leader He 
was a descendant of one of the eailv Puritans [verse 6, page fiOJ, and 
w.-vs bnrii in Roston in 1722. lie was one of the signers of the Declara- 
tion of Independence; was aficrward Governor of .Massachusetts, and 
S.VMUEL ADAMS- died in 1803. A purer patriot than Samuel Adams, never lived. 




OtjESTlONS.— 2\ What did the T.r.ssachusetts Assembly do? What did Tarliament do? How were cer- 
tain measures regarded bv the c^loni.sts and by Burke in the House of Commons? 23. What continued 
tn disturb the colonists? What did the Massachusetts Assembly do? 24. What quarrel and fight happened 
in Boston? What sad affair occurred? 



PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 181 

Iliot and massacre in Botton. Trial of soldiers. Duty upon tea. 



Preston, commaader of the guard, went to his rescue with eight armed men. 
Irritated and assailed by the mob, the soldiers fired upon the citizens, killed 
three, and dangerously wounded five' The mob instantly retreated, when 
all the bells of the city rang an alarum, and in less than an hour several thou- 
sands of exasperated citizens were in the streets. A terrible scene of blood 
would have ensued, had not Governor Hutchinson assured the people that 
justice should be vindicated in the morning. 

25. The people demamled the instant removal of the troops from Boston 
and the trial of Captain Preston and his men for murder. These demands 
were complied with. The troops were removed to Castle WUliam" [March 
12, 1770], and Preston, ably defended by John Adams and Josiah Quiucy, 
two of the popular leaders, was tried and acquitted, with six of his men, by 
a Boston jury. The other two soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. 
This result was a comment on the enforcement of the statute of Henry the 
Eighth, highly favorable to the Americans.^ It showed that in the midst of 
popular excitement, the strong conservative principles of justice bore rule. 
The victims of the riot were regarded as martyrs to liberty,^ and for many 
years, the memory of the " Boston Massacre," as it was called, was keptahve 
by anniversary orations in the city and vicinity. 

26. On the day of the bloody riot in Boston [March 5], Lord North, who 
was then the English prime minister, proposed to Parliament a repeal of all 
duties imposed by the act of 1767,^ except that upon tea. An act to that 
eflect was passed a month afterward [April 12]. This concession was Avrung 
fi-om the minister by the clamor of English merchants and manufacturers, 
who again felt severely the operations of the non-importation associations in 
America. As tea was a luxury, North supposed the colonists would not ob- 
ject to the small duty laid upon that article, and he retained it as a standing 
assertion of the right of Parhament to impose such duties. The minister en- 
tirely mistook the character of the people he was dealing with. It was not 
the petty amount of duties of which they complained, for all the taxes yet 
imposed were not in the least burdensome to them. They ^vere contending 
for a great principle which lay at the foundation of their liberties ; and they 
regarded the imposition of a duty upon one article as much a violation of their 
sacred rights, as if ten were included. So they continued their non-importa- 
tion league against the purchase and use of tea." 

1. The leader of the mob was a powerful mulatto, named Attucks. He and Sarancl Oray, and J.imes 
Caldwell, were killed iiistanily ; two others rerciverl mortal wounds. 2. Note ti, page 179. 

3. V»rse 2', page 11^0. It was so regarded in Englaiui. 

•1. They were buried wiUi great parade. All the hells of Boston and vicinity tolled a funeral knell while 
the procession was moving ; and as intended, the aflair made a deep impression on the public mind. 

5. Verse 17, page 17". 

6. Even before North's proposition was made to Parliament, special agreements concerning the disuse 
of tea, had been made, .\lreadv the popular feeling on tliis subject had been manifested toward a Boslon 
merchant who continued to sell tea. A company of half grown boys placed an effigy near his dnnr. with 
a finger upon it pointing toward his store. While "a man was attempting to pull it down, he was pelted with 
dirt and stones. He ran into the store, and seizing a gun discharged its contents among the crowd. A 

QUESTIONS. — '-5. What did the people demand? How were these demands comnlied with? How ni 1 the 
*merirans exhibit justice? How were the victims of riot regarded? ;'6. What did Lord Norih propose? 
What made him do it? How did he mistake the character of the Americans? What were the Americans 
couteudiug for ? 



182 THE HEVOLUTION. 



The Regulators of North Carolina. Capture and destruction of Ihi GispS. 

27. In 1771, the Carolinas, hitherto exempted from violent outbursts of 
popular indignation, became the theater of great excitement. To satisfy the 
rapacity and pride of royal governors, the industry of the province of North 
Carolina, especially, was enormously taxed.' The oppression was real, not an 
abstract principle, as at the North. The people in the interior at length formed 
associations, designed to resist unjust taxation, and to control public aliairs. 
They called themselves Regulators ; and in 1771 were too numerous to be 
overawed by local magistrates. Their operations assumeil the character of 
open rebellion, and Governor Tryon" marched into that region with an armed 
fore;:', to subdue them. They met him upon the Alamance Creek, in Ala- 
mance county [May 16, 1771], and there a bloody skirmish ensued. The 
R.^gulators were subdued and dispersed, and Tryon marched back in triumph 
to the sea-board, after hanging six of the leaders [June 19]. These events 
aroused, throughout the South, the fiercest hatred of British power, and stim- 
ulated that earnest patriotism so early displayed by the people below the 
Roanoke, when the Revolution broke out.^ 

28. In June, the following year, an event on Narraganset Bay widened the 
breach between Great Britain and her colonies. The commander of the 
British armed schooner Gaspe, stationed there to assist the commissioners of 
customs^ in enforcing the revenue laws, annoyed the American navigators by 
haughtily commanding them to lower their colors when they passed his ves- 
sel, in token of obedience. The William Tells of the Bay refused to bow to 
the cap of this petty Gesler.^ For such disobedience, a Providence sloop was 
chased by the schooner. The latter grounded upon a low sandy point; and 
on that night [June 9, 1772], sixty-four armed men went down from Provi- 
dence in boats, captured the people on board the Gas])^^^ and burned the ves- 
sel. Although a large reward was offered for the perpetrators (who were 
well known in Providence)," they were never betrayed. 

29. Early in 1773, a new thought upon taxation entered the brain of Lord 
North.' The East India Companj'',^ having lost their valuable tea customers 

boy named Snyder was killed, and Christopher Gore (afterward Governor oF Alassachusetts), was wonndei. 
The affair produced great excitement. At about tlie same lime three hundred " mistresses of families," 
in Boston, signed a pledfre of total abstinence from the use of tea, while the duty remained upon it. A few 
days afterward a large number of young ladies signed a similar pledge. 

1. Governor Tryon caused a palace to be erected for his residence, at Newbem, at a cost of S75,000, for 
the payment of which the province was taxed. This was in 1768, and was one of the principal causes of 
discontent, which produced the outbreak here mentioned. 

2. Verse 5, page 200. 3. Verse 14, page 19.^. 4. Verse 1", page 178. 

5. Gesler was an Austrian governor of one of the cantons of Switzerland. He placed his cap on a pole, 
at a gate of the town, and ordered all to bow to it, when they should enter. William Tell, a brave leader 
of the people, refused. He was imprisoi:ed for disobedience, escaped, aroused his countrymen to arms, 
drove their .\ustrian masters out of the land, and achieved the imlependence of Switzerland. 

6. One of the leaders was Abraham Whipple, a naval commander during the Revolution [verse ?, page 
239]. Several others were afterward distinguished for bravery during that struggle. Four years afterward, 
when Sir James Wallace, a Bnti.sh commander, was in the vicinity of Newport, Whitiple became known 
as the leader of the attack on the Gn^pe. Wallace sent him the following letter : " You, Abraham Whip- 
ple, on the 9lh of June, 1772, burned his maiesty's vessel, (he Gafpe, and I will hang yon at the yard-a: m." 
To this Whipple replied: "To Sir James VVallace ; Sir: Always catch a man before you hang him. 
Abuaham Whipple." 

7. He was also Earl of Guilford. He was an honest, but mi'^guided statesman. He died in 179^, at (he 
age of sixty years. He was prime minister of Engb'.nd during almost the entire period of our war for Inde- 
petidence. 

8. The English East India Company was formed and chartered in 1603, for the purpose of carrying on a 



Questions. — 27. Wliat happened in North Carolina f Who were ibs Beyulatorx ? What did oppressive 
measures effect ? 28. What happened in Narraganset Cay ? 



PHELIMIISrARY EVENTS. 183 



New tea act. The Kast India coinpauy. Tea-ships sent to Aiuerica. 




in America, by the operation of the non-importation associations,' and having 
more than seventeen miUions of pounds of the herb in their warehouses in 
England, petitioned Parliament to take off the duty of three pence a pound, 
levied upon the importation of the article into America. The company agreed 
to pay the government more than an equal amount, 
in export duty, if tlic change should be made. Here 
was an excellent opportunity for the government to 
act justly and wisely, and to proiluce a perfect 
reconciliation; but the stupid ministry, fearing it 
might be considered a submission to " rebellious 
subjects," refused the olive branch of peace. But, 
continuing to misapprehend the real question at 
issue. North introduced a bill into Parliament, al- 
lowing the company to export their teas to Amer- 

,. !•' ,.,, . . LORD NOKTH. 

ica, on their own account, without paying any ex- 
port duty. As this would make tea cheaper in America than in England, he 
concluded that Americans would not object to paying the three pence duty. 
This concession to a commercial monopoly, wdiile spurning the appeals of a 
great principle, only created contempt and inchgnation throughout the col- 
onies. 

30. The East India Companj', blind as the minister, regarded the American 
market as now open for their tea, and soon after the passage of the bill [May 
10, 1773], several large ships, heavily laden with the article, were on their 
way across the Atlantic. These movements were known in America before 
the arrival of any of the sliips, and the people in most of the sea-board towns 
resolved that it should not even be landed. The ships which arrived at New 
York and Philadelphia, returned to England with their cargoes ; at Annapo- 
lis, it was destroyed ; at Charleston it was landed, but was not allowed to be 
sold ; while at Boston, the attempts of the governor and his friends," who were 
consignees, to land the tea in defiance of the public feeling, resulted in the 
destruction of a large quantity of it. On a cold moonlight night [December 
IG, 1773], at the close of the last of several spirited meetings of the citizens 
held at Faneuil Hall,^ a party of about sixty persons, some disguised as Indians, 

trade by sea between England and tlie countries lying east of the Cape of Good Hope [note 1, pnge "8]. It 
continued prosperous ; and about the middle of the last century, the governor of ils stations in India, under 
the pretense of obtaining secmity for their trade, subdued small territories, and thus planted the foundation 
of that great British empire in the East, which now comprises the whole of Hindostan, from Cape (Vmorin 
to the Himalaya mountains, with a population of more than one hundred and tweuty millions of people. 

1. Verse 13. page 17". 

2. The public mind in Massachusetts was greatly Inflamed against (Jovemor Hutchinson at this time, 
whose letters to a member of Parliament, rccommendii-g stringent measures toward the colonies, had been 
sent to the Speaker of the colonial Assemblv, by Dr. Franklin. At about the same time. Parliament had 
passed a law, making the governor and judges of Massachusetts independent of the Assembly for their sal- 
aries, these being paid out of the revenues in the hands of the commissioners of customs This removal of 
tliese othcials beyond all dependence upon the people, constituted them fit instruments of the crown for op- 
pressing the inhabitants, and in that aspect the colonists viewed the measure, and condemned it. 

.S. liecanse the Revolutionary meetings in Boston were held in Faneuil Hall, it was (and still is) called 
Tlie Cradle nf Liberty . It was built and presented to the town by Peter Faneuil, in il42. The picture ou the 
next page shows its form during the Revolution. 



Questions. — ?9. What new scheme was proposed? What did the ministry do? How did the Americans 
regard the mitter? ?.il. How was the East India Company deceived? What did it do? Uow were cargoes 
of tea received in America? What happened in Boston? 



184 



THE EEVOLUTION. 



Destruction of tea at Boston. 



The Boston port bill. 



Other oppressive measures. 




FANECIL HALT.. 



rushed on board two vessels in the harbor, laden 
with tea, tore open the hatches, and in the course 
of two hours, three hundred and forty-two chests 
containing the herb, were broken open, and their 
contents cast into the water. 

31. Tliis event produced a powerful sensation 
throughout the British realm. All of the Amer- 
ican colonies sympathized with the Bostonians, 
but the exasperated government adopted re- 
taliatory measures, notwithstanding full payment 
for damage to their property was promised to the 
East India Company. Parliament, by enactment [March 7, 1774], ordered the 
port of Boston to be closed against all commercial transactions whatever, and 
the removal of the custom-house, courts of justice, and other public offices, to 
Salem. The Salem people patfiotically refused the proffered advantage at the 
expense of their neighbors ; and the inhabitants of Marblehead, fifteen miles 
distant, offered the free use of their harlior and wharves to the merchants of 
Boston. Soon after the passage of the Boston Port Bill, another act which 
leveled a blow at the charter of Massachusetts, was made a law [March 28, 
1774]. It deprived the people of many of the dearest privileges guarantied 
by that instrument.' A third retaUatory act was passed on the 21st of Ainil, 
providing for the trial, in England, of all persons charged in the colonics with 
murders committed in support of government, giving, as Colonel Barre said, 
" encouragement to military insolence already so insupportable." A fourth bill, 
providing for the quartering of troops in Amei'ica, was also passed by large ma- 
jorities in both Houses of Parliament ; and in anticipation of rebellion in 
America, a fifth act was passed, making great concessions to the Eoman 
Catholics in Canada, known as the Quebec Act. This excited the aninio'^ity 
of all Protestants. These measures created universal indignation toward the 
government, and sympathy for the people of Boston. 

32. The Port Bill went into operation on the 1st of June, 1774. It was a 
heavy blow for Boston. Business was crushed, and great suffering ensued. 
Everywhere, tokens of the liveliest sympathy were manifested. Flour, rice, 
cereal grains, fuel, and money were sent to the people from the different col- 
onies ; and sympathizers in London subscribed one hundred and fifty thousand 
dollar? for the poor of Boston. 

33. To enforce these oppressive laws, General Gage, the commander-in- 
chief of the British army in America," was appointed governor of Massachu- 
setts, and an additional military force was ordered to Boston. These coercive 

1. It empowered sheriffs, appointed by the down, to select jnries, instead of leaving that power with the 
Belectmen of the towns, who were chosen by the people. It also prohibited all town meelinps and other 
gratheriiiRs. It provided for the appointment of the councils, judges, justices of the peace, etc., by the crown 
or its representative. 2. Verse 21, page 179. 

QCESTIONS. — 31. How was the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor regarded ? Wliat did the people 
offer to do? What parli,amcntary measures did it occasion? 32. What was the effect of the Boston Port 
liil!? Whit sympathy was manifested? 



PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 185 

Committees of correspondence. Call for a continental congress. 

demonstrations greatly increased the public irritation, and diminished the 
hopes of reconciliation. Slavish submission or armed resistance was now the 
alternative presented to the American people. Committees of correspondence 
Avhich had been formed in every colony in 1773,' had been busy in the inter- 
change of sentiments and opinions, and throughout the entire community of 
Anglo-Americans there was evidently a general consonance of feeling. Yet 
they hesitated, and resolved to deliberate in solemn council before thay should 
appeal to " the last argument of kings.'"" 

34. The patriots of Massachusetts stood not 



NC 

9- 







alone in their integrity, for in all the colonies the 
Whigs^ were as bold and inflexible. But those 
of Massachusetts, being the special- objects of 
royal vengeance,* suffered more and required more 
boldness to act among bristling bayonets and shot- 

, , V ^ il i. 1 SNAKE DEVICE. 

tetl cannons, i et they grew stronger every day 

under persecution, and bolder as the frowns of British power became darker. 
Even while troops to overawe them were parading the streets of Boston, 
sturdy representatives of the people assembled at Salem,^ and sent forth an 
invitation to all the colonies to appoint delegates to meet in a general Con- 
gress at Pliiladelphia on the 5th of September following [1774]. It met with 
a hearty response from twelve of the thirteen colonies, and the Press seconded 
the measures with great emphasis. Some newspapers bore a significant 
device. It was a snake, cut" into thirteen parts, each part bearing the initials 
of a colony upon it, as seen in the engraving. Under these were the signifi- 
cant words. Unite, or die. 

35. Before the close of August, the delegates were appointed, and the First 
Continental Congrkss" assembled in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia [Sept. 
5, 1774], on the appointed day. All but Georgia were represented. Peyton 
Randolph, of Virginia, was appointed President, and Charles Thomson, of 
Pennsylvania, Secretaiy.' The regular business of the Congress commenced 

1. At a consultation of leading members of the Virginia House of Assembly in March, 1773, held in llie 
old Raleigh tavern at WilliHmsbnrg, at which Fatricii Heniy, Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry liCe, and 
others were present, it was agreed to submit a resolution in the House the following day, appointing a com- 
mittee of vigilance and correspondence, and recommending the same to the other colonies, xiic measuie 
was carried, and these committees formed one of the most powerful engines in cariying on (he work of the 
Revolution. Similar committees had already been formed in several towns in Massachusetts. 

2. These words, in Latin, were often placed upon cannons. 

3. The terms Whig and Tory, had been long used in Kngland as titles of political parties. The former 
denoted the opposers of royalty ; the latter indicated its supporters. These terms were introduced into 
America two or three years before the Revolution broke out, and became the distinctive titles of ihc patnots 
and loT/alisls. 4. Ver.'-e 31, page !8t. 

5. At that meeting of the General Assembly of Massachusetts, the patriots matured a plan for a general 
Congress, provided for munitions of war to resist B:i1ish power m their own province, and formed a general 
non-importation league for the wliole country. In the midst of their proceedings. General Gage .'ent his 
secretary to dissolve thom, but the doors of the > ssenibly chimiher w?re locked, and the key was in Sam- 
uel .Adams's pocket. Having finished their business, the Assembly adjourned, and tlius ended (he last ses- 
sion of that body, under a royal governor. 

6. This name was given to distinguish it from the two colonial Congresses [pages 151 and 17()] already 
held ; one at Albany in I'Syi, the other at New York in 1765. 

_ 7. Thomson was Secretary of Congress peipetually from 177-1, until the adoption of the Federal Constitu- 
tion, and tlie organization of the new government, in 1T89. He was born in Ireland in 1730, came to Amer- 
ica when eleven years of age, and died in 1824, at the age of ninety-four years. 



Questions. — .S.S. What was done to enslave the people? What powerful revolntionarv meas"re was now 
in operation? What was the public feeling? ."'4. Wh.nt .spirit was visible in all the colonies? What did the 
Massachusetts people do and suffer. What did the Assembly of that piovince propose? 



186 



THE KE VOLUTION. 



The first continental congress. 



on the morning of the 7th, after an impressive prayer for Divine guidance, 
uttered by the Rev. Jacob Duche/ of Philadelphia. They remained in session 
until the 2Gth of October, during which time they matured measures for future 
action, whicli met with the general approbation of the American people." 
Tliey prepared and put forth several State 
papers,^ marked by such signal ability and wis- 
dom, as to draw from the Earl of Cliatham, these 
words in the House of Lords : " I must declare 
and avoAV that in all my reading and studying of 
history — (and it has been my favorite study— I 
have read Thucydi- 
des, and have stud- 
ied and admired the 
master States of the 
world) — that for so- 
Hdity of reasoning, 
force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, un- 
der such a complication of circumstances, no 
nation or body of men can stand in preference 
to the general Congress at Philadelphia."-' 

36. In all its proceedings Congress manifested 
decorum, firmness,^ moderation and loyalty; and 
when the delegates resolved to adjourn to meet 
again at the same place on the 10th of May followin 




CAKPENTEE S UALL. 




CIIABLES THOMSON. 



[1775], unless the 

desired redress of grievances should be obtained, they did so with an earnest 
hope that a reconciliation might speedily take place, and render another 
national council unnecessary. But they were doomed to bitter disappoint- 
ment. Great Britain was blind and stubborn still. 



1. Duche was a minister of the Chinch of England, and became a Tory. 

2. Thev prepared a plan for a general comm.'vcii\l noninlercouree wiih Great Britain andherWeet Indian 
possessions, wliicli was called The Avieriran A>iinriii('o>i, ar.d was recommended for adoption ihroiigliout the 
country. It consisted of fourteen articles. In addition to the non-intei course provisions, it was recom- 
mended to abandon the >lave-trade, to improve tlie breed of sh' ep, (o abstain from all extravagances in liv- 
ingr and indulgence in horse-iacirg, etc., and the appointment of a committee in every town to piomole 
conformity to llie requirements of the Asmrintion. It was signed by the 52 memliers present. 

3. A Bin of Rights ; An Address to the people of Oieat Uritain, written by John Jay ; ar.other to the 
several Anglo-American colonies, written by William Livingston ; another to the inhaliitantsof Quebec, and 
a petition to iho king. In these, the grievances and tin- rigbls of the colonies were ably set forth. 

4. He also said in a letter to Steplien Savre, on the :'4)li of December, 1774, " I have not words toexpress 
my satisfaction that the (;ongress has conducted this nin«t aniiions and delicate business, with such manly 
■wisdom and calm resolution, as do the highest honor to tlieir deliberation." 

5. On the 8th of October thev nnanimouslv Resolved, That this Congress approve the opposition of the 
inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay, to the execution of the late acts of Pari anient [verse ?1, page IJS J, 
and if the .same shall be attempted to be carried into execution by force, in such case all America ought to 
support them in their opposition." This resolution, in letter and spirit, was the embodiment of the Revo- 
lutionary sentiment. 

Qi'F.STiONS. — ?5. Can you relate the circumstances of the assembling of the first Cimtinentnl Congrt'nf 
What was done during the session? What opinions did Tilt express concerning its memliers? 36. What 
was the character and conduct of the first Continental Congress? What was hoped for? 



FIRST YEAH OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 187 



Preparations for war. Minute-men. Effects of ii rumor. 

SECTION II. 

FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [17*75.] 

i 1. During the Summer of 1774, the people commenced arming thcmselvc?. 
They practiced daily in military exercises ; the manufacture of arms xmd gun- 
powder was encouraged; and throughout Massachusetts in particular, the 
people were enrolled in companies, and prepared to take arras at a moment's 
warning. From this circumstance they were called minute-men. At the 
same time, the Massachusetts leaders were laboring, witir intense zeal, to 
place the province in a condition to rise in open and united rebellion when 
necessity should demand. And all over the land, the provincial assemblies, 
public speakers and the press, were boldly proclaiming the right of resist- 
ance. These demonstrations alarmed General Gage/ and he 'Commenced 
fortifying Boston Neck." He also seized and conveyed to the city large 
quantities of ammunition found in the neigliboring villages, and employed 
stringent measures for preventing intercourse between the patriots in the city 
and in the country. The exasperated people were anxious to attack the 
soldiers in Boston, but they were restrained by prudent counselors.^ 

2. On the 3d of September, a rumor went abroad that British ships were 
cannonading Boston. Within two days, full tliirty thousand minute-men 
were under arms, and hastening toward that city. They were met by a con- 
tradiction of the rumor ; but the event conveyed such a portentous lesson to 
Gage, that he pushed forward his military preparations with as much vigor as 
the opposition of the people would allow.'' He thought it expedient to be 
more conciliatory ; and he summoned the colonial Assembly to meet at Salem 
on the 5th of October. Then dreading their presence, he revoked the order. 
Ninety delegates met, however, and organized by the appointment of John 
Hancock"^ president. They then went to Cambridge, where they formed a 
Provincial Congress, and labored earnestly in preparations for that armed 
resistance which now appeared inevitable. They made provisions for an army 
of twelve thousand men ; solicited other New England colonies to augment 
.it to twenty thousand; and appointed Jedediah Preble and Artemas Ward," 

1 J', ^^P^^' ^^^^ ^^*- Thomas Gage was a native of England ; was Oovernnrof Montreal [verse 4", papre 
167] m 1,60, and comraander-inchief in 1763. He was Governor of Massachusetts in r "4 ■ left Ameiiea in 
li75 ; and died in 17S7. 

2. The peninsula of Boston was originally connected with the main land by a narrow isthmus called the 
^eck. It has been preatly widened hv filling in the marginal morasses ; and over it now passes the fine 
avenue which connects the city with Roxbury, on the main. 

S. Many hundreds of aimed men assembled at Oambridpre. At Charlestown, the people took possession 
ot the ar>«nal, after Gnge had carried off the powder. At Portsmouth. N. H.. thev captured the fort, and 
carried oil the ammunition. At Newport. R. I., thi> people seized the powder, and took pnsses«ion of forty 
pieces of cannon at the entrance of the harbor. In New York, Philadelphia, .\nnapolis, WilliMmsbuifr, 
l.liarleston, and Savannah, the people took active defensive measures, and the whole country was in a blaze 
01 indignation. 

4. Carpenters refused to work on the fortificnfions ; and much of the material was destroved hv fire at 
nifiht in spite nf the vigilance of the guards. Gage sent to New York for timber and workmen. The people 
tbere would not permit either to leave Iheir port. 5. Verse : 0, page 179. p. Verse 8, page I'O. 

QcESTioNS. — 1. What did the people do in 17'4? Who were miri'ittmen ? What alamel General Gap-t? 
What did he do? 2. What rumor went abroad? What were the effecisf What did the Massachusetts As- 
sembly do? 



188 THE EEVOLUTION. 



Proceedings in Parliament. The British army in Boston. March toward Lexington. 

men of experience in the French and Indian war/ generals of all the troops 
that might be raised. 

3. Such was the condition of affairs in America, when Parliament assembled 
in 1775. Dr. FrankUii and others," then in England, had given a wide circu- 
lation to the Addresses put forth by the Continental Congress f and the En- 
glish mind was already influenced in favor of the Americans. Pitt came on 
crutches'' from his retirement, to speak lor them in the House of Lords, and 
he proposed concihatory measures [Jan. 7, 1775], which were rejected. In 
their stead, Parliament struck another severe blow at the industry of New" 
England [March] by prohibiting fishing on the banks of Newfoundland."* 
The Ministers also endeavored to promote dissensions in America, by crippling 
the trade of the southern and middle colonies, but exempting New York, 
Delaware, and North Carolina. The scheme signally failed. Common dan- 
gers and common interests, drew the ligaments of fraternity closer than ever, 
and in the Spring of 1775, all hope of reconciliation had vanished. The 
people of the colonies, though weak in military resources, Avere strong in 
purpose ; and, relying upon the justice of their cause, and the assistance of 
the Lord God Omnipotent, they resolved to defy the fleets and armies of 
Great Britain. 

4. There were three thousand British troops in Boston, on the 1st of April, 
1775, and Gage felt certain that he could suppress insurrections. Yet he felt 
uneasy concerning the gathering of ammunition and stores" by the patriots at 
Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. Toward midnight, on the 18th, he 
secretly dispatched eight hundred men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith and 
Major Pitcairn, to destroy them. All his precautions were vain. The vigi- 
lant Dr. Warren,' who was secretly watching all the movements of Gage, 
became aware of the expedition early in the evening ; and when it moved, 
Paul Revere' had landed at Charlestown, and was on his way to Concord 
to arouse the inhabitants and the minute-men." Soon afterward, church- 
bells, muskets, and cannons, spread the alarm over the country ; and when : 
at dawn [April 19, 1775], Pitcairn, with the advanced guard, reached Lex- 
ington, a few miles from Concord, he found eighty determined minute- 
men drawn up to oppose him. Pitcairn rode forward, and shouted, " Dis- 

1. Sec. XII., pasre 147. , ^ , . . ^ ,, 

2. Dr. Franklin liad been the agent in England, for several of the colonies, for about ten years. 

3. Notes, page ISfi. c ^ , • . r , u •. 

4. Pitt was greally affiicted with the gont. Sometimes he was confined lo his house for weeks by it; 
and he was sometimes seen on the floor of Parliament leaning upon crutches, and his legs swathed in 

5 \t that time there were emploved by the Americans, in the British Newfoundland fisheries, about 400 
ships 2 (WX) fi'hing shallops, .ind 'ri.dOO rhen. On account of thi'< blow to the fishing trade, a great many 
inhabitants of Nantucket and vicinity, chiefly Quakers, went to North tiarolina, and m Orange and Guilford 
counties, beciiine planters. Their descendants arc yet numerous there. 

fi. Early in the year secret orders had been sent by the Ministry, to the royal governors, to remove all 
ammunition and stores out of the reach of the people, if they made any hostile demonstrations. 

7. Afterward killed in the b.attle on Breed's Hill. Verse 11, page U'l. , ., ^ 

8. Revere wa>< one of the most active of the Sons of Liberty [verse 11, page 1,5] in Boston. Like Isaac 
Sears, of New York, his eminent services in the cause of freedom have been overlooked. Their fame is 
eclipsed by men of greater minds, but no sturdier patriotism. 9. Verse 1, page 187. 

QnESTIONS.— S. What occurred in England? What did Pitt attempt? What didPailiameut do? How were 
the Americans alTectcd? •). What was the condition of the British in Boston? What did Gage attempt to 
do? and why? How were the people aroused? What ocouned at Lexington? 



FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 189 

Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord. Effects of these- events. 

persc ! disperse, you rebels! Down with your arms, and disperse!" They 
rci'used obedience, and he ordered liis men to fire. Tliat dreadful order was 
obeyed, and the first blood of the Retolutiox flowed upon the tender 
grass on the Green at Lexington. Eight citizens were killed and several were 
wounded. The last survivor of that noble band' died in March, 1854, at the 
age of almost ninety-six years. 

5. The British now pressed forward to Concord, and destroyed the stores. 
They were terribly annoyed by the minute-men' on their way, who fired upon 
tliem from behind walls, trees, and buildings. Having accomplished their 
purpose, and killed several more patriots in a skirmish there, the royal troops 
hastily retreated to Lexington. Tlie country was now thoroughly aroused, 
and minute-men were gathering by scores. Nothing but the timely arrival 
of Lord Percy with reinlbrcements, saved the eight hundred from total de- 
struction. The whole body now retreated. All the way back to Bunker's 
HiU,^ in Charlestowu, the troops were terribly assailed by the patriots ; and 
they lost, in killed and wounded, two hundred and seventy-three. The loss 
of the Americans was one hundred and three.* 

6. IntelUgence of this tragedy spread over the country like a blaze of light- 
ning from a midnight cloud, and like the attendant thunder-peal, it aroused 
all hearts. From the hills and valleys of New England, the patriots went forth 
by hundreds, armed and unarmed; and before the close of the month [April, 
1775] an army of twenty thousand men were forming camps and piling for- 
tifications around Boston, from Roxbury to the river Mystic, determined to 
confine the fierce tiger of war, which had tasted their blood, upon that little 
peninsula. The provincial Congress,^ sitting at Watertown, with Dr. Warren 
at its head, worked day and night in consonance with the gathering army. 
They appointed military officers, organized a commissariat for supplies, issued 
bills of credit for the payment of troops, for which the province was pledged,* 
and declared [May 5] General Gage to be an " inveterate enemy" of the 
people. 

7. And as the intelligence went from colony to colony, the people were 
equally aroused. Arms and ammunition were seized by the Sons of Libei'ty, 
provincial Congresses were formed, and before the close of summer, the 
power of every royal governor, from Massachusetts to Georgia, was utterly 
destroyed. Everywhere the people armed in defense of their liberties, and 
took vigorous measures for future security. Some aggressive enterprises were 
undertaken by volunteers. The most important of these was the seizure of 
the strong fortresses of Ticonderoga" and C'own Point,* by Connecticut and 

1. .Jonathan Harrington, who played the fife for (he niinnte-men, on the morning of the battle. The 
writer visited him in 1848, when he was ninety years of nge. He then had a perfect recollection of the 
events of that morning. 2. Verse 1, page l'^7. 3. Verse 9, page 190. 

4. Appropriate monuments have been erected to the memory of the slain, at Lexington and Concord, and 
Acton. Davis, the commander of the miliiia at (Concord, wasfiom Acton, and so were most of his men. 

r>. Verse 1', page 1S7. 6. The amount issued was three hundred and seveuty-tive thousand dollars. 

7. Verse .11', page Ifil. ,*<. Verse 38, page 164. 

QfESTioNS.— ,^. Whit occurred at <'oii(ord? What hefi-ll thi- British troops? 6. What was the effect of 
the skirmishes at Lexington and Concortlr What did New F.nglnnd people do? 7. What effects were seen 
throughout the colonies? What expeditious were undertaken? What were the results? 



190 THE REVOLUTION. 



Capture of Ticonderoga. Breed's Hill fortified. 

Vermont militia, under the command of Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict 
Arnold. Ticonderoga and its garrison were taken possession of" at dawn, on 
the 10th of May, 1775; and two days afterward, Colonel Seth Warner, of 
the expedition, with a few men, captured Crown Point. The spoils of vic- 
tory, consisting of almost one hundred and fifty pieces of cannon, and a large 
quantity of ammunition and stores, were of vast consequence to the Amer- 
icans. A i'cw months later [Mar. 1776], some of these cannons were hurling 
death-shots into the midst of the British troops in Boston.' 

8. On the 19th of May [1775], the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts 
clothed the Committee of Safety, sitting at Cambridge, with full powers to 
regulate the operations of the army. Artemas Ward was appointed com- 
mander-in-chief, Richard Gridley," chief engineer, and Putnam, Stark, and 
other veterans, who had served bravely in the French and Indian war,^ were 
appointed to impoi'tant commands. The military genius then develojied, was 
now brought into requisition. Day by day the jjosition of the Biitish army 
became more perilous, when on the 25th of May, large reinforcements, under 
Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, arrived. The whole British force in 
Boston now amounted to about twelve thousand men, besides several well- 
manned vessels of war, under Admiral Graves ; and Gage resolved to attack 
the Americans and jienetrate the country. 

9. On the 10th of June, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans 
in arms to be rebels and traitors, and offering a free pardon to all who should 
return to their allegiance, except those arch-offenders, John Hancock,* and 
Samuel Adams.^ These he intended to seize and send to England to be 
hanged. The vigilant patriots, aware of Gage's hostile intentions, strength- 
ened their intrenchments on Boston Neck," and on the evening of the 16th 
of Juno, General Ward sent Colonel Prescott'^ with a detachment of one 
thousand men, to take possession of, and fortify Bunker's Hill, which com- 
manded an important part of Boston and the surrounding water. By mis- 
take they ascended Breed's Hill, within cannon-shot of the city, and laboring 
with pick and spade all that night, they had cast up a strong redoubt^ of 
earth, on the summit of that eminence, before the British were aware of their 
presence. Gage and his officers were greatly astonished at the apparition of 
this military work, at the dawn of the 17th. 

10. The British generals perceived the necessity for driving the Americans 
from this commanding position, before they should plant a heavy battery there, 
for in that event, Boston must b6 evacuated. Before sunrise [June 17, 1775], 

1. Verse 4, pajre 199. ?. Note 1, pape 110. 3. Chapter IV., Sec. XII., page 147. 

4. Verse 2. page 1-7. .5. Note 4, page 180. 6. Note :', page lltO. 

7. William Prescolt was horn at Groton, Massachusetts, in 1726. He was at Louisburg [verse 4H, p. 1021 
in 1745. After the battle of Hunker's Hill, be serred under dates, until the surrender of Burgoyne, when 
he left the army. He died in 179". 

8. A redoubt is a small fortification, generally composed of earth, and having verv few features of a reg- 
ular fort, except its arrangement for the use of cannons and muskets. Thev are often temporary structures, 
cast up in the progress of a siege, or a protracted battle. The diagram A, on the map, page 191 shows the 
f )rm of the redoubt ; a, is the entrance. 

Questions. — 8. What hostile preparations were made in Massachusetts? What was the condition of 
the British army in Boston? 9. What did General Gage now do? What defensive measures did the 
Americans take? 



FIRST YEAR OF THE "WAU FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



191 



Battle of Bunker's Hill. 



a heavy cannonade was opened upon the redoubt, from 
a battery on Copp's Hill, in Boston,' and from shipp nGf 
in the harbor, but with very Httle effect. Hour afli r 
liour the patriots worked on in the erection of then 
fort, and at noon-day, their toil was fin- 
ishet], and they laid aside their implements 
of labor for knapsacks and muskets. G en- 
cral Howe, 




BDNKEK B HILL ISATTLE. 



MOJTtJMENT. 



with Gen- 
eral Pigot, 
and three 
thousand 
men, cross- 
e d the 
Charles 
river at the 
same time, 
to Morton's 
Point, at 
the foot of 
the eastern 
slopes of 

Breed's Hill, formed his troops into two columns, and marched slowly to 
attack the redoubt. Although the British commenced firing cannons soon 
after they had begun to ascend the hill, and the great guns of the ships, and 
the battery on Copp's Hill, poured out an incessant storm upon the redoubt, 
the Americans kept perfect silence until they had approached within close 
musket-shot. Hardly an American could be seen by the slowly-approaching 
enemy, yet behind those rude mounds of earth lay fifteen hundred de- 
termined mon.^ 

11. When the British column was within ten rods of the redoubt, Prescott 
shouted Fire ! and instantly whole platoons of the assailants were prostrated 
by well-aimed bullets.' The survivors fell back in great confusion, but were 
soon rallied for a second attack. They Avere again repulsed, with heavy loss, 
and wliile scattering in all directions. General Clinton arrived with a few fol- 
lowers, and joined Howe as a volunteer. The fugitives were rallied, and they 
rushed up to the redoubt in the face- of a galling fire. For ten minutes the 
battle raged fearfully, and, in the mean while, Charlestown, at the foot of the 

1. That portioTi of Copp's Hill, where (he British battery was constructed, is a hwrial-proiiTi'l, in which 
lie many of the earlier res.idents of that city. Among thein, the Mather family, distinguished in the early 
bistorv of the commonweaHh. 

2. During the forenoon, Oeneral Putnam had been busy in forwarding reinforcements for Prescott, and 
when the battle began, about five hundred had been added to llie detachment. 

3. Prescott ordered his men to aim at the waistbands of the Hrilish, and to pick off their officers, whose 
fine clothes would distinguish them. 

QnESTinNS.— 10. Ilnw did the redoubt on Breed'slSiiraffect the^BriTish? What did they do? What 
movements were made bv the British troops? 11. Can you relate the chief incidents of the battle of Bun- 
ker's Hill? How were the two armies affected? 



192 THE REVOLUTION, 



llesult of the Battle of Bunker's Hill. Death of General Warren. 



eminence, having been fired by a carcass' from Copp's Hill," sent up dense 
columns of smoke, ■which completely enveloped the belligerents. The firing 
in the redoubt grew weaker, for the ammunition of the Americans became 
exhausted. It ceased, and then the British scaled the bank and compelled 
the Americans to retreat, while they fought fiercely with clubbed muskets.^ 
They fled across Charlestown Neck/ gallantly covered by Putnam and a few 
brave men, and un ler that commander, took position on Prospect Hill, and 
fortified it. The British took possession of Bunker's Hill,^ and erected a forti- 
fication there. There was absolutely no victory in the case. The Americans 
had lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about four hundred and fifty men. 
The loss of the British, from like causes, was almost eleven hundred." This 
was the first real battle' of the Revolution, and lasted almost two hours. 

12. That beautiful day in June, bright and cloudless, was a terrible one for 
Boston and its vicinity. All the morning, and during the fierce conflict, roofs, 
steeples, and every high place, in and around the city, were filled with anxious 
spectators. Almost every family had a representative among the combatants; 
and, in an agony of suspense, mothers, wives, sisters and daughters, gazed 
upon the scene. Llany a loved one perished ; and there the country lost one 
of its most promising children, and freedom a de- 
voted champion. Dr. Warren, who had just been 
appointed Llajor-General, had crossed Charlestown 
Neck in the midst of flying balls from the British 
shipping, and reached the redoubt on Breed's Hill, 
at the moment when the enemy scaled its banks, 
lie was killed by a musket-ball, while retreating. 
Biu'ied where he fell, near the redoubt, the tall Bun- 
ker Hill monument of to-day, standing on that spot^ 
commemorates his death as well as the patriotism 
of his countrymen.* 

13. While these events were occurring in New 
England, the Revolution was making rapid progress elsewhere. Late in 

1. A carm<'.'> is a liollow case, formed of ribs of iron, covered with cloth or metal, with holes in it. Being 
filled with combustibles, and set on five, it is thrown from a mortar, like a bombshell, upon the roofs of b lild- 
ings and ignites them. A bombshell is a hollow ball with an orifice, filled with powder, which is ignited 
by a slow match wlit'ii fired, explodes, and its fragments produce terrible destruction. 

2. See map on page 191. 

3. Most of the American muskets were destitute of bayonets, and they used the large end as clubs. 

4. Charlestown, like Boston, is on a peninsula, almost surrounded by water and a mavf-h. The Neck was 
a narrow causeway connecting it with the main. Charlestown was a flourishing rival of ISosloii hi the lime 
of tlie battle. It was then completely destroyed. Six hundred buildings perished in the fir.mcs. linigoyrc, 
speaking of the battle and conflagration, saiil it was the most awful and sublime sight he had ever witnessed. 

5. As the battle took pl.nce on Brenl'!:, and rot on TSunl-cr's ITill, the former name should have been given 
to it, hut the name of Bunker'x nil! is too sacred in the records of patriotism to be charged. - . ,■ 

6. The Provincial Congress estimated the loss at about 1,fOO : Oeneial Oage reported 1,054. Of the Amer- 
icans, only 115 were killed : the remnindcr were wounded or made prisoners. 

7. A hattle is ,a conflict carried on bv large bodies of troops, according to the rules of military tactics: a 
eJiirmiyh is a sudden and irregular fight hetwoen :(. few troops. 

8. .Joseph Warren was born in Roxbiiry, in 1741). TTc was at the head of his profession as a physiei.iTi 
"when the events of the approaching Revolution brought bim into public life. TTe was tbirty-five yenrsof age 
when he died. Ilis remains rest in St. Paul's church, in Boston. A statue in his honor was inaugurated 
on the 17th of June, 1857- 

QOESTlON.i. — 12. Who were spectators of the battlef What calamity befell the f mericane? 




FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 193 

Patrick Henry's boldness. Events in the South. Second Continental Congress. 

March, Patrick Henry' had again aroused his countrymen by his eloquence, in 
the Virginia Assembly at Richmond, when he concluded a masterly speech with 
that noted sentiment which became the war-cry of the patriots — "Give me 
LiGERTV, OR GIVE ME Deatu !" Wliou, twcnty-six days later [April 20], Gov- 
ernor Dunuiore, by ministerial counnand," seized and convej'-ed on board a 
Britisii vessel of war, a quantity of gunpowder belonging to the colony, that 
same inflexible patriot went at the head of armed citizens, and demanded and 
received from the royal representative, full restitution. And before the battle 
of Bunker's Hill,^ the exasperated people had driven Dunmore* from his palace 
at Williamsburg [June], and he was a refugee, shorn of political power, on 
board a British man-of-war in the York river. 

14. In the meantime, a still bolder step had been taken in the interior of 
North Carolina. A convention of delegates, chosen by the people, assembled 
at Charlotte, in Mecklenberg county [May, 1775], and by a series of resolu- 
tion=!, virtually declared their constituents absolved from all allegiance to the 
British crown,^ organized local government, and made provisions for military 
defense. In South Carolina and Georgia, also, arms and ammunition had 
been seized by the people, and all royal authority was repudiated. 

15. In the midst of these excitements, the Second Continental Congress 
convened [May 10] at Philadelphia. Notwithstanding New England was in 
a blaze of war, royal authority had virtually ceased in all the colonies, and the 
conflict for independence had actually begun," that august body held out to 
Great Britain a loyal, open hand of reconciliation.' At the same time, thoy 
said, firmly, " We have counted the cost of this contest, and find nothing so 
dreadful us voluntary slavery." The)'' did not foolishly lose present advan- 
tages in waiting for a rej^ly, but pressed forward in the work of public secur- 
ity. Having resolved on armed resistance, they voted to raise an army of 
twenty thousand men ; and two days before the battle of Bunker's Hill^ [June 
15, 1775], they elected George Washington commander-in-chief of all the 
forces raised, or to be raised, for the defense of the colonies.' They adopted 

1. Born in Hiinorer county, Virginia, in 1736. He appeared suddenly in public life when almost thirty 
years of age. lie was an active public man during- the whole of the Revolution, was Governor of Virginia, 
and died in 1799. See correct portrait in the picture at the head of this chapter. 

2. Note fi, page 188. ,S. Page 191. 

4. Duumore was strongly suspected of a desire to have the hostile Indians west of the AUeghanics anni- 
hilate the Virginia troops sent against them in the summer of 1774. They suffered terrible loss in a battle at 
Point Pleasant, on the Ohio, in October of that year, in consequence of the failure of promised aid from 
Dunmore. They subdued the Indians, however. 

5. This declaration of independence was made abo\it thirteen months previous to the general Declaration 
made by the Contmental Congress, and is one of the glories of the people of North Carolina. 

(i. Verse 5, page 189. 

7. In July, Congress sent a most loyal petition to the king, and conciliatory addresses to (he people of 
Great Britam. 3 Vgrse II, page 191. 

y. VV ashmgton was a delegate in Congress from Virginia, and his appointment was wholly unexpected to 
him. \\ hen the time came to choose a commander-in-chief, .John .\dams arose, and after a brief .speech, 
m which he delineated the r|nalitiesof the man whom he thought best fitted for the important service, he 
nominated Washington. That patrint was gazing intently in the face of Mr, Adams, at the moment, and 
when his name fell from the lips of the speaker, he rushed into an adjoining room, utterly abashed. Con- 
gress immediately adjourned, and the ne.\t day Washington was elected commander-in-chief At the same 
time Congress resolved that they would " maintain and assist him, and adhere to him, with their lives and 
fortunes, in the cause of American liberty." When President Hancock announced (o Washington his ap- 
pomtment, he modestly and with great dignity, signified his acceptance in the following terms: "Mr. 

QtJF.STIONS. — IS. What revolutionary movements occurred in Virginia ? 14. What revolutionary movement 
occurred in North Carolina, South Cnrclina, anil Georgia? 15. What occurred at Philadelphia? What was 
the condition of the country? What did the Continental Congress do ? 



194 THE REVOLUTION. 



Washington commander-in-chief. Invasion of (panada. 



the troops at Boston^ as a ContinentaIj Armt, and appointed general officers^ 
to assist Washington in its organization and future operations. 

16. Washington took command of the army at Cambridge, on the 3d of 
July, and with the aid of General Gates, order was soon brought out of great 
confusion, and the Americans were prepared to commence a regular siege of 
the British army in Boston.^ To the capture or expulsion of tliose troops, the 
efforts of Washington were mainly directed during the summer and autumn of ,j 
1775. His army, fourteen thousand strong, extended from Roxbury on the ^ 
right to Prospect Hill, two miles north-west of Breed's Hill, on the left. The 
right, was commanded by General Ward, the left, by General Lee. The center, 
at Cambridge, Avas under the immediate control of the conmiander-in-chief. 

17. The Canadians had been cordially invited to join their Anglo-Amer- 
ican'' neighbors,^ in efforts to obtain redress of grievances, but having very 
little sympathy in language, religion, or social condition with them, they re- 
fused, and were necessarily considered positive supporters of the royal 
cause. The capture of the two fortresses on Lake Champlain" [May, 1775], 
having opened the way to the St. Lawrence, a well-devised plan to take pos- 
session of that province and prevent its becoming a place of rendezvous and 
supply of invading armies from Great Britain, was matured by Congress and 
the commander-in-chief.'' To accomplish this, a body of New York and 
New England troops were placed under tlic command of Generals Scliuyler' 
and Montgomery," and ordered to proceed by way of Lake Champlain to 
Montreal and Quebec. 

18. The invading army appeared before St. John on the Sorel, the first 
military post within the Canatlian hne, at the close of August, 1775. De- 
ceived in regard to the strength of the garrison and the disposition of the 
Canadians and the neighboring Indians, Schuyler fell back to Isle Aux Noix,'" 
and after making preparations to fortify it, hastened to Ticonderoga to urge 

President, tbongh I am truly sensible of the high honor done me, in this appointment, 3'et I feel great dis- 
tress, from a consciousness that my abilities and military experience maj' not be equal to the extensive and 
important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the momentous duty, and exert every 
power I possess in their service, and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most 
cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their approbation. But lest some unlucky event should 
happen, unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in this room, that 
I, tills day, declare with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal 10 the command I am honored 
with. As to pay, sii', I beg leave to assure Ihe Congress that, as no pecuniary consideration could have 
tempted me to accept the arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not 
wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses ; those, I doubt not, they 
will discharge, and that is all I desire." 1. Verse fi, page 189. 

?. Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam, major-generals ; Horatio dates, 
arljdtant-ffeneral ; and Seth Pomeroy, R'chnrd Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spen- 
cer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel Gieenc (all New England men), hrigtuliergenerrds. 

X Verse 4, page 188. 4. Note 5, page 1.59. 

5. The Congress of 1774, made an appeal Tn the inlirthUnntx of Qi-e'ier, in which was clearly set forth the 
"{rievances of the colonists, and an invitation to fraternize wilh those alrcadv in union. 

6. Verse 7, page 189. 

7. A committee of Congress went to Cambridge in August, and there the plan of Ihe campaign against 
Canada was arranged. 

8. Philip Schuyler was horn in Albany, New York, in H.SS. He was a captain under Sir William Johr.- 
son [verse 17, page l.')41, in 1755, and was in active public service, in civil affairs, until the Kevolntion. lie 
was a legislator aOer Ihe war, and died in 1804. See portrait on page 10.5. 

9. Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland, in 17.S7. He was with Wolfe at Quebec [verse 40. page 
1(551, and afterward married and settled in the State of New York. He gave promise of great military 
ability, when death ended his career. See portrait on page 196. 10. Note 3, page 164. 

QuESTio.ts. — 16. What did Washington first do? What was his chief desire? What hostile prepara. 
tions were made? 17. What of the Canadians? What plans against Canada wera formed? aud how 
commenced ? 



FIEST YEAR OF THE WAE FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



195 



Capture of St. John and Chambly. 



Defeat at Montreal. 



Arnold's expedition. 




GENEBAL SOHUYLEK. 



forward more troops. Sickness compelled 
him to return to Albany, and the whole 
command devolved upon Montgomery. To- 
ward the close of September that energetic 
officer laid siege to St. John. The garrison 
maintained an obstinate resistance for more 
than a month, and Montgomery twice re- 
solved to abandon it. 

19. During the siege, small detachments 
of brave men went out upon daring enter- 
prises. One of eighty men, under Colonel 
Ethan Allen,' pushed across the St. Law- 
rence, and attacked Montreal [Sept. 25, 1775], then garrisoned by quite a 
strong force under General Prescott." Allen and liis party were defeated, and 
he was made prisoner and sent to England in irons. Another expedition 
under Colonel Bedell, of New Hampshire, captured the strong fort at Chambly 
on the 30th of October; and at about the same time, Sir Guy Carle ton, Gov- 
ernor of Canada, with a reinforcement for the garrison of St. John, was re- 
pulsed [Nov. 1] by a party under Colonel Warner, at Longueuil, nearly opposite 
Montreal. These events alarmed Preston, the commander at St. John, and he 
surrendered that post to Montgomery, on the 3d of November. 

20. The Americans now pressed forward to Montreal. Carleton had escaped 
from thence to Quebec, and the city and garrison were suri-endered [Nov. 13], 
after a feeble resistance. Leaving a garrison there, at St. John and Chambly, 
Montgomery, with a little more than three hundred ill-clad troops, hurried 
toward Quebec, for winter frosts wei'e binding the waters, and blinding snow 
was mantling the whole country. 

21. While this expedition, so feeble in numbers and supplies, was on its way 
to achieve a great purpose, another, consisting of a thousand men under 
Colonel Benedict Arnold,^ had left Cambridge [Sept. 1775], and was making 
its way through the wilderness by the Kennebec and Chaudiere'' rivers, tojoiu 
Montgomery before the walls of Quebec. After enduring incredible toils and 
liaKlahips in traversing dark forests and tangled morasses filled with snow and 
ice, and exposed to intense cold and biting hunger, they arrived at Point 
Levi,^ opposite Quebec, on the 9th of November. Four days afterward [Nov. 
13], the intrepid Arnold, with only seven hundred and fifty half naked men, 
not more than four hundred muskets, and no artillery, crossed the St. Law- 
rence to Wolfe's Cove,® ascended to the plains of Abraham,' and boldly de- 

1. Ethan Allen was born in LitchficM rounty, Conn. He went to Vermont at an early app, and in 1770 
was one of the bold leaders there in the opposition of the settlers to the territorial claims of New York. lie 
■was never en^iajred in active military service after his capture. He died in Vermont in February, 1789, and 
his remains lie in a cemetery two miles from Burlington, near the Winooski. 

2. Verse 9, pape 215. .S. Verse 7, pape 189. 4. Pronounced SJinileare. 
5. Verse -11, page 15. 6. Verse 4'', page 165. 7. Verse 4(1, page 1C5. 
QlJKSTIoxs. — 1>^. ran yon relate the first movements of the royal arm v? 19. What small enterprises 

were nnilcrtaken? What were the results ? L"0. What occurred between Montreal nnd Quebec ? 21. What 
oilier bold expeditious were undertaken? Can you relate some of its incidents? What junction of forces 
took place ? 



196 



THE REVOLUTION. 



The Americans at Quebec. 



Siege. 



Death of Montgomery. 




manded a surrender of the ci^ and garrison. Soon the icy winds, and intel- 
lio'ence of an intended sortie' from the garrison, drove Ai-nold from his bleak 
encampment, and he ascended the St. Lawrence, twenty miles above Quebec, 
and there awaited the arrival of Montgomery. They met on the 1st of De- 
cember [1775], and woolen clothes which Montgomery had captured at Mon- 
treal were placed on the shivering limbs of Arnold's troops. The united 
forces, about nine hundred strong, then marched to Quebec. 

22. The Americans reached Quebec on the evening of the 5th, and the next 
morning Montgomery sent a letter to Carleton, by a flag," demanding an im- 
mediate surrender. The flag was fired upon, and the invaders were defied. 

With a few light cannons and some mortars, and exposed 
to almost daily snow-storms in the open fields, the Amer- 
icans besieged the city for three weeks. An assault was 
(^ upp ^c) fin<illy agreed upon ; and before dawn, on the morning of 
J '"'''""■ ^yty 1 the 31st of December, while snow was fallinof thickly, the 
attempt was made. Montgomery had formed his little 
army into four columns, to assail the city at different 
pomts. One of these, under Arnold, was to attack tho 
j' lower town, and march along the St. Charles to join an- 
^1j other division under Montgomery, who was to approach by 
WALLS OF QUEiiEc. ^yjj^y gf c^po Dlamoud,^ and the two were to attempt a 
forced passage into the city, through Prescott gate.* 
At the same time, the other two columns, under 
Majors Livingston and Brown, were to make a 
feigned attack upon the upper town, from the Plains 
of Abraham.^ 

23. Montgomery descended Wolfe's ravine,* and 
marched carefully along the ice-strewn beach, to- 
ward a palisade and battery at Cape Diamond. At 
the head of his men, in the face of the driving snow, 
he had passed the pahsade unopposed, when a single 
discharge of a cannon from the battery,' loaded with 
grape-shot,* killed him instantly, and slew several 
of his officers. His followers instantly retreated. In the mean while, Arnold 
had been severely wounded, while attacking a barrier on the St. Charles,'' 

1. This is a French term, signiecant of a sudden sally of troops from a besieged city or fortress, to attack 
the besiegers. See verse 6, page 295. 

2. Mosseiigers are sent from army to array with a white flag, indicating a desire for a peaceful interview. 
These Hags, by common consent, are respecteil, and it is considered an outrage to fire on the bearer of one. 
The Americans were regarded as rebels, and undeserving the usual courtesy. 

3. Tlie high rocicv promontorv on whieli the citadel stands. 

4. Prescott gate is on the St. Lawrence side of the town, and there bars Mountain-street in its siuuous way 
from the water up into the walled city. The above diagram shows tlie plan of the city walls, and relative 
positions of the several gates mentioned. A is the St. Charles river, Bthe St. Lawrence, « Wolfe and Jloi.t- 
calm's monument [note 1, page 167], b place where Montgomery fell, c place where Arnold was woundc'. 

5. Verse 40, page 16.5^ 6. Verse 4', page KiC. 7. Note 2, page liO. 

8. These are small balls confined in a cluster, and then discharged at once from a cannon. They scatter, 
and do great execution. 

9. This was at the foot of the precipice, below the present ^rawi to/fer.v, near St. Paul's-street. 

Questions. — 22. Can yon describe the preparations to besiege Quebec by the Ameiicans? 23. Can you re- 
late the incidents of the siege? 




GENEE.iL MONTGOMERY. 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPEISTUENCE. 197 



Retreat of the Americans. Canada abandoned. War in lower Virginia. 

and the command devolved xipon Captain Morgan,' whose expert riflemen 
with Lamb's artillery, forced their way into the lower town. After a contest 
of several hours, the Americans under Morgan were obliged to surrender 
themselves prisoners of war. 

24. With the remainder of the troops, Arnold retired to Sillery,'' where he 
formed a camp, and passed a rigorous Canadian winter. General Wooster^ 
came down from Montreal with reinforcements, on the 1st of April, and an 
ineffectual attempt was then made to capture Quebec. When, in May, 1776 
General Thomas took the chief command, Carleton was receiving stron<>- rein- 
forcements from England. The Americans Avere obliged to retreat so hastily 
before the overwhelming forces of Carleton, that they left their stores and 
sick behind them.^ Abandoning one post after another, tlie patriots Avere 
driven entirely out of Canada by the middle of June. 

25. While the Americans were suffering defeats and misfortunes at the 
North, their brethren in Virginia Avere rolling on the car of Revolution Avith 
success. After Dunmore's escape [June 8, 177.'] to the British man-of-Avar,^ 
he collected a force of Tories and negroes, and commenced 
depredations in lower Yirginia. With the aid of some 
British vessels, he attacked Hampton [October 24], and 
was repulsed. He then declared open Avar. The Vir- 
ginia militia flcAV to arms;" and in a severe battle at the 
Great Bridge, near the Dismal Swamp, twelve miles from 
Norfolk, Dunmore was defeated [December 9], and com- 
pelled to seek safety Avith the British shipping in Norfolk harbor. In revenge, 
he burned Norfolk on the 1st of January [177G].'' The city was then in pos- 
session of the i^atriots, under General Robert Howe.* He committed other 
atrocities on the sea-board, but was finally driven aAvay, and went to England, 




SECTION III. 

SECOND YEAR OF THE AVAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l776]. 

1. Washington unfuiled the Union Flag,^ for the first time, over the camp 
at Cambridge, on the 1st of January, 1776. His army had dAvindled to less 

1. Aflerward the famous General Morjran, whose rifle corps became so renowned, and who trained the 
victory at The Coicpenx. Averse 6, pnge 2i9. 2. A'eise 6, page IIJT. 3. Verse 8, page 214. 

■1. General Thomas was seized wi;h the small-pnx, which had been raging some time in ttie American 
camp, and died at Chambly on the 3Ulh of Way. He was n native of Plymouth, Mass., and was one of tlie 
first eight lirigadiers appointed l)y Congress [note :', page 194]. Carleton treated the prisoners and sick with 
gre.nt hnmaniiy. He was afterward Lord Dorchester. Died in 1;0~, aged eighty-three years. 

5. A'erse 1 ', page 192. 

C. Among the various flags borne by the military companies, that of the men of Culpepper county was the 
most notable. It bore the significant device of a rattle-snake, and the injunction, Don't trnid nn me ! Itsaid 
to the npposer. Don't tread on me, I have dangerous fangs. It also bore the words of Patrick Henry [verse 
13, page 193], Li'ierti/ or Death ! 

7- Norfnlk ilion contained a population of about G.OOO. The actual loss bvthe conflagration was estimated 
at more than Sl..'JfMl,lXK), chiefly private property. Many slaves were carried off. 8. A'erse 12, page 231. 

9. This was a flag composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, symbolizing the thirteen revolted 
colonies. In one corner was the device of the British Union F/u/j, namely", the cross of St. George, com- 

QCESTIONS. — 2t. What did the American army do after leaving Quebec? What was l'.:e Cnal result of the 
expedition? 2j. What important events occurred in A'irginia? 



198 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Preparations for the struggle. 



Contineutal money. 



^ 



than ten thousand effective men, and these were scantily 
fed and clothed, and imperfectly disciplined. Yet they 
possessed sufficient strength to continue the imprisonment 
uf the British army in Boston and Charlestown.' Durino* 
tliu summer and autumn of 1775, the Continental Congress 
had put forth all its energies in preparations for a severe 
struggle with British power, now evidently near at hand. 
Articles of war were agreed to [June 30] ; a declaration 
of the causes for taking up arms was issued [July 6] ; and before the close of 
the year, bills of credit, known as "continental money," representing the 



UNIOM FLAG. 






No 4S'S''3^/ 








Six ^DX^fl^TlS'. Lq 

SIX SPANISH MILLED 
DOLLAl<.S.or tV 
Value thereof inCOLD 
lOrSlLVERdcrtrdcnC-tO 
iRfjoiutun of COV: 
GRESS,MMat Phi- 
ladelphia Novz- lyyQ- 



STX DOLL ARS < 



o^ 



M^ 



A UILL OK CEEDIT, OK CONTINENTAL MONEY. 

value of six millions of Spanish dollars, had been issued.'^ A naval establish- 
ment had also been commenced f and at the opening of 1776, many expert 
privateersmen"* were hovering along our coasts, to the great terror and annoy- 
ance of British merchant vessels. 

2. In the mean while Parliament had made extensive arrangements for 
crushing the rebellion. An act was passed [Nov., 1775], which declared the 
revolted colonists to be rebels ; forbade all intercourse witli them ; authorized 

posed of a, horizontal and perpendicular bar, and the cross of St. Andrew (representing Scotland), -which i? 
in the form of an X. This fiaR is represented in the sketch. f)n the 14th of June, 1777, Congress ordered 
" thirteen stars, white, in a blue field," to be put in the place of the British Union device. Such is the de- 
sifrn of our fliiR at the present day. A star has been added for erery new State admitted into the Union. 

1. Verse 11, pape 191. 

2. At the beguining of 1780, Congress had issued two hundred millions of dollars in paper money. After 
the second year, these hills be.gan to depieciate ; and in 1780, forty paper dollars were worth only one in 
specie. ,\t the close of 1781, they were worthless. They had performed a temporary good, but were finally 
productive of great public evil, and much individual snlTering. .". See note 1, on page 238. 

4. Private individuals, having a license from govt rninent to arm and equip a vessel, and with it, to dep- 
re late upon the commerce of a nation with which that people are then at war, are called privateers. During 
the Revolution, a vast numlier of Kuglish vessels were captured by American privatcersmen. It is, after 
all, only legalized piracy, and enlightened nations begin to view it so. 



Questions. — 1. What was the condition of the continental army ! 
know of continental money ? 



What did Congress do ? Wh-tt do you 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 199 

Employment of Germans. Measure censured. The British driven from Boston. 



the seizure and destruction, or confiscation of all American vessels; and 
placed the colonics under martial law.' An aggregate laud and naval force 
of fifty-five thousand men was voted for the American service, and more than 
a million of dollars were appropriated for their pay and sustenance. In ad- 
dition to these, seventeen thousand troops were hired by the British govern- 
ment, from tlie Landgrave of Hesse Cassel and other petty German rulers,^ 
to come hither to butcher loyal suljjects, who now, even with arms in their 
hands, were praying for justice and begging for reconciliation. This last act 
filled the cup of goverment iniquity to the brim. It was denounced in Par- 
liament by the true friends of England, as " disgraceful to the British name ;" 
and it extinguished the last hope of reconciliation. The sword was now 
drawn, and the scabbard thrown away. 

3. When intelligence of these parliamentary proceedings reached America 
[Jan. 177G], Congress perceived the necessity of immediate and efficient efforts 
for the defense of the extensive sea-coast of the colonies. Washington was 
urged to attack the British in Boston, immediately ; and, by great efforts, the 
army was augmented to about fourteen thousand men, toward the close of 
February. Bills of credit, representing four millions of dollars more, were is- 
sued; and on the first of March, Washington felt strong enough to attempt a dis- 
lodgenient of the enemy from the crushed city.^ 

4. A heavy cannonade was opened upon Boston, from all the American 
batteries, on the evening of the 2d of March [1776], and was continued, with 
brief intermissions, until the 4th. On the evening of that day, General 
Tiiomas,* with a strong party,'* proceeded secretly to a high hill, near Dor- 
chester, on the south side of Boston ; and, before morning, they cast up a line 
of strong entrenchments, and planted heavy cannons there, which completely 
commanded the city and harbor. These works greatly astonished and 
alarmed the British. Perceiving the imminent peril of both fleet and army, 
General Howe prepared an expedition to drive the Americans from their 
vantage-ground on Dorchester heights. A storm suddenly arose, and made 
the harbor impassable. The delay allowed the patriots time to make their 
work almost impregnable, and the British were compelled to surrender as 
prisoners of war, or to evacuate the city immediately, to avoid destruction. 
As prisoners they would have been excessively burdensome to the colonies ; 
so Washington informally agreed to allow them to depart without injury, and 
thgy left Boston on the 17th of March. Seven thousand soldiers, four thou- 
san 1 seamen, and fifleen hundred families of loyalists,* sailed for Halifax on 

1. Note 13, page 138. 

2. The Landgrave (or petty prince) of Hesse Cnssel, Trnvirif; fiimished the most consideraWc portion of 
these troops, they were called hy the general namr- of ITfj^sianx. iKnorant, brutal, and hIoortthirs(y, they 
ware hated by the patriots, and despised even hy the resrni ir English army. They were always employed 
in posts of greatest danger, or in expeditfons least creditable. Ths-^e troops cost the Itiitish government 
almo--t eiirht hundred thousand dollars, besides the nccessitv, arcordinir to the contract, of deferdire: the 
little nrincipalities thus stripped, against their foes. .3. Verse .'!2, pase 1S4. 4. Verse 24, page 197. 

.">. Twelve hundred men, with intrenchinK tools, and a guard of eight hundred. 

<>. It must be remembered that the Americans were by no means unanimous in their opposition to Great 
Questions. — ?. What a'-rangements did Pailianient make In subdue the Americans' Wliat caused great 
indignation? .1. What necessity did Congress perceive? What did (Congress do? 4. What was done at Bos- 
ton ? What alarmed the B:ilish? What did they attempt? What important events happened? and how? 



200 THE REVOLUTION. 




Clinton watched by Lee. Fortifications on the Hudson. Parker's fleet 

that day. The Americans immediately marched into the city, with drums 
beating and banners waving, greeted on every side with demonstrations of 
joy by the redeemed people. 

5. Washington had been informed, early in 
January, that General Sir Henry Clinton had 
sailed from Boston with a considerable body of 
troops, on a secret expedition. General Charles 
Lee was immediately dispatched to Connecticut 
to raise troops, and to proceed to New York to 
oppose Clinton, if that should be his place of des- 
/^^"IIW ^^^SSK^^^^^^ tination. Six weeks before the evacuation of 
4f >MPf^^^^ • I \'^ Boston [March 17, 1776], Lee had encamped near 
New York with twelve hundred militia. Al- 
ready the Sons of Liberty^ had seized the cannons 
GENEKAL I.EE. ^^ Fort Gcorgc,'^ and driven Tryon,^ the royal 

governor, on board a British armed vessel in the harbor. In March, Clin- 
ton arrived at Sandy Hook, just outside New York harbor, and on the 
same day, Lee* entered the city. The movement was timely, for Clinton was 
kejjt at bay. Foiled in his attempt upon New Nork, that commander sailed 
southward, where we shall meet him presently.^ 

6. Washington was ignorant of Howe's destination; but supposing he 
would proceed to New York, he put the main body of his army in motion 
toward that city, as soon as he had placed Boston in a state of security. He 
arrived in New York about the middle of April [April 14], and proceeded at 
once to fortify the town and vicinity, and also the passes of the Hudson 
Highlands, fifty miles above. In the mean while. General Lee, who had been 
appointed to command the American forces in the South, had left his troops 
in the charge of General Lord Stu-ling [2\Iarch 7], and was hastening toward 
the Carolinas to watch the movements of Clinton, and gather an army there. 

7. A considerable fleet under Admiral Sir Peter Parker, was sent from En- 
gland in the spring of 1776, to operate against the sea-coast towns of the 
southern colonies. Parker was joined by Clinton, at Cape Fear, in May, 
when the latter took the chief command of all the land forces. The fleet ar- 
rived off Charleston bar on the 4th of June, and on the same day, Clinton, 
with several hundred men, landed on Long Island, which lies eastward of 

Bri;ain. Frnm (he l)"(rinTiir{; there were mRny who Fiijipnrted (he "rown ; anil as the eolonists bccnrao 
more niid more rebellious, these iiiereased. Some beeanse they believed Iheir brethren to be wrong ; others 
fhroiifih timiflily ; and a ereat number beranse they tlionpht it Iheir interest to adhere to the kinp. The 
loyali'^t'*, or Tnrir.^, were the worst nnd most efficient enemies of the JMiirjfi [nofeS, p. 1P5] dnrinp the whole 
war. Those who left Boston at this time were afraid to oreounter the eNa^pernted patriots, when they should 
return to their desolated homes in the eity, from whirh they had been driven by military perseeution. The 
rhnrehes had been stripped of their pulpits and pews, for fuel, fine shade-trees had been biirnrd, anil many 
houses had be:'n pilla-red and damncred liy the soldiery. I. Note 0, page ITS. 

2. Tills fort stood at ihe foot of Broadway, on a portion of the site of the present Battery. 

X Verse 27, pape 182. 

4. Charles T^ee was born in Wales, in ^~?>^. He was a brave offioer in the B'itish army. He settled in 
Virpininin 177 '. and was one of the fir'-' 1>rip'ad'ers of the Oontinen'al .Army. His ambition and perversity 
of temper caused his ruin. Tic died in Philadelphia in 1782. See verse 5, pape 226. 5. Verse 7, pape 1^00. 

OnFSTio.vs. — 5. What caused Washington to send Lee fo New Yorlc? What occurred at New YorkV 6. 
What measures did Washinpton adopt? What efforts were made by Ijee? 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 201 




The British at Charleston. Preparations to receive them. Battle in the harbor. 

Sullivan's Island. Apprized of their hostile designs, and elated by a victory 
obtained by North Carolina militia, under Colonel Caswell, over fifteen hun- 
dred loyalists [Feb. 27, 1776] (chiefly Scotch Highlanders), on Moore'.s Creek,' 
the southern patriots had cheerfully responded to the call of Governor Rutledge, 
and about six thousand armed men had collected in and near Charleston, 
when the enemy appeared.^ The city and 
eligible posts near it had been fortified, and 
quite a strong fort, composed of palmetto logs 
and sand, and armed with twenty-six mounted 
cannons, had been erected upon Sullivan's 
Island, to command the channel leading to the 
town. This fort was garrisoned by about five . 
hun Ircd men, chiefly militia, under Colonel 
William Moultrie.^ 

8. A combined attack, by land and water, 
upon Sullivan's Island, Avas commenced by the Gr.xrxAi. mcultoie. 
British, on the morning of the ■28th of June, 1776. While the fleet was pour- 
ing a terrible storm of iron balls upon Fort Sullivan, Clinton vainly endeavored 
to force a passage across a narrow creek wliich divided the two islands, in 
order to attack the yet unfinished fortress in the rear. But he was repelled, 
while the cannons of the fort were spreading terrible havoc among the 
British vessels.'' The conflict raged for almost ten hours, and only ceased 
when night fell upon the scene. Then the British fleet, almost shattered into 
fragments, withdrew, and abandoned the enterprise.^ The slaughter of the 
British had been frightful. Two hundred and tweniy-five had been killed or 
wounded, while only two of the garrison were killed, and twenty-two 
wounded." The British departed for New York on the twenty-fifth of July'', 
1776], and for more than two years the din of war was not heard below 
the Roanoke. 

9. While these events were transpiring in the South, and while Washington 

1. In the present New Hanover county, North Carolina. 

2. General Armstrong, of Pennsylvania [verse 24, p. 157], had arrived in South Carolina in April, and 
took the general command. Lee arrived on the same day, when the British, under Clinton, landed on Long 
Island. 

3. Born in South Carolina in 1730. He was in the Cherokee war [verse 49, p. 168], in 1761. He was an 
active officer until made prisoner in 1"80, when for two years he was not allowed to bear aims. He died in 
180."). He wrote a very interesting memoir of the War in tlie South. 

4. .\t one time every man but Admiral Parker was swept from the deck of his vessel. Amorg those who 
were ba<tly wounded, "was Lord William Campbell, (he royal Crovernor of South Carolina. He afteiward 
died of his wounds. 

,'5. Tlie Arleon. a large vessel, grounded on a shoal between Fort Sullivan and the city, where she was 
burned bv tlie Americans. 

6. The strength of the fort consisted in the capacity of the spongy palmetto logs, upon which cannon-balis 
would make very little irapresj-inn. It ;ippeared to be a very insecure defense, and Lee advised Moultrie to 
abandon it, whoii the Hii:isb arpronohed. Hut tliat brave officer would not desert it, and was rewarded 
with victory. The hidies of Charleston presented his regiment with a pair of ekgant colors, and the 
" slaughterpen," as Lee ironically called Fort Sullivan, was named Fort Moultrie. Doling the action, 
the staff, bearing a large flag, was' cut down by a cannon-ball from the fleet. The colors fell outside the 
fort. A sergeant named .Tasper, leaped down from one of the bastions, and in the midst of the iron hail 
that was pouring from the fort, coolly picked up the flag, ascended to the bastion, and nilling for a sponge- 
stnff, tied the colors to it, stuck it in the sand, and then took his place among his companions in the foit. 
A few days afterward, Governor Rutledge took his own sword from his side, and presented it to the brave 
Jasper. 7. Verse 11, page 202. 

O'^^STiONS.— 7. Whnt Brili.'-h forces appeared at Charleston ? What did they first do? What had happened 
in North Carolitia ? How were the .\mei icans prepared for the enemy T 8. Can you relate the incidents of 
the battle in Charleston harbor? What weie the effects? 



202 THE REYOLUTION. 




Aspirations for Independence. Proceedings in Congress. 

Avas augmenting and strengthening the Continental army at New York, and 
British troops and Grei-man hirelings' were approaching by thousands, the 
Congress, now in permanent session in the State House at Philadelphia, had 
a question of vast importance under consideration. A few men, looking be~ 
yond the storm clouds of the present, beheld bright visions of glory for their 
country, when the people, now declared to be rebels,^ and out of the pro- 
tection of the British king, should organize 
themselves into a sovereign nation. This 
1F|?*^^' grand idea began to flash through the pop- 

ular mind at the close of 1715 ; and when, 
early in 1776, it was tangibly spoken by 
-' ' J-illH^^^^^ Thomas Paine, in a pamphlet entitled Com- 
i I iL^j'PI'l mon Sense,^ and whose vigorous thoughts 
were borne by the press to every com- 
munity, a desire for Independence fiUed the 
hearts of the people. In less than eighty 
days after the evacuation of Boston [March 17, 1776], almost every pro- 
vincial Assembly had spoken in favor of independence; and on the 7th of 
June, Richard Henry Lee,^ of Virginia, offered to the consideration of the 
Continental Congress, the following resolution : " Resolved, That these united 
colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, free and independent States ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- 
litical connection between them and the State of Gre;it Britain, is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved."^ 

10. This resolution did not meet with general favor in Congress, at first. 
Many yet hoped, even against hope, for reconciliation, and thought it prema- 
ture; and there were some timid ones who trembled while standing so near 
the borders of high treason. After debating the subject for three days, the 
further consideration of it was postponed until the first of July. A commit- 
tee" was appointed [June 11], however, to draw up a declaration in accord- 
ance with the resolution, and wore instructed to report on the same day when 
the latter should be called up. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, the youngest 
member of the committee, was chosen its chairman, and to him was assigned 

I. Verse 2, page IPS. 2. Verse ", page 198. 

3. It is said to have been prepared at the snggestion of Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia. Its chief topic was 
the right and expediency of colonial independence. Paine also wrote a -series of cniiallv powerful papers, 
called The Cri^iy. The first number was written in Fort l^ee, on the Hudson, in December, 1776, and pub- 
lishe 1 while Washington was on the banks of the Delaware. See verse 21, page 20S. These had a power- 
ful effect in stimnlaling the people to eObrls for independence. 

4. Horn in Westmoreland county, Virgini i, in 1732. He was much in public life, signed Ihe Declaration 
of Independence, was a United States Senator, and died in 1794. 

5. On the 10th of May. Congress had. by resolution, recommended the establishment of independent 
State governments in all the colonies. This however was not sufficienlly national to suit the bolder mem- 
bers of that body, and the people at large. Lee's resolution more fully expressed Ihe popular will. 

(i. Tluimas .Teiferson of Va. ; .John Adams, of Mass. ; Kcnjamin Franklin, of Penn. ; Roger Sherman, of 
Conn. ; and Robert R. Livingston, of N. Y. Mr. Lee was summoned home lo the bedside of a sick wife, 
on the day before the appointment of the committee, or he would doubtless have been its chairman. 



QUKSTIONS. — 9. What important subject now occupied the attention of Congress? What had made tho 
people wish for independence? What was done? HI. How did Congress regard the resolution of Lee? 
What action was taken? What can you tell about the Declaration of Independence? 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 203 




Peclaration of Independence. Arrival of British and Hessians. 

tho task of preparing the Declaration.' Adams and Franklin made a fe-w 
alterations in his draft. On the 2d of July the resolution was adopted by a 
large majority. The Declaration was debated almost two days longer ; and 
finally, at about mid-day, on the 4th of July, 1776, the representatives of 
thirteen colonies unanimously declared them free and ind'^pendent States, 
under the name of the United States of America. Only John Ilancock,- 
the President of Congress, signed it on that day, and thus it first went forth 
to the world. It was ordered to be written on 
parchment, and on the 2d of August following, the 
names of all but two of the fifty-six signers,^ were 
placed upon it. These two were added afterward. 
It had then been read to the army ]* at public meet- 
ings ; from a hundred pulpits, an 1 in all legislative 
halls in the land, and cverwhere awakened the 
warmest responses of approval. 

11. General Howe left Halifax^ on the 11th of 
June [177G], and arrived at Sandy Hook on the 
29th. On the 2d of July he took possession of 
Staten Island, where he was joined by Sir Henry 

Clinton [Aug 1] from the South," and his brother, Admiral Lord Howe 
[July 12], with a fleet and a largo land force, from England. Before the 
first of August, other vessels arrived with a part of the Hessian troops,^ 
an;l on that day, almost thirty thousand soldiers, many of them tried vet- 
erans, stood ready to fall upon the Republican army of seventeen thousand 
men," mostly militia, which lay entrenched in New York and vicinity, less 
than a dozen miles distant." The grand object in view was the seizure of 
New York and the country along the Hudson, so as to keep open a commu- 
nication with Canada, separate the patriots of New England from those of 
the other States, and to overrun the most populous portion of the revolted 
colonies. 

1 . lie was (hen boarding: at Mrs. Clyraer's, on the south-west corner of Seventh and High streets, Philadel- 
pliia. See picture on page 353. 

2. Born at Quincy, Massachnselts, in 1737- He was an early and popular opponent of British power, 
and was chosen the second President of Congress. He was afierwards Governor of Massachusetts, and died 
in 17?«. 

?. This docnment, containir.e the antogriiph"= of those venerated fathers of our republic, is carefully pre- 
served in a glass case, in the moms ( f the Natiomit In-titiile, at Washington city. Not one of that band of 
patriots now survives. Charles Carroll was the last to leave us. He departed iu ls32, at the age of ninety 
years. It is worthy of remembrance that nnt rmr of all those signers of the Declaration of Independence 
died with a tarnished reputation. The memory of all is sweet. 

4. Washington caused it to be read at the bead of each brigade of the array, then in New York city, on 
thcOlh of .July. That right citizens and sr^MierK pulled down the leaden equestr-an statue of (leoge III., 
which stood in the Bowling Green, and it was soon afterward converted into bullets for (he use of the Con- 
tineiit.Tl army. The statue was gilded. 

5. Verse 4, page 190. f>. Ve'se 8, page 2111. 7. Verse 2, pr>ee ig"". 

8. There wee about 2", 000 men enrolled, hut lot more than 17,000 men were fit for duty. A great many 
were sick, and a larfre number were without arms. 

9. Many of the ^liips passed tb'ough the Narrows, and anchored in the Bay. Howe's flag-ship, (he Eoi/lf, 
lay near Governor's Island. While in that position, a bold soldio- went in a submarine vessel, with a 
machine for blowing up a ship, and endeavored tn fasten it to the bottom of the Eofflf. but failed. He wms 
discovered, and barely escaped. An explosion took place near the Eagle, and she was hastily moved ftirther 
down the Bay. This was called a torpedo. 



QnESTinif. — 11. What preparations were made to attack New York? 



204 THE REVOLUTION. 



Folly of the British commanders. British invasioa 




12. Lord Howe,' and his brother, the general, were commissioned to treat 
for peace, but only on terms of absolute submission on the part of the colo- 
nies. After making a foolish display of arrogance and weakness, in address- 
ing Greneral Washington as a private gentleman,^ and being assured that tlie 
Americans would make no such treaty, they prepared to strike an immediate 
and effective blow. The British army was accordingly put in motion on the 
morning of the 22d of August [1776] ; and during that day, ten thousand 
c.Tcctive men, and forty pieces of cannon, were landed on the western end 
of Long Island, between the present Port Hamilton, and Gravesend village. 

13. Detachments of Americans, under General Sullivaii, occupied a fortified 
camp at Brooklyn, opposite New York, and guarded several passes in a range 

of hills which extend from tlie Narrows to the 
village of Jamaica. When intelligence of the 
landing of the invading army reached Washing- 
ton, he sent General Putnam,^ with large rein- 
forcements, to take the chief command on Long 
Island, and to prepare to meet the enemy. The 
American troops on the Island now numbered 
about five thousand [August 26]. The British 
apjiroached in three divisions. The left, under 
General Grant, marched along the shore toward 
Gowanus ; the right, under Clinton and Corn- 
" '^ ' ' wallis, toward the interior of the island, and the 

center, composed chiefly of Hessians,* under De Heister, marched up the 

Flatbuslr road, south of the hills. 

14. Before dawn on the morning of the 27th [August], Clinton gained 
possession of the Jamaica pass, near the present East New York. At the 
same time. Grant was pressing forward along the shore of New York Bay, 
and at day-break encountered Lord Stirling,^ where the monuments of Green- 
wood cemetery now dot the hills. De Heister advanced from Flatbush at the 
same hour, and attacked Sullivan, Avho, having no suspicions of the move- 
ments of Clinton, was watching the Flatbush pass. A bloody conflict ensued- 
and while it was progressing, Clinton descended from the wooded hills, by 

1. Richarfl, Earl Howe, wns hrodier ol the young Lord Howe (verse 32, page 161], killed at Ticonderoga. 
Ilo was bnrn in IT--"', and died in 1.90. -.rr t 

2. The letters of Lord Howe to the American commander-in-chief, were addressed " Georpe Washing' 
ton, Ki-ri.'' \s that did not express the pnblic charactei nf the chief, and as he would not confer with th<* 
enemies of his countrv in a private capaeiiv, Washington refin-ed to receive the letters. Howe was in- 
slrncled not to aeknowledpre the authority <if Congress in any way, and as Wa^hirjrton had received hi? 
rnmmissinn from that body, to address him as " general," would have been a recognition of its authority. 
He meant no disreppect tn Washington. 

?. Born in Salem. Massachusetts, in I'lS. He was a verv useful officer during the Fiench and Indiair 
war, .'xnd was in active service in the Continental army, nn.il 1779, when bodily infirmitv compelled him to 
retire. He died in \',':0, nt the age of seventy-two vears. 4. Verse 2 page 198. 

,">. William Mexander, I,ord Stirling, was a descendant of the Scotch Earl of Stirling, mentioned in note 
3, page 64. He was horn in the city of New York, in 1726. He became attached to the patriot cause, and 
was an active officer during the war. lie died in 178''. 

QuFSTiONS. — 12. What power was given to Lord Howe and his brother*:' What foolish thing did he doT 
What military movements were made? 13. What was the position and strength of the " merican nrmyl 
How dill it p'cpare for the attack of the British ? 14. What can you tell of the early part of the battle on 
Long Island ? 




SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 205 

Battle of Long Island. Remarkable retreat of the Americans. 

the way of Bedford, to gain Sullivan's rear. As soon as the latter perceived 
his peril, he ordered a retreat to the American lines at Brooklyn. It was too 
late ; Clinton drove him back upon the Hessian bayonets, and after fighting 
desperately hand to hand, with the foe in front 
and rear, and losing a greater portion of his 
men, Sullivan was compelled to surrender. 

15. Wliile these disasters were occnri'ing on 
the left, Cornwallis descended the port-road to 
Gowanu-!, an 1 attacked Stirling. They fought 
desperately, until Stirling was made prisoner. 
Many of his troops were drowned while en- 
deavoring to escape across the Gowanus creek, 
as the tide was rising, and a large number were 

° . . ^ /. ,1 BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 

made prisoners. At noon the victory lor the 

British was complete. About five hundred Americans were killed or wounded, 
and eleven hundred made prisoners. These were soon suffering dreadful hor- 
rors in prisons and prison-ships at New York." The British loss in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, was three hundred and sixty-seven. 

16. Washington had viewed the destruction of his troops with the deepest 
anguish, yet he dared not weaken his power in the city, by sending reinforce- 
ments. He crossed over the following morning [Aug. 28], with MifQin." who 
had come down from the upper end of York Island with a thousand troops, 
and was gratified to find the enemy encamped in front of Putnam's lines, and 
delaying an attack until the British fleet should co-operate with him. The 
delay allowed Washington time to form and execute a plan for the salvation 
of the remainder of the army, now too weak to resist an assault with any 
hope of success. Under cover of a heavy fog on the night of the 29th, and 
morning of the 30th, he silently withdrew them from the carap,^ and, unper- 
ceived by the British, they all crossed over to New York in safety, cariying 
every thing with them but their heavy cannons. When the fog rolled away, 
and the sunlight burst upon Brooklyn and New York, the last boat-load of 
patriots had reached the city shore. Howe, Avho felt sure of his prey, was 
gieatly mortifi'^i, and prepared to make an immediate attack upon New 
York, before the Americans should become reinforced, or sliould escajie 
from it.* 

1. Note 4, page l'!2. Among the prisoners was General Nathaniel Woodhull, late president of the provincial 
Congress of Now York He was taken prisoner on the 30lh, and after being severely wounded at the time, 
he was so neglected that his injuries proved fatal in the course of a few days. His age was flfly-tliree. 
See Onderdonk's Unoliilionnry Itiridents nf Long J4arid. 2. Verse 6, page 259. 

;^. During ihe night, a woman living near the present Kulton Ferry, where the Americans embarked, sent 
her negro servant lo inform the British of the movement. The negro fell into the hands of the Hessians. 
Tliey conl i not undei-stand a word of his language, and detained him until so late in the morning that his 
informatioTi was of no avail. 

4. He ordered several vessels-of-war to sail around Long Island, and come down the Sound to Flushirg 
Bay, so as to cover the intended landing of the troops upon tiie main, in Westchester county [verse 19, page 
20:1]. In the mean while, Howe made an overture for peace, supposing Ihe late disaster would dispose the 
Americans to listen eagerly to almost any proposition for reconciliation. He paroled General Sullivan, 
and by him sent a verbal communication to Congress, suggesting a comtnittee for conference. It was ap- 
pointed, and on the 11th of September they met Lord Howe at the house of ('aptain Billop, on Staten I'land. 

QlTF.STiONS. — l.n. What events occurred near (rowanusy What was the result of the battle? 16. What 
did Washington feel and doV What can you tell of the letreat of the Americans? 



206 THE REVOLUTION. 



Ooadition of the American army. New York in possession of the British. 

17. Sectional diflFerences' now weakened the bond of union in the Amer- 
ican army, and immorality of every Iviud prevailed. There was also a general 
si)irit of insubordination, and tiie disasters on Long Island disheartened the 
timid. Hundreds deserted the cause and went home. Never, during the 
long struggle of after years, was the hopeful mind of Washington more clouded 
by doubts, than during the month of September, 1776. He called a council 
of war on the 12th, when it was determined to send the military stores to a 
secure place up the Hudson," and to retreat to and fortily Harlem Heights,^ 
near the upper end of York Island.'' This was speedily accomplished ; and 
when, on the 15th, a strong detachment of the British army crossed the East 
river and landed three miles above the town,^ without much opposition," the 
greater portion of the Americans were busy in fortifying their new camp on 
Harlem Heights. 

18. The British detachment formed a line almost across the island to Bloom- 
ingdale, within two miles of the American intrenchments, while the main army 
on Long Island was stationed at different points from Brooklyn to Flushing.' 
On the 16th, detachments of the belligerents met on Harlem plains, and a 
severe skirmish ensued. The Americans were victorious, but their triumph 
cost the lives of two brave ofBcers — Colonel Knowlton of Connecticut, and 
Major Leitch of Virginia. The effect of the victory was inspiriting; and be- 
fore Howe could make ready to attack them, they had constructed double 
Unes of intrenchments, and were prepared to defy him. 

19. Howe endeavored to gain the rear of the Americans. Leaving quite a 
strong force in possession of the city^ [Sept. 20], he sent three armed vessels 
up the Hudson, to cut off the American communications with New Jersey, 
while the great bulk of Ms army (now reinforced by an arrival of fresh troops 
from England)" made their way [Oct. 12] to a point in Westchester county,'" 
beyond the Harlem river. When Washington perceived the designs of his 
enemy, he placed a garrison of almost three thousand men, under Colonel 

The committee would treat only for independence, and the conferenre had no practical result, except to 
widen the breach. Franklin was one of the commitlee, and when Howe spoke patronizingly of protection 
for the Americans, the doctor told him courteously (hat the Americans were not in need of British protec- 
tion, for they could protect themselves. 

1. The army, which at first consisted chiefly of New England people, had been reinforced by others from 
New York, N«w Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, all of them jeolous of their re- 
spective claims to precedence, etc. 

2. To Dobb's Ferry, twenty -two miles north of the City Hall, New York. 

3. These extend from the plain on which the village of Harlem stands, about seven and a half miles from 
the City Hall, New York, to Two hundred and sixth street, near King's bridge. 

4. Also called Manhattan. Sec verse 1, page 111. 

5. At Kipp's Bay, now at the font of Thirty-fourth street, on the Ea.st river. 

6. Some ("onnecticut troops, frightened by the number and martial appearance of the British, fled at their 
approach. In attempting, in person, to rally them, Washington came very near being lost, 

1. Wishing to ascertain the exact condition of the British army, Washington engflgcd Captain Nathan 
Hale, of Knowlton's regiment, to visit their camps on Long Island. He was caught, taken to Howe's heart- 
quarters at New York, and executed as a spy by the brutal provost-marshal, Cimningham. He was not al- 
lowed to have a Bible nor clerg.yman during his last hours, nor to send letters to friends. His fate and 
Andre's [verse Ifl, page 2i6| have been compareil. See Onderdonk's I'evohilinnary Inrideriti, etc. 

I*. At one o'clock on the morning of the 21st, a fire broke out in a small groggery near the foot of Broad- 
street, and before it was extingin'shed, about five hundred buildings were destroyed. The British charged 
the fire upon the .Vmericans. Although such incendiarism had been contemplated, this was purely acci- 
dental. 0. The whole British army now numbered about 35,0 men. 

10. Throg's Neck, sixteen miles from the city. 

Questions. — 17. What was now the character and condition of the American army? What movements 
were agreed to and accomplished? 18. What did the British army now do? What skiimish ensued? and 
what were its results? 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



207 



Operations iu Westchester. 



Battles of White Plains and Fort Washington. 



Magaw, in Fort Washington,' and withdrew the remainder of his army^ to a 
position on the Bronx river, in Westchester county, to oppose Howe, or re- 
treat in safety to tlie Hudson Highlands, if necessary. He estabhshed his 
head-quarters at White Plains village, and there, on tlie 28th of October a 
severe engagement took place. The Americans were driven from their posi- 
tion, and three days afterward [Nov. 1, 1776],' formed a strong camp on the 
hills of North Castle, five miles further north. The British general was afraid 
to pursue them ; and after strengthening the post at Peekskill, at the lower 
entrance to the Highlands, and securing the vantage-ground at North Castle * 
Washington crossed the Hudson [Nov. 12] with the main body of his army, 
and joined General Greene at Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, about two miles 
below Fort Washington. This movement was made on r.ccount of an appa- 
rent preparation by the British to invade New Jersey, and march upon Phil- 
adelphia, where the Congress was in session.^ 

20. Previous to the engagement at White Plains, General Knyphausen and 
a large body of Hessians," Avho had arrived at New York, had joined the in- 
vading army. After Washington had crossed the Hudson, these German 
troops and a part of the English army, five thousand strong, proceeded to 
attack Fort Washington. They were successful, but at a cost to the victors 
of full one thousand brave men.' More than two thousand Americans were 
made prisoners of war [Nov. IG], and, like their fellow-captives on Long 
Island, were crowded into loathsome prisons and prison-ships.* Two days 
afterward [Nov. 18], Cornwallis, with six thousand men, crossed the Hudson 
at Dobb's Ferry," and took possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had 




1. Fort Washington was erected early in 1776, upon the highest ground on 
York Island, ten miles from the city, between One hundred eiphty-Crst and One 
hundred eighty-sixth streets, and overlooking both the Hudson and Harlem 
rivers. There werea few traces of its embankments yet visible in 1857. 

2. Nominally, nineteen thousand men, but actually effective, not more than half 
that number. 

3. The combatants lost about an equal number of men — not more than three 
hundred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

4. General Heath was left in command in the Highlands, and General Lee in 
North Castle. 

5. Verse 9, page 201. Afterward adjourned to Baltimore. Verse 24, page 'C9. 

6. Verse 2, page 198. 

7. The loss of the Americans, in killed and wounded, did not exceed one hun- 
dred. 

8. Nothing could exceed ilif horrors of these crowded prisons, as described 

by an eye-witness. 
The sugar-houses of 
New York being large, 

and therein scores suffered and died. But the 
most terrible scenes occurred on board several 
old hulks, which were anchored in the waters 
a'ound New York, and used for piisoners. Of 
tl.tnl the Jersfij was the most famous for the 
t'lfferings it contained, and the brutality of its 
officers. From these vessels, anchored near the 
present Navy Yard at Bronltlyn, almost eleven 
thousand victims were carried ashore doting the 
war, and buried in shallow graves in the sand. 
Their remains were gathered in l.'iOS, and put in 
a vault situated near the termination of Front- 

street, at Hudson avenue, Brooklyn. See Onder- 
donk's Revolutionary Incidents of Long Island; Lossicg's Field-Book, supplement. 9. Note 2, page 206. 




FORT WASHINGTON. 



pere used for the purpose, 



THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP. 



Questions.— 19. What did Howe attempt to do? What movements did Washington make? What oc- 
curred at White Plains? What did Washington then do? 20. What did the English and Hessian troops 
accomplish? How did the Americans suffer? What did Cornwallis do? 



208 THE REVOLUTION. 



Flight of the Americans across New Jersey. Capture of General Lee. 

abandoned on his approach, leaving all the baggage and military stores behind 
them. 

21. Now was opened both a melancholy and a brilliant chapter in the his- 
tory of the War for Independence. For three weeks, Washington, with his 
shattered and daily-diminishing army, was flying before an overwhelming 
force of Britons. Newark, New Brunswick, Piinceton, and Trenton, succes- 
sively fell into the power of Cornwallis. So close were the British vanguards 
upon the rear of the Americans, sometimes, that each could hear the music 
of the other. Day after day, the militia left the army as their terms of enlist- 
ment expired, and many of the regulars' deserted. Royalists were swarming 
all over the country through which they passed," and when, on the 7th of 
December, Washington reached tlie frozen banks of the Delaware, at Trenton, 
he had less than three thousand men, most of them wretchedly clad, half- 
famished, and without tents to shelter them from the biting Avinter air. On 
the 8th, that remnant of an army crossed the Delaware in boats, and sat 
down, almost in despair, upon the Pennsylvania shore. 

22. During his flight, Washington had sent repeated messages to General 
Lee," ui'ging him to leave North Castle,^ and reinforce him. That officer, hop- 
ing to strike a blow against the British that might give himself personal re- 
nown, was so tardy in his obedience, that he did not enter New Jersey until 
the Americans had crossed the Delaware. He was soon afterward made pris- 
oner [Dec. 13, 1776J, and his command devolved upon General Sullivan.^ 
At about the same time intelligence reached the chief that the British had 
taken possession of Rhode Island," and blockaded the little American fleet, 
under Commodore Hopkins,' then lying near Providence. This intelligence, 
an 1 a knowledge of the failure of operations on Lake Champlain,® coupled 
with the sad condition of the main army of patriots, made the future appear 
gloomy indeed. 

23. Fortunately for the patriot cause. General Howe was excessively cau- 
tious and indolent. Instead of allowing Cornwallis to construct boats," cross 

1. Note 7, page 152. 

2. General Howe had sent out proclamations through the country, offering pardon and protection to all 
who might ask for mercy. Perceiving the disasters to the American arms during the summer and autumn, 
great numbers took advantage of iliese promi es, and .signed petitions. They soon found that protection did 
not follow pardon, for the Hessian troops, in their march through New Jersey, committed great excesses, 
without inquiring whether their victims were Wliigs or Tories. Note 3, page 185. 

3. Note 4, page 200. -). Verse 19, page 206. 

5. Both Sullivan and Stirling, who were made prisoners on I,ong Island fverses 14, 15, pages :04, 2051, had 
been exchanged, and were now again with the army. I.ee was captured at Baskingridge, where Lord Stirling 
resided, and remained a prisoner until May, 1778, when he was exchanged for General Prescott, who was 
captured on Rhode Island. See verse 9, page 215. 

6. A British squadron, under Sir Peter Parker, who, as we have seen [verse 7, page 200] was defeated at 
Charleston, sailed into Narraganset Bay early in December, and took possession of the island. 

7. Note 1, page 23a 

8. General Gates wa? appointed to the command of the army at the north, after the death of General 
Thomas [note 4, page 197] ; and during the summer and autumn of 1776, Colonel Arnold became a sort of 
Commodore, and commanded flotillas of sm.-ill vessels in warfare with others prepared by General Carleton, 
on Lake (Ihamplain. He had two sev.-re engHgements (lllh and ISlh of October), in which he lost about 
ninety men ; the British about forty. These operations were disastrous, yet they resulted in preventing the 
British forces in ('anada uniting with those in New York. 

9. The Americans took every boat they could find at Trenton, and cautiously moved them out of the river 
after they had crossed. 

Questions.— 21. What can you tell of Washington's retreat toward the Delaware? What was then tho 
condition of the American arra.y? 22. How did General Lee behave? What happened to him? Whato3- 
rurre 1 in Rhode Island and on Lake Champlain? 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 209 

The Americans on the Delaware. Washington's bold plan. March upon Trenton. 

tho Delaware at once, overwlielm the patriots, and push on to Philadeljihia, 
as he might have done, he ordered him to await the freezing of tho waters, so 
as to cross on the ice. He was also directed to place four thousand German 
troops in cantonments along the Jersey shore of the river, from Trenton to 
Burlington, and to occupy Princeton and New Brunswick with strong British 
detachments. Both Congress and Washington profited by this delay. Meas- 
ures for reorganizing the army, already planned, were put in operation, and 
a loan of a large sum, in hard money, with wliich to pay the troops, was 
authorized. By the offer of liberal bounties,' and the influence of a stirring 
appeal put forth by Congress, recruits immediately flocked to Washington's 
standard at Newtown." Almost simultaneously, Lee's detachment, under 
Sullivan, and another from Ticonderoga,' joined him; and on the 24th of De- 
cember, he found himself in connnand of almost five thousand effective troops, 
many of them fresh and hopeful.'' 

2-4. During all the gloom of the past month, hope had beamed brightly upon 
the heart of the commander-in-chief. Although Congress had adjourned to 
Baltimore'^ [Dec. 12, 177G], and the public mind was filled with despondency, 
liis reliance upon Providence in a cause so just, was never shaken ; and his 
great soul conceived, and his ready hand planned, a bold stroke for deliver- 
ance. The Christmas holiday was at hand— a day when Germans, especially, 
indulge in convivial pleasures. Not doubting that the Hessians would pass the 
day in sports and drinking, he resolved to profit by their condition, by falling 
suddenly upon them while they were in deep slumber after a day and night 
of carousal. His plan w^as to cross the Delaware in three divisions, in the vi- 
cinity of Trenton. 

25. Washington gathered twenty-four hundred men, with some heavy ar- 
tillery, at McConkey's Ferry, eight or nine miles above Trenton, on the even- 
ing of Christmas day." The river was filled with floating ice, and sleet and 
snow were falling fast. The passage was made in flat boats ; and so difficult 
was the navigation, that it was almost four o'clock in the morning [Dec. 12, 
177G], when the troops were mustered on the Jersey shore. They were ar- 
ranged in two divisions and approached Trenton by separate roads. Rail, tho 
Hessian commander, was yet indulging in wine at the end of a night spent in 
card-playing, when the Americans approached, a little after sunrise ; and while 

1. Each soMier was to have a bountv of twenty dollars, besides an allotment of land at the close of (he war. 
A commun soldier was to liave one hundred acres, and a colonel five hundred. These were given to those 
only who enlisted to serve " duiii g the war." 

2. A small village about two miles from the Delaware, norlh of Bristol. 3. Verse32, pag-c iri. 
■1. By the adjutant's return to Washington, on the 22d of December, the American array numbered ri,10G 

men, of whom .5,309 were sick, on command elsewhere, or on f;irlongh. 

r.. Alarmed at the approach of the British. Congress thought it prudent to adjonrn to Baltimore. A com- 
mittee to represent that body was left in Philadelphia to co-operate with the army. Congress assembled at 
Ballimore on the 20th. 

6. Taylorsville is the name of the little village at that place. The river there, now spanned by a covered 
bridge, is about six hundred feet in width, and has a considerable curren.t. 

Questions.— 23. What did the British commander-in-chief do? How was his army disposed? How was 
Washington's army increased? 1!4. How tlid the cirounstanccs affect Washington? Wlnit plan did he ar- 
range ? 15. What" movement did he make? What can you tell of the march to, and attack upon the enemy 
at Trenton ? 



210 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Battle of Trenton. 



Its effects. 



Washington's determiaation. 




BATTLB AT TEENTON. 



endeavoring to rally his affrighted troops, 
he fiell, mortally wounded, in the streets of 
Trenton. Between forty and fifty of the 
Hessians were killed and fatally wounded, 
and more than a thousand, with arms, am- 
munition, and stores, were made prisoners, 
and spoils of victory. Five hundred British 
cavalry barely escaped, and fled to Borden- 
town. Generals Ewing and Cadwallader, 
who commanded the other two divisions, were unable to cross the river, on 
account of the ice, to co-operate with Washington. Thinking it imprudent to 
remain on the Jersey shore, the victor, with his prisoners and booty, re-crossed 
the Delaware on the evening of the same day. 

2G. It was indeed a victory in more respects than that of a skillful military 
operation. The Germans on the river, thorouglily alarmed, fled into the inte- 
rior. The Tories and pliant Whigs' were abashed ; the friends of liberty, rising 
from the depths of despondency, stood erect in the pride and strength of their 
principles ; the prestige of the Hessian name, lately so terrible, was broken, 
and the faltering militia, anxious for bounties and honors, flocked to the vic- 
torious standard of Washington. Fourteen hundred soldiers, whose terms of 
enlistment would expire with the year, agreed to remain six weeks longer. 
The victory was also productive of more vigilant efforts on the part of the in- 
vaders. Believing the rebelhon to be at an end, and the American army 
hopelessly annihilated, when Washington, with his shivering, half-starved 
troops, fled across the Delaware, Cornwallis had returned to New York, to 
embark for England. The contempt of the British for the "rebels" was 
changed to respect and fear ; and when intelligence of the affair at Trenton 
reached Howe, he ordered Cornwallis back with reinforcements, to gain the 
advantage lost. Congress, in the mean while, perceiving the necessity of giv- 
ing more power to the commander-in-chief, wisely clothed him [Dec. 27] 
with all the strength of a military dictator for six months, and gave liim abso- 
lute control of all the operations of war for that period.^ 

27. Encouraged by his success at Trenton, and its results, Washington le- 
solved to act on the offensive. He ordered General Heath, who was with quite 
a large number of New England troops at Peekskill,' to move into New Jer- 
sey with his main force, and the new militia levies were directed to annoy the 
flank and rear of the British detachments, and make frequent attacks upon 
their outposts. In the meantime, he again crossed the Delaware with his 

1. Notes, page 185. . 

2. When Congress adjourned on the 12th, to meet at Baltimore, almost cqnal powers were given to Wash- 
ington, hut they were not then defined. Now they were fo, by resolution. At that time Congress had given 
(ieneral Putnam almost unlimited command in Philadelphia. All munitions of war there were placed under 
his control. He was also authorized to employ all pi ivate armed vessels in the Delaware, in defense of Phil- 
adelphia. See note ', page IVS. 

3. On the east bank of the Hudson, between forty .indfifty miles above New York. See verse 7, page 214. 



Questions. — "6. What were the effects of Washington's victory? How were the Biilish officers affecte-^f 
What did Congress do? 27. Wliat did Washington do? 



THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 211 



The English rarliament and American Congress. 



whole army, and took post at Trenton, while the British and German troops 
were concentrating at Princeton, only ten miles cUstant. Such was the posi- 
tion and the condition of the two armies at the close of the second year of the 
war. 

SECTION IV. 

THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1777.] 

1. A strange apathy seemed to pervade the councils of the British govern- 
ment during 1776, even while the public mind of England was filled with the 
subject of the American rebellion. Notwitnstanding an army had been driven 
from one city' [March, 1776], a fleet expelled from another- [June], their 
colonies declared independent^ [July 4], and almost thirty thousand of their 
choice troops and fierce hirehngs had been defied and combated'^ [xVugust], 
Parliament did not assemble until the last day of October, to deliberate on 
these important matters. Then the king, in his speech, congratulated them 
upon the success of the royal troops in America, and hypocritically assured 
them that most of the continental powern entertained friendly feelings toward 
Great Britain. During a dull session of six weeks, new supplies for the 
American service were voted, while evorj;- conciliatory proposition was re- 
jected ; and when Parliament adjourned [Dec] to keep the Christmas holi- 
days, the members appeared to feel that their votes had crushed the rebellion 
and that on their re-assemblmg in January, they would be invited to join in 
a Te Deunv" at St. Paul's, because of submission and peace in America. At 
tliat very moment, Washington was planning liis brilliant achievement on the 
banks of the Delaware." 

2. The members of the Continental Congress, on 
the contrary, were always vigilant and active. Tlieir 
perpetual session was one of perpetual labor. Early 
in the year [March, 1776], they had appointed Silas 
Deane' to proceed to France, as their agent, with 
general powers to solicit the co-operation of other 
governments. Even those remote colqnists knew 
that France, Spain, and Holland, instead of being 
friendly to Great Britain, were anxious to humble 
her pride. Deane was successful in his embassy ; 
and during the Summer of 1776, he obtained fifteen 
thousand muskets from the French arsenals, and abundant promises of men 

1. Verse 4, pa^e 199. 2. Verse 8, pace TOl. ?. Verse 10, page 202. 4 Verse 13, page 204. 

6. The Te Denm Landamux ( We praise ther. O GoD was always chanted in churches in Encland, and on 
tho continent, after a great victory, great deliverance, etc. 6 Verse 25, page 2'19. 

7. Silas Deane was a native of Connecticut. His pnblic life ended before the close of the Revolution, and 
he died in England in 1,89. 

Questions.— 1. Hnw did the Briiish Parliament act? What folly did the Icing and Parliament exhlWt? 
2. How did the Continental Congress act? Wiiat agent was appointed, and what did he accomplish? What 
bond of union was made 1 




SILAS DEANE. 



212 THE REVOLUTION". 




Diplomacy. Articles of Confederation. The American army at Trenton. 

and money. And when the Declaration of Independence [July 4] was made, 
Congress appointed a regular embassy' [Sept. 22] to the court of France, and 
finally sent agents to other foreign courts.'' They also planned, and finally 
executed measures for strengthening the bond of union between the several 
colonies, already made powerfully cohesive by common dangers and common 
hopes. Articles of Confederation^ which formed 
the organic laws of the nation until the adoption 
of the Federal Constitution, were, after more 
than two years' consideration, approved by Con- 
gress,^ and produced vastly beneficial results dur- 
ing the remainder of the struggle. 

3. Congress, we have observed,* delegated all 
military power to Washington, and he used it 
with energy and discretion. "We left him at 
Trenton, j^repared to act offensively or defensively, 
as circumstances should require. He was joined 
by some troops under Generals Mifflin and Cad- 
wallader, on the night of the 1st of January. Yet with these, liis effective 
force did not exceed five thousand men. Toward the evening of the 2d of 
January, 1777, Cornwallis, with a strong force, approached from Princeton, 
and after some skirmishing, the two armies encamped on opposite sides of a 
small stream which runs through the town, within pistol-shot of each other. 
Washington commenced intrenching his camp, and Cornwallis, expecting 
reinforcements in the morning, felt sure of his prey, and deferred an attack 
for tlie night. 

4. The Americans were in a most perilous situation. A conflict with such 
an overwhelming force as was gathering, appeared hopeless, and the Dela- 
ware, becoming more obstructed by ice every hour, rendered a retreat across 

1. The erahassy consisted of Dr. Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. Franklin and Lee joined 
Deaneat Paris, in the middle of necember, li76. Benjamin Franklin was born in Hoston in 17i6. He was 
a printer, established himself in Pennsylvania, and, for many years before the Revolution, was an active 
public man, and noted philosopher. He was in Europe during most of the Revolution. On his return he 
was elected (invernor of I'enusylvania. He died in 1790. Arthur Lee was born in Virginia in 1740, and 
was a brother of Richard Henry Lee [verse 9, page 2Jl]. He was a tine writer, and warm patriot. He 
died in 1782. 2. Holland, Spain, and Prussia. 

3. In July, 177.'', Dr. Franklin submitted a plan of union to Congress. On the lltli of June 1776- a com- 
mittee was appointed to draw up a plan. Their report was laid aside, and not called up until April, 1777. 
From October until ihc l.'jih of N'ovember following, the subject was debated two or tliree times a week, 
when thirteen Artictr^ ,,/' finif,,hnit!oii were adopted. The substance was that the thirteen coTifcderated 
States should be known as tin- I'liUi't States of Amerira ; that all engage in a reciprocal treaty of alliance 
and friendship, for mutual advautuge, each to assist the other when help .should be needed ; that each State 
should have the right to regulate its own internal affairs ; that no State should separ.itely send or receive 
embassies, begin any negotiations, contract engagements or alliances, or conclude treaties with any foreign 
power, without the consent of the general Congress ; that no public officer should be allowed to accept any 
presents, emoluments, office, or title from any foreign power ; and that neither Congress nor State govern- 
ments shonld possess the power to confer any title of nobility ; that none of the States should havethe right 
to firm alliances among tlremselves, without the consent of Congress : that thev should not have the power 
to levy duties contrary to thf enactments of Congress ; that no State should keep up a standing army or 
ships of war, in time of pence, beyond the amount stipulated by Congress ; that when any of the States 
should raise troops for the common defense, all the otlieers of the rank of colonel and under, should be 
appointed by the legislature of the St-ite, and the superior ofRcers by Congress; that all the expenses of the 
war sho!ild be paid out of the public Treasurv ; that Congress alone should have power to r-oin monov, and 
that (!anada might at any time be adniilted to the confederacy when she filt di^jiosed. The Inst clauses 
were explanatory of the power of certain governmental operations, anrl contained details of the same. 
Such was the form of government which existed as the basis of our Republic, for almost twelve years. 

4. Verse 26, page 210. 

QnESTio.N. — 3. What did Washington and his troops do at Trenton? 



THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



213 



Cornwallis outgeneraled. 



Battle of Princeton. 



Flight of the Americans. 



// 






it, in the event of a surprise, almost impossible. An escape under cover of 
tlie night was the only chance of safety, but the ground was too soft to allow 
the patriots to drag their heavy cannons with them ; and could they with- 
draw unobserved by the British sentinels, whose hourly cry could be heard 
from the camp ? Toward midnight the wind changed, and the ground was 
soon hard frozen. Leaving a few to keep watch and feed the camp-fires to 
allay suspicion, Washington silently withdrew, with all his army, artillery, and 
baggage; and at dawn [Jan. 3, 1T7TJ, he was in sight of Princeton, prepared 
to fall upon Cornwallis's reserve there.' The British general had scarcely 
recovered from his surprise and mortification, on seeing the deserted camp of 
the Americans, when the distant booming of cannons, borne upon the keen 
winter air, fell ominously upon his ears. Washington and the British reserve 
were combating. 

5. Washington did not reach Princeton as early as 
he expected, and instead of surprising the British, 
and then pushing forward to capture or destroy the 
enemy's stores at New Brunswick, he found a por- 
tion of the troops already on their march to join 
Cornwallis at Trenton. A severe encounter oc- 
curred, when the American militia giving away, the 
British, with a victorious shout, rushed forward, ex- 
pecting to produce a general rout. At that moment 
Washington advanced with a select corps, brought 
order out of confusion, and leading on his troops 
with Avaving sword and cheering voice, turned the 
tide of battle and achieved a victory. The brave 
General Mercer," while fighting at the head of Iris 
men, was killed, and many other beloved ofiicers 
were lost on that snowy battle-field.' Nor was the conflict of that morning 
yet ended. When Cornwallis perceived the desertion of the American 
camp, and heard the firing at Princeton, he hastened, with a greater portion 
of his troops, to the aid of his reserve, and to secure his stores at New 
Brunswick. The Americans, who had not slept nor scarcely tasted food for 
thirty-six hours, were compelled, just as the heat of the first battle was over, 
to contest Avith fresh troops, or fly with the speed of strong men. Washing- 
ton chose the latter alternative, and when Cornwallis entered Princeton, not 
a " rebel" was to be found. 




UATTLE AT PRINCETON. 



1. A brigade under I>ienlenant-Colocel Mawhood, consisting of three regiments and threo troops of 
dragoons, were quartered there. ,,,<.,. i, „ t3,;.;,>», 

2. Mercer's horse had been shot nnder him. and he was on foot at the head of his inen, whei^ a Bntistt 
soldier felled him with a clubbed musket [note 3, p. 1921. Hugh Mercer was a native of Stoiliuul. H^wa» 
n Rureeon on the Oeld of Culloden, and was practicing medicine in Fredericsbiiip, \iigiiMa, when the 
Revolution broke out. He was with Washington in the French and Indian war. He was made commanaer 
of the flying camp in 1776, and nt the time of his death was about fifty-six vears of age. 

?,. The chief of these were Colonels Haslet and Potter, Major Mo 
Neal. 

Qfestions.— 4. What was (he situation of the Americans? How did they escape? What sunirised Corn- 
wallis? .s. What occurred at Priucetou? What did Cornwallis do? What was the condition of (he Amer- 
ican troops ? 



, and 'Captains Shippen, Fleming, and 



214 THE REVOLUTION. 



The British driven out of New Jersey. The summer campaign. Tryon's depredations. 

6. Too weak to attempt the capture of the British stores at New Bruns- 
wick, Washington retreated rapidly toward the hill country of East Jersey.' 
Allowing time only to refresh his troops at Pluckemin, he pressed ibrwai'd to 
Morristown, and there established his winter quarters. But he did not sit 
down in idleness. After establishing small cantonments^ at different points 
from Princeton to the Hudson Highlands, he sent out detachments to harass 
the thoroughly perplexed British. These expeditions were conducted with so 
much skill and spirit, that on the 1st of March [1777], not a British nor a 
Hessian soldier could be found in New Jersey, except at New Brunswick 
and Araboy.^ Those dreaded battaUons which, sixty days before, were all- 
powerful in New Jersey, and had frightened the Continental Congress from 
Philadelphia, were now hemmed in upon the Raritan, and able to act only 
on the defensive. Considering the attending circumstances, this was a great 
triumph for the Americans. It revived the martial spirit of the people and 
the hopes of all good patriots ; and hundreds in New Jersey, who had been 
deceived by Howe's proclamation, and had suffered Hessian brutality, openly 
espoused the Whig cause. Congress had returned to Philadelphia,^ and com- 
menced its labors there with renewed vigor. 

7. The main body of the two armies did not commence the summer cam- 
paign until almost the first of June. In the mean while, smaller detachments 
were in motion at vai-ious points. A strong armament was sent up the Hud- 
son, in March, to destroy American stores at Peekskill. The Americans 
there, under the command of General McDougal,^ perceiving a defense of the 
property to be futile, set fire to the stores and retreated to the hills in the 
rear. The British returned to New York the same evening [March 23, 
1777]. Almost a month afterward [April 13], Cornwallis went up the 
Raritan from New Brunswick, to surprise the Americans under General Lin- 
coln, at Boundbrook. The latter escaped, with difficulty, after losing about 
sixty men and a part of his baggage. 

8. Toward the close of April [April 25], Governor Tryon," at the head of 
two thousand British and Tories, went up Long Island Sound, landed at 
Compo [April 26], between Norwalk and Fairfield, marched to Danbury, 
destroyed a large quantity of stores belonging to the Americans, burned the 
town, and cruelly treated the inhabitants. Perceiving the militia to be 
gathering in great numbers, he retreated rapidly the next morning, by way 

1. Verse 4, page U8. 2. Permanent slations for small bodies of troops. 

'A. The Americans went out in small companies, made sudden attacks upon pickets, outposts, and foraging 
parties, and in this way frightened the detachments of the enemy, and drove them in to the main body on 
the Raritan. At Springfield, a few miles from Elizabethtown, tliey attacked a party of Hessians, who were 
penetrating the country from Elizabethport [ Jan. 7, 1777], killed between forty and fiftj' of them, and drove 
the remainder in great confusion back to Staien Island. A larger foraging parly was defeated near Som- 
erset court house [Jan. 20] by about five hundred New Jersey militia under General Dickinson ; and New- 
ark, Elijabelhtown, and Woodbridge, were taken possession of by the patriots. 4. Verse 24, p. 2(l'.l. 

5. Born in Scotland, and came to America in enrly childhood. lie was a zealous Whig and active ofBcer. 
He rose to the rank of major-general, was a New York State senator, and died in 17M). 

6. Verse 27, page 1.S2. Tryon now held the commission of brigadier in the Krilish army. He was par- 
ticularly distinguished for his cruelty in several marauding expeditions. We shall meet him again. 



Qdestions. — 6. Whnt did the Americans do when they left Piinceton? What did (he Americans do 
during the winter? What were the effects of the American victories? 7. What movements wcve made in 
tho spring of 1777 ' What can you tell of an expedition up the Hudson ? What of another in New Jersey ? 



rHIRD TEAR OF THE WAU FOR INDEPENDENCE. 215 



Kxploits of the Americans. Perplexing movements of the Britisli. 

of Ilidgefield. Near that village, he had some severe skirmishing with the 
militia under Generals Wooster, Arnol<J,' and Silliman. Wooster was killed,^ 
Arnold narrowly escaped, but Silliman, keeping the field, harassed the 
British all the way to the coast. At Compo, and while embarking, they 
were terribly galled by artillery under Lamb.^ Tryon lost almost three hun- 
dred men during this expedition, and killed or wounded about half that 
number of Americans. 

9. The British were not always the aggressors. Toward the close of May 
[May 22], Colonel Meigs, with one hundred and seventy men, crossed Long 
Island Sound in whale-boats, from Gruillbrd, Connecticut, and at two o'clock 
in the morning of the 23d of May, attacked a British provision post at Sag 
Harbor, on the eastern extremity of Long Island. They burned a dozen ves- 
sels, the store-houses and contents, and secured ninety prisoners, without 
losing a man of their own party. For this exploit Congress voted thanks 
and a sword to Colonel Meigs. A little later in the season, an equally bold 
exploit was performed on Rhode Island. On a dark night in July [July 10], 
Colonel William Barton, with a company of picked men, crossed Narraganset 
Bay in whale-boats in the midst of the British fleet, stole cautiously to the 
quarters of General Prescott,* the British commander on Rhode Island, seized 
him while in bed, and carried him across the bay to Warwick, and then to 
Providence.^ Congress voted Barton an elegant sword. 

10. Wasliington continued his head-quarters at Morristown until near the 
last of May. During the Spring he had inoculated a large portion of his 
troops for the small-pox ; " and when the leaves put forth, a fair degree of 
health jjrevailed in his camp, and his army had increased by recruits to almost 
ten thousand men. The movements of the British perplexed him. Bur- 
goyne was assembling an army at St. John' and vicinity, preparatory to an 
invasion of New York by way of Lake Champlain, to achieve the darling 
object of the British ministry, the occupation of the country on the Hudson."* 
But whether Howe was preparing to co-operate with Burgoyne, or to make 
another attempt to seize Philadelphia," Washington could not determine. He 
prepared for both events by stationing Arnold with a strong detachment on 
the west side of the Delaware, concentrating a large force on the Hudson, 
and moving the main body of his army to Middlebrook, within ten miles of 
the British camp at New Brunswick. 

1. He was one of the most daring of the American officers. For his gallantry on this occasion, Congress 
ordered a horse, richly caparisoned, to be presented to him. 

2. David Wooster was born in Stratford, Conn., in 1110. He was at Lom'shurp: in 1145, became acaptain 
in the liritish army, and was in the French and Indian war. His loss was much deplored. 

3. Verse :,S, pape 196. 

4. Verse 19, page 195. Prescott's quarters were at a house yet (1SC5] standing, a short distance above 
Newport, and about a mile from the bay. 

.5. Prescott was afterward excbariged for General Charles Lee. Note 4, page TOO ; also verse 5, page 226. 

6. The common practice of vaccination at the present day, was then nnlcnown in the country. Indeed, 
the attention of .Tenner, the father of the practice, had then just been turned to the .subject. It was prac- 
ticed here a year after the close of the war. 

7- Verse 18, page 194. 8. Verse 27, page 224. 9. Verse 2.^, page 208. 

Questions. — S. Can yon relate the circumstance of Trvon's expedition to Connecticut ? 9. What can von 
tell of an expedition to Sag Harbor? What of an exploit on Rhode Island? 10. Wlml wns the .nnsition 
and condition of the American army in May, 1777? How was Washing: on perplexed? and what did he do? 



216 THE EEVOLUTION. 



Howe and "Washington in New Jersey. Wasnington in Philadelphia. La Fayette. 

11. On the 12th of June [1777], Howe passed over from New York, where 
he had made his head-quarters during the Winter, concentrated the main 
body of his army at New Brunswick, and tried to draw Washington into an 
engagement by a feigned movement [June li, 1777] toward the Delaware. 
Tlje chief remained in his strong position at Middlebrook until Howe sud- 
denly retreated [June 19], and appeared to be evacuating New Jersey. 
Washington was deceived. He ordered strong detachments in pursuit, and 
advanced several miles in the same direction, with his whole army. Howe 
suddenly changed front [June 25], and attempted to gain the rear of the 
Americans; but, after Stirling's brigade had maintained a severe skirmish 
with a corps under Cornwallis [June 26], the Americans regained their camp 
without much loss. Five days afterward [June 30], the wliole Britisli army 
crossed over to Staten Island, and left New Jersey in the complete possession 
of the patriots. 

12. On the 12th of July, Burgoyne, with a powerful army,' took possession 
of Crown Point^ and Ticonderoga,^ and spread terror over the whole North. 
At the same time the British fleet at New York took such a position as in- 
duced the belief that it was about to pass up the Hudson and co-operate with 
the victorious invader. Finally, Howe left General Clinton in command at 
New York, and embarking on board the fleet with eiglitecn tliousand troops 
[July 23], he sailed for the Delaware. When Washington comprehended this 
movement he left a strong force on the Hudson, and with the main body of 
his troops pushed forward to Philadelphia. There he was saluted by a power- 
ful ally, in the person of a stripling, less than twenty years of age. He was 
a wealthy French nobleman, who, several months before, while at a dinner 
with Hio Duke of Gloucester,* first heard of the struggle of the Americans, 

their Declaration of Independence, and the prepara- 
tions made to crush them. His young soul was fired 
with aspirations to give them his aid ; and quitting the 
army he hurried to Paris. Although he had just mar- 
ried a young and beautiful girl, and a bright career 
was opened for him in his own coimtry, he left all, 
and hastened to America in a vessel fitted out at his 
own expense. He offered his services to the Conti- 
nental Congress,^ and that body gave him the com- 
mission [July 31] of a major-general. Three days 
afterward [Aug. 3], he was introduced to Washing- 
ton at a public dinner, and within less than forty days he was gallantly fight- 
ing [Sept. 11] for freedom in America, on the banks of the Brandywine. That 

1, Biirpovnc's armv consisted of about seven thonsami British and German troops, and n large body of 
Canadians iind Indians. 2. Verse 38, page 184. 3. Verse .^2, pnpe 161- 

4. The T>nke was the brother of the KinK of Kn{?land, and at the time in question, was dininji; with pome 
French officers, in the old town of Mentz, in Germany. 5. Verse .'iS, page 185. 

Questions. — 11. What movements were made by the British? How wa.s Washington deceived? What 
then happened? T.'. What was done on Lake Champlain ? How did the British fleet maneuver? What 
did the two armies do? Who joined the Americana at Philadelphia? and what of his history? 




THIRD YEAR OF TITE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



217 



Battle of Brandjnirine. 



young jreneral was the Marquis de La Fayette/ whose name is forever 
linked with that of Washington and Liberty. 

13. Howe did not go up the Delaware, but ascended Chesapeake bay, and at 
its head, he disembarked [Aug. 25], and marched toward Piiiladelphia. Wash- 
ington had advanced beyond the Brandywine creek, and took post a few miles 
from Wilmington. Howe's superior force compelled him to fall back to the 
east side of the Brandywine ; and at Chad's Ford, several miles above Wil- 
ming'ton, he made a stand 



for the defense of Phila- 
delphia. At that point the 
Hessians, under Knyphau- 
sen," attacked the left wing 
of the Americans [Sept. 
11, 1777], commanded by 
AVashington in person ; 
while Howe and Corn- 
wallis, crossing the stream 
several miles above, fell 
upon the American right, 
under General SulUvan, 
near the Birmingham meet- 
ing-house.^ The contest 
raged fearfully during the 
whole day. At night the 
shattered and defi^ated battalions of patriots retreated to Chester, anil the 
following day [Sept. 12] to Philadelphia. Many brave men were killed or 
disabled on that sanguinary field. La Fayette was severely wounded ;* and 
the patriots lost full twelve hundred men, killed, wounded, and made prison- 
ers. The British lost almost eight hundred.^ 

14. Having rested a few days, Washington crossed the Schuylkill, and 
Iiroceeded to confront Howe, who was making slow marches toward Phil- 
adelphia. They met [Sejit. 16] twenty miles west of that city, and some 
skirmishing ensued ; but a heavy rain prevented a general battle, and the 




liATTI.E AT THE liEAJiDYWINE. 



1. He was bom on the 6th of September, 1757. He married the daughter of the Ouke de Noailles, a 
beautiful lieiress, at ilie ape of eighteen years. He first landed on the coast of South Carolina, and made a 
land .journey to I'hiladelphia. Hi.'* application was not received at first, by the Continental Congres.s, bi:t 
when liis true character and design were known, they gave him a major-general's commission. He was 
afterward an active patriot in his own countr.v in many perilous scenes. He visited America in 1 24-'o 
[verse 11, page 3041. and died in IXK', at the age "of seventy-seven years. The Baron de Kalb [verse 8, pagj. 
242] and eleven oihjr French and Polish officers, ctme to America in La Fayette's vessel. 

2. Verse 20, paga 207. 

3. This was (and is yet) a Quaker meeting-house, .sitnatcl a few miles from Chad's Ford, on the road from 
Jefferis's Ford (where Howe and (^ornw.iU:s crossed) to Wilmington. 

4. A bullet pv.ssed through his leg. He was conveyed to Ik'thlehem. rennsylvania, where the Moravian 
siBters nursed him during his confinement. Count Pulaski began his niili'n'y career in the American army, 
on the field of Brandywine, where he commanded a troop of horse, and after the battle he was promoted to 
the rank of Hrigadier. He was slain at Savannah. See note 1, page 237. 

5. The building seen in the corner of the map, is a view of the head-quarters of Washington, yet [1SC6] 
standing, a short distance from Chad's Ford. 



QCESTIONS.— 13. What course did the British take ? What happened near the Brandy wii' 
can you tell of the battle? 

10 



crerk ? Wltat 



218 THE REVOLUTION. 

Surprise of Wayne at PaolL Movements in Pennsylvania. Battles at the Delaware forts. 

Americans withdrew toward Reading. General Wayne, in the mean while, 
was hanging upon the rear of the enemy with about iifteen hundred men. 
On the night of the 20th, he was surprised by a party of British and Hessians, 
under General Grey, near the PaoU Tavern, and lost about three hundred of 
his party.' With the remainder he joined Washington, then near Valley 
Forge. 

15. The Americans had collected a large quantity of amnmnition and mili- 
tary stores at Reading ; and as the movement of Howe indicated an intention 
to seize them, Wasliington abandoned Philadelphia, and took position at Potts- 
grove, tliirty-fivo miles distant, to protect those indispensable materials for his 
army. Howe crossed the Schuylkill [Sept. 23, 1777] near Norristown, and 
marched to the federal city" [Sept. 26], v/ithout opposition. Congi-ess fled at 
his approach, first to Lancaster [Sept. 27], and then to York, where it assem- 
bled on the 30th, and continued its session there until the following summer. 
The main body of the British army was encamped at Germantown, four miles 
from Philadelphia, and Howe i:)repared to make that city his winter quarters.' 

16. A few miles below Philadelphia, on opposite sides of the Delaware, 
were two forts of considerable strength (Mifflin and Mercer), garrisoned by 
the Americans. While the BritLsh army was marching from the Chesapeake* 
to Philadelphia, the fleet had saUed round to the Delaware, and had ap- 
proached to the head of that bay. These forts commanded the river ; and a 
chevaux-de-fris&' just below them, completely obstructed it, so that the army 
in Philadelphia could obtain no supplies from the fleet. The possession of 
these forts was important ; and on the 22d of October they were attacked by 
detachments sent by Howe. Port Mercer was assailed by two thousand Hes- 
sian grenadiers, under Count Donop." They were repulsed by the garrison 
of less than five hundred men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Greene, after losing 
their commander'' and almost four hundred soldiers. The garrison of Port 
Mifflin, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, also made a gallant defense, but after 
a series of assaults by land and water, it was abandoned [Nov. 16, 1777]. 
Two days afterward, Fort Mercer was also abandoned, and several British 

ships sailed up to Philadelphia.^ 

1. The bodies of fifty-three Americans, found on the field the next morning, were 
interred in one broad grave ; and forty years afterward, the " Kepublican Artillerists" 
of Cliiister county, erected a neat marble monument over them. 

2. Philadelphia, New York, and Washington, have been, respectively, federal cities, 
or cities wlierc the Federal Congress of the United States assembled. 

3. Note 6, page 224. 4. Verse 1,3, page 217. 
5. Cheoaiix-rte-friae lire obstructions placed in river channels to prevent the passage of 

vessels. They are generally made of a scries of heavy timbers, pointed with iron, and 
secured at an angle in a strong frame filled with stones, as seen in the engraving. The 
upper figure shows the position under water— the lower one shows how the timbers are 
arranged, and the stones placed in them. 6. Verse 24, page 209. 

7. Donop was tcrril)ly woimded, and taken to the house of a Quaker near hy, where 
he expired a few days af crw.ird. He was buried beneath the fnrt. A few years 
ago his bones were disinterred, and his skull was taken possession of by a New Jersey 
physician. 
FElsi:. 8. In the defense of these forts, the A mericans lost about three hundred men, and the 

enemy almost double that number. 




CIlKVAU-\-l)i:- 



QuKSTiONS. — It. What movements were made bv Washington? What hanpened to troops under WayreT 
15. Why did Wnshington encamp at Pottsgrove? What did Oeieral Howe do ? What did Congress do ? 1<>. 
How was the approach to Philadelpliia by water, guarded? What can you tell of occurrences on the Dela- 
ware ? 



THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



219 



Battle at Gerraantown. 



Burgoyue ou Lake Champlaiu. 




17. Washington moved down the Schuylkill to Skippack Creek [Sept. 25], 
and from that point he marched, silently, on the 
evening of the 3d of October, toward the camp of 
tlie enemy, at Germantown. He reached Chest- 
nut Hill, beyond that village, at dawn the follow- 
ing morning, and the attack soon commeuce( 
near there. After a severe battle during several 
hours, the patriots were repulsed, Avitli a loss, in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, about equal to 
that at Brandy wine.' The British lost only about 
six hundred. On the 19th, Howe broke up his 
encampment at Germantown. Three weeks af- battle at gebmantown. 
terward, he proceeded to place his whole army in winter quarters in Phila- 
delphia. Washington retired to his camp on Skippack Creek ; and on the 
29th of November, prepared to go into Avinter quarters at White Marsh, four- 
teen miles from Philadelphia. 

18. While these events, so disastrous to the Americans, were occurring on 
the Delaware, others of vast importance were transpiring on the banks of the 
Hudson and on Lake Champlaiu. Burgoyne,^ with more than ten thousand 
men, invcstpd Ticonderoga on the 2d of July. The fortress was garrisoned 

by General St. Clair, with only about three thou- 
sand men. Upon Mount Independence, on the op- 
posite side of the lake, were a small fortification and 
a weak garrison.^ On the approach of Burgoyne, 
St. Clair* left his outworks, gathered his force near 
the fortress, and prepared for an assault ; but when, 
on the evening of the 5th, he saw the scarlet uni- 
forms of the British on the top of Mount Defiance,^ 
and a battery of heavy cannons planted there,'' more 
than five hundred feet above the fort, he knew re- 
sistance would be vain. That evenina: he sent his 




GENEKAL BT. CLAIIi. 



1. WasliinRton felt certain of victory at the beginning of the battle. Just as it commenced, a dense frg 
overspread the country ; and through the inexperience of some of his troops, great confusion, in their move- 
ments, was produced! A false rumor caused a panic among ihe Americans, just as the British were about 
to fall back, and a general retreat and loss of victory -H-ere the result. In Germaulown, a strong stone 
house is yet [18ii5] standing, which belonged to Judge eiiew. This a part of the enemy occupied, and flora 
the windows tired with deadly elicct upon Ihe Americans. 2. Verse 10, p. 21.'i. 

3. During the previous year, the \mericans constructed a picketed fort, or stockade [note 3, page ICO." 
ou that eminence, built about three hundred huts or barracks, dug several wells, and placed batteries [note 
2, page 110] at dilferent points. The remains of these are now il8.'i71 everywhere visible oij_Mount Inde- 
pendence. This was so called because Ihe troops took possession of it on the 4th of July, 1776. Verse 10, 
page2^)2. , . „ 

4. Arthur St. Clair was a native of Scotland, and came to America with Admiral TJoscnwcn, early in .Hay, 
1755. lie served under Wolfe : and when the Revolution hroke out he entered the American army. He 
served during the war, and afterward, and died in 181". at the nge of eighty-fnnr years. 

5. This is a hill about 750 feet in height, situated on the south-west side of the outlet of Lake George, op- 
posite Ticonderoga. 

6. With immense labor Burgovne opened a road up the northern slope of Mount Defiance, and dragged 
heavy artillery to the summit. From that point every ball might be hurled within the fort below, without 
diUicnlty. 

QtTF.STioNS. — 17, What caused Washington to attack Ihe British at Germantown? What can you tell of 
the batile? What did the two armies then do? l«. What events were occurring elsewhere? Can you tell 
what happened at Ticonderoga? What did the Ameiicans dot 



220 THE REVOLUTION. 



Capture of Ticonderoga. Misfortunes of the Americans. Schuyler's camp on the Mohawk. 

ammunition and stores up the lake to Skenesborough/ and under cover of the 
dai'knesp, silently crossed over to Mount Independence, and commenced a re- 
treat toward Fort Edward," the head-quarters of General Schuyler, who was 
then in command of the northern army. 

19. The light of a burning building, fired on Mount Independence, dis- 
covered their flight to the enemy, and a strong party was immediately sent 
in pursuit.^ At dawn, the British flag was waving over Ticonderoga; and a 
little after sunrise [July 7, 1777] the rear division of the flying Americans, 
under Colonel Seth Warner,* were overtaken in Hubbardton, Vermont, and 
a severe engagement followed. The patriots were defeated and dispersed, 
and the victors returned to Ticonderoga.'^ Before sunset the same evening, a 
flotilla of British vessels had overtaken and destroyed the Americans' stores 
which St. Clair had sent up the lake, and also another large quantity at 
Skenesborough. The fragments of St. Clair's army reached Fort Edward on 
the 12th, thoroughly dispirited. Within a week the Americans ha^l lost al- 
most two hundred pieces of artillciy, and a large amount of provisions and 
military stores. 

20. Even with this reinforcement, Schuyler had ODly about four thousand 
effective men — a number totally inadequate to comnat with those of Bur- 
goyne. He therefore sent a strong party toward Skenesborough to fell huge 
trees across the roads, and to destroy all the bridges so as to obstruct the 
march of the invaders, while he slowly retreated dowTi the Hudson valley to 
tlie mouth of the Mohawk, and there established a fortified camp." His call 
for aid Avas nobly responded to, for the whole country was thoroughly 
aroused to a sense of peril. Detachments were sent from the regular army 
to strengthen him ; and soon General Lincoln came with a large body of 
New England militia. When General Gates arrived, to take the chief com- 
mand,' he found an army of thirteen thousand men ready to meet the in- 
vader. 

21. Burgoyne did not reach Fort Edward" until 

1. Now Whitehall. It was named after Philip Skene, wlio settled 
there in 1761. Tlie narrowpart of Lalte (Jharaplain, fioni Tieonderoga 
to Wliitehall, was formerly called Wood C reeK- { Oie name of the stream 
that enters tlie lake at WiiitehallJ, and also Houth River. 

2. Note 5, pase Kil. 

3. Tliese consisted of the brigade of General Fraser, and two Hes- 
sian corps. 4. Verse 7, p. 18S'. 

5. The Americans lost, in killed, wonnded, and missing, a little 
more tlian three hinidred ; the British reported their loss at one hui.- 
dred and eigiily-tliree. 

(i. Thaddeiis Kosciuszko, a Polish refugee, who came with Lafay- 
ette [verse 12, p. 211)], was now attached (o Schuyler's army, as 
engineer. Under liis direction, the intronchments at tlie mouth o'" 
the Mohawk livcr were constructed ; also tliosc at Stillwater and 
Saratogii. The camp at the month cf the Mohawk was upon islands 
just h 'low tlie Oveat, or Cohoes' Falls. 
7. Ueneral Schuyler had superseded Gates in .Tiine. The latter 
KOSCinszKO. had a .strong party of friends in Congress, and tlie cnnimniid of the 

northern army wasnngeiieronsly lakei fioni Srlmyler at llii> moment 
when, by great exertions and through great hard.ships, he had a force prepaied to confront Burgoyne 
wiMi ' ome prospect of success. 
8. It was while Burgoyne was approaching that point, that ,Tane M'Orea, the betrothed of a young Tory 
Questions. — 19. What discovered the retreat of the Americans? Wliat Ihenocciirrcl? What disasters 
befell the Americans? 2it. Wliat was the condition of the American army? and v/hat di 1 Schuyler do? 
Hov/ was hi.i army increase! ? 




THir.D YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



221 



Battle of Bennington. 



Battle of Oiiskany. 



Death of Herkimer. 




JOSEPH BKANT. 



the 30th of July.' His army was worn down by fatigue, and his provisions 
were ahnost exhausted. To replenish his stores, he sent a party of six hundred, 
under Colonel Baurae, to seize provisions and cattle which the Americans had 
collected at Benningtun, thirty-five miles distant. Colonel John Stark had 
called out tlie New Hampshire militia ; and near Hoosick, within five miles of 
Bennington, they met [Aug. IG] ;:nd defeated the marauders. And toward 
evening when another party, under Colonel Brey- 
nian, approached, they also were defeated by a 
continental force under Colonel Seth Warner.^ 
Many of the enemy were killed, and a large num- 
ber were made prisoners. Burgoyne's entire loss 
in this expedition was almost a thousand men. The 
Americans had one hundred killed, and as many 
wounded. This defeat was fatal to Burgoyne's 
future operations.^ Stark was made a brigadier 
in the continental army for his gallantry. 

22. At this time, the Mohawk valley was a 
scene of great confusion and alarm. St. Leger and 
his savages, joined by the MohaAvk Indians, under 
Brant,' and Tories under Johnson^ and Butler, had 
arrived from Oswego, and invested Fort Schuyler [Aug. 3, 1777]. Tlie gar- 
rison was commanded by Colonel Gansevoort, and made a spirited defense. 
General Herkimer rallied the mihtia of his neighborhood ; and while march- 
ing to the assistance of Gansevoort, he fell into an Indian ambuscade [Aug. 6] 
at Oriskany.'' His party was totally defeated, after a bloody conflict, and 

in the British army, was shot, while beinp conveyed by a party of Indians from Fort Edward to the British 
camp. Her death was charged upon the Indians, and it was made the subject of the most hitter denun- 
ciations of the Brilisli niiiiisiers, f ir eniplovnitr such cruel instrumentalities. The place of her death is a 
short distance from the village of Fort Edward. The pine-tree whicli marked tlie spot decayed a few 
years ago, and in 185.3 it was cut down, and converted into canes and boxes for the curious. 

1. He was obliged to construct forty bridges on the way, and to lemove the many trees which lay across 
the roads. To estimate the fatigue which the troops must have endured durin.g that hot month, it must be 
remembered that each soldier bore a weight of sixty pounds, in arms, accoutrements, and supplies. 
•J. Verse 7, page 189, and verse 19, page 220. 

.3. It dispirited his troops, who were worn down with the fatigue of the obstructed march from Skenes- 
boroiigh to Fort Kdwaril. It also cau.sed a delay of a month at that place, and in the meanlime their 
provisions were rapidly diminishing. While at Fort Edward, Burgoyne received intelligence of the defeat 
of St. Leger [verse ■'•\ piige 2'1] at Fort Stanwix. 

4. Joseph Brant was a Mohawk Indian, and a great favorite of Sir William Johnson. He adhered to the 
British, and went to Canada after the war, where he died in 1807, aged sixty-five years. 

5. Sir William Join, son fverse 19. page 155] (now dead) had been a sort 
of autocrat among the Indians and Tories in the Mohawk valley, lie flat- 
tererl the chiefs in various ways, and through them he ohtair.cd almost uu- 
bonudcd influence over the tribes, especially that of the Mdhmthx. He was 
in the habit of giving those chiefs, who pleased him, a diploma, ceitifving 
their good character, and faithfulness to his majesty. These contained a 
picture, representing a treaty council, of which the annexed engraving is 
a copy. His family were the worst enemies of the Americans during the 
war, in that rctrion. His son, John, raised a regiment of ToricE, called 
the JoJnixnn Grpenn (those who Joined St. f,eger) ; and John Hntler, a cvnel 
leader, was at the head of another band, called BnHer's Rnngtra. These 
co-operated with Brant, the great Mohawk sachem, and for years they 
made the Mohawk valley and vicinity, a scene of terror. These men were 
the allies of St. I,eeer on the occasion in question, 
fi. The place of (he battle is about half-wav between Utica and Rome. 
The latter village is upon the site of Fort Stanwix, built by Rradstreet and his troops in IT'S [verse : .1, 
page Kil). It was n-paired and garrisoned in 17 fi, and its liamo was changed to Fort Schuyler. Another 
Fort Schuyler was built duiing the French and Indian war, where Utica now stands. 




A THFATT. 



Questions. — 21. What was the condition of the British army? What enterprise was undertaken? and what 
was the result? 22. What occurred in the Mohawk valley? 



222 



THE EEVOLUTION. 



Battles at Saratoga. 




GKNEEAL liTJEGOTNE. 



himself mortally wounded. On the same day, a corps of the garrison, under 
Colonel Willet, made a successful sortie,' and broke the power of the be- 
siegers. Arnold, who had been sent by Schuyler to the relief of the fort 
soon afterward approached, Avhen the besiegers fled [Aug. 22], and quiet was 
Restored to the Mohawk valley. 

23. Burgoync was greatly perplexed. To retreat, 
advance, or remain inactive, seemed equally perilous. 
With little hope of reaching Albany, where he had 
boasted he would cat his Christmas dinner, he crossed 
the Hudson and formed a fortified camp on the hills 
and plains of Saratoga, now the site of Schuylerville. 
General Gates advanced 
to Bemis's Heights," a 
little above Stillwater, 
and also formed a forti- 
fied camp.^ A severe, 
but indecisive action ensued on the 19th of 
September. Night terminated the conflict, and 
both parties claimed the victory.^ Burgoyne 
fell back to his camp, where he resolved to 
await the arrival of expected detachments from 
General Clinton, who was to attack the posts 
on the Hudson Highlands, and force his way to 
Albany.^ But after waiting a few days, and 
hearing nothing from Clinton, he prepared for 
another attempt upon the Americans, for the militia were flocking to Gates's 
camp, and warriors of the Six Nations" were gathering there. His own 
forces, on the contrary, were hourly diminishing. As his star, which arose 
so brightly at Ticonderoga,'' began to decline upon the Hudson, the Canadi- 
ans and his Indian allies deserted him in great numbers.* He Avas compelled 
to fight or flee. Again he advanced ; and after a severe battle [Oct. 7] of 
several hours, almost on the same ground occupied on the 19th of September, 
he was compelled to fall back to the heights of Saratoga, and leave the 
patriots in the possession of the field. Ten days afterward [Oct. 17], finding 
only tlirec days' provisions in his camp, hearing nothing of Clinton, and per- 
ceiving retreat impossible, he was compelled to surrender his whole army 




liEMIS S HEIGHTS. 



1. Kote 1, page 1^6. 

2. About four miles north of (he village of Stillwater, and twenty-five north of Albany. 

3. The remains of some of (he intrenehments were yet visible in 18511, when the writer visited the locality. 

4. The number of Americans engaged in tliis aclion, was about ^,600 : that of the British was about 3,0U0. 
The former lost, in killed, wounded, and mis^ing, ;>19 ; the British loss was rather less than 5tK). 

.\ Verse 27, page 2M. 6. Verse 5, page l-.t. 7. Verse 18, page 219. _ 

8. The Indians had been disappointed in (heir expectaiions of blood and plunder; and now was (heir 

hunting season, when provisions ranst be secured for winter use. The Canadians saw nothing but defeat in 

the future, and left the army in whole companies. 



Questions. — ^23. How was Burgoyne perplexed? Wliat movements were made by the two : 
ran you tell of (wo battles (h.it ensued? 



THIRD YEAR OF THE WAIl FOll INDEPENDENCE. 223 

Surrender cf Uurgoync. Effects of that event. 

prisoners of war.' Of necessity the forts upon Lake Champlain now fell into 
tlio hands of the patriots. 

24. This was a glorious victory for the Aiucricaus. It gave theui a fine 
train of brass artillery, five thousand muskets, and a vast amount of muni- 
tions of war. Its moral eflect was of greater importance. All eyes had 
been anxiously turned to the army of the North, and Congress and the people 
listened eagerly for every breath of rumor from Saratoga. How electric was 
the effect when a shout of victory came from the camp of Gates !^ It rolled 
over the land, and was echoed irom furrows, workshops, marts of commerce, 
the halls of legislation, and from the shattered army of Washington at White- 
marsh.^ Toryism stood abashed ; the bills of Congress rose twenty per cent, 
in value ;* private capital came from its hiding-places, for public employment; 
the militia flocked to the standards of leaders, and the great patriot heart of 
America beat with the strong pulsations of hope. 

25. The effect in Europe was also favorable to the Americans. The high- 
est hopes of the ministers rested on this expedition, and the generalship of 
Burgoyne justified their expectations. It was a most severe blow, and gave 
the opposition in Parliament the keenest weapons. Pitt, leaning upon his 
crutches,^ poured forth eloquent denunciations [December, 1777] of tlie mode 
of warfare pureued — the employment of German hirelings,'^ and brutal sava- 
ges.' " If I were an American, as I am an Englishman," he exclaimed, 
" while a foreign troop w^as landed in my country, I never would lay down 
my arms — never, never, never !" In the Lower House,* Burke, Fox, and 
Barr^ were equally severe upon the government. 

26. This victory weighed mightily in favor of the Americans at the court of 
France. Unaided by any foreign power, they had defeated and captured a 
well-trained army of about six thousand men. " Surely such a peo2>le possess 
the elements of success, and will achieve it. We may now safely strike En- 
gland a severe blow," by acknowledging the independence, and forming an 

1. The whole number surrendered was 5,791, of whom 2,412 were Germans or flessjores [verse 2, page 198], 
jinder the chief command of the Haroii Reirtesel, whose wife accompanied liim, and afrei ward wrote a very 
iiileresling: account of her experience in America. Bnrcoyne did dine at Albany [verse 2:^, page 222], but 
as a prisoner, though a guest at the table of (leneral Schuyler. His troops were marched to Oambiidge, 
with the view of sending them to Europe, but Congress thought it proper to retain Ihera, and they were 
mtrchedto (he interior of Virginia. John Burgoyne was a son of Lord Biiigley. On hisrelurn to England, 
lie resumed his seat as a member of Parliament, and opposed the war. He died in 1.9 '. 

2. General Gates was so elated with the victory, which had been prepared for by General Schuyler, and 
won by the valor of Arnold and Morgan [verse L3, page Iflfi], that he neglected the courtesy due to'the com- 
mander-in-chief, and instead of sending his dispatches to liim, he sent his aid. Colonel Wilkinson, with a 
verbal message to Congress. That body also fo;pot its dignity in the hour of its joy, and the young officer 
was allowed to announce the victory himself, on the floor of Congre.ss. In his subsequent dispatches, Gales 
did not mention the names of Arnold and Morgan. Congress voted a gold medal to Gates. 

3. Verse 17, page 219. 4. Note 2, page 108. 5. Note ', pnge 18 ■. 6. Verse ?, page 19=. 

I. A mernber justified the employment of the Indians, bv saving that the British had a right to use the 
irieans which God anil nature had given them." Pitt scornfully repeated the passage, and said, "These 
abomiuahia principles, and this most abominable avowal of them, demand most deci^^ivc indignation. 
1 call upon that right reverend bench (pointing to (he bishops), those holy ministers of the Gospel, and 
pious pastors of the church— I conjure them to join in (he holy work, and to vindicate the religion nf their 

a-„ 8. Note 7, page 177. 

y. f ranco rejoiced at the embarrassments of Kngland, on account of her revolted colonies, and f-om the 
oeginmngr secretly favored the latter. She thought it inexpedient to aid the colonies openly, nntil there ap- 
peared some chance for their success : yet arms and money were secretly provided for a long time previous 

QCTESTIONS.— "4. What were the effects of BurgoyneVs defeat in America? 2.5. What were the effects of 
the victory, in Europe? What occuried in the British Parliament? 26. What effect did the victory have 
in Prance? What did the French government do? 



22.4 THE KEVOLUTION, 



Treaty with France. The British on the Hudson. Valley Forge. 



alliance with her revolted colonies," argued the French government. And so 
it did. Within a little more than a hundred days after Burgoyne laid 
down liis arras at Saratoga, France had formed an alliance with the United 
States [Feb. 6, 1778], and publicly avowed it. 

27. Greneral Clinton attempted co-operation with Burgoyne, but too late for 
success. He ascended the Hudson with a strong force, cnptured the Highland 
forts^ [Oct. G, 177G], and sent a marauding expedition above these mountain 
barriers, to devastate the country [Oct. 13], and endeavor to draw off some 
of the patriot troojis from Saratoga." They burned Kingston, and penetrated 
as far as Livingston's manor, in Columbia county. Informed of the surrender 
of Burgoyne, they hastily retreated, and Clinton and his army returned to 
New York. Some of Gates's troops now joined Washington at Whitemarsh.^ 
Howe made several attempts to entice the chief from his encampment, but 
Avithout success.'' Finally Washington moved from that position [Dec. 11], 
and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, where he might more easily afford 
protection to Congi-ess at York, and his stores at Reading.^ The events of 
that encampment at Valley Forge afford some of the gloomiest, as well as 
some of the most brilliant scenes in the records of American patriotism. 



SECTION V. 

FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l778.] 

1. In the bosom of a rugged gorge on the banks of the Schuylkill, twenty 
miles north-west of Philadelphia, the American army was encamped during 
the severe winter of 1777-78. Many of the soldiers had marched thither 
from Whitemarsh, barefooted, and left bloody foot-prints in the snow on their 
dreary journey. There, half-clad and scantily fed, they shivered in rude lints, 
while tlie British army was indulging in comforts and luxuries within a 
large city.'' Yet that freezing and starving army did not tlespair, nor 

to (be alliance. Her motives were not the benevolent ones to aid the patriots, so muuli as a selfisb desire (o 
injure England for bei own I>ene6t. A Bourbon (ibe family of French kings) was never known to be an 
honeftt ativocate of free principles. 

1. Forts Clinlon and .Monlgomery, situated on opposilc sides of a stream which foims the dividing line 
belwei'ii Orange and Rockland counties. Fort Independence, near Feekskill, and Fort Oonstitulion, op- 
posite West Point, were abandoned on his approach. Fort Putnam, at We.st Point, was not yet erected. 

2. While the garrisons of the two forts (who escaped) were re-galhei ing, back of New Windsor, a man 
from the British army was arrested on suspicion of being a spy. He was seen to swallow something. An 
emetic brought it up," and it wns discovered to he a hollow silver bullet, containing a dispatch from Clinton 
to Burgoyne, written on Ihin paper. That bullet is yet in the family of George Clinton, who was the first 
Republican (roverror of New York. 3. Ver.'c 17, page : 19. 

4. Howe marched out to attack Washington on the 4lh of December, expecting to take him by surprise. 
A Quaker lady of Philadelphia, who had nverheaid British officers talking about this enterprise, at her 
house, gave Washington timely information, and he was too well prepared for Howe to fear his menaces. 
After some skirmishes, in whicli several Americans were lost, Howe returned to Philadelphia. 

5. Verse 15, page ;^1^'. 

6. The power of the British army was very much weakened by indulgence during that wii'cr. Profli- 
gacy beat disease, crime, and itsiilinrdiiiatio'v The evil effects p-odnced rpon the annv lei D'-. Franklin 
to say, "Howe did not take Pliil.idilphia— I'hiladeli'hia took Howe." Oencral Tlnwp look leave of the 
army in May, and the officers gave liim a splendid (nxcweM fNp, which was called a Misehiriiisi, signifying 
a raedley. For a full description, see I<ossing"s FieWBonl- of the Rernliitinn, volume ii. 

QrESTIONS. — ""T. Wb^it did Oenernl Clinton do? What did an evpe-li ion up the Unison occoniplisbT 
What occnrred nenr Whi'emarsh? Wliat did Washington do? 1. What can you tell of the encampmeni 
at Valley Forge? How did the Americans suffer? By what were they cheered? 



FOURTH YEAl! OF TUE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



225 



Encampment at Valley Forgo. 



Proceedings in Parliament. 



Uon.missionors. 




ENCAMP.MENT AT VAI.LI.Y l(ir.?;li. 



did the commander-in-chief, who shared their 
privations, and suffered injurj^ at the hands of in- 
triguing men,' lose confidence in the patriotism 
of the pcoplo or his troops, or doubt the ■\vis iom 
of Providence." In the spring, intelhgence of tlie 
treaty of alHancc witli France was received;^ ami 
wlien the news spread through the camp [May 
1, 1778], shouts loud and long shook the forests 
which shrouded the hills around Valley Forge.'' 

2. Light also emanateil from the British throne 
and Parliament. The capture of Burgoyne, and 
the general failure of the campaign for 1777, 
made the English people, and a powerful minor- 
ity in Parliament, clamorous for peace and recon- 
ciliation. Lord North, the prime minister,'^ was 
compelled to listen. To the astonishment of every 
bod}^, he proposed [Feb. 17] a repeal of all the acts 
of Parliament obnoxious to the Americans, which had been enacted since 17G3 ; 
and in the course of his speech in favor of his conciliatory plan, he actually 
proposed to treat the Continental Congress as a legal body. Two bills, ex- 
pressing these conciliatory measures, were passed after much opposition," and 
received the signature of the king [March 11]. Commissioners'' were appointed 
to proceed to America to negotiate for peace with Congress, and the British 
Government seemed really anxious to offer the olive bcanch, without qualifi- 
cation. But the Americans had been too often deceived to accept any thing 
confidingly from that soiu'ce ; and as soon as these bills reached Congress 
[April 15], and it was found that they made no mention of the independence 
of the colonies, that liody at once rejected them as deceptive. Congress re- 
fused also to negotiate with the Commissioners until Great Britian should 
withdraw her fleets and armies, or unequivocally acknowledge the independ- 
ence of the United States. After unsuccessfully appealing to the American 
people, and one of them endeavoring to bribe members of Congress,* the com- 
missioners returned to Eno^land, and the war went on. 



1. niirinff this season a scheme was formed .amonp a few officers of the army, and members of Coiifcress, 
for depriving Washington of his command, and giving it to Gates or Lee. One of the tliief acuns in IliO 
pl.)t was General Conway, an Irisliman, wlio belonged to the Continental aimy. The plot was discovered 
and defeated, and Conway was led to make a most humble apology to Washington, for his conduct. 

;'. On one occasion, Is'aac Potts, whose house was Washington's head-quarters at Valley Forge, discnv- 
cri'd the chief iu a retired place, pouring out his soul in prayer to his (lOd. Potts went to his wife and said, 
"If there is any one on tliis earth to whom the I,ord will listen, it is George Washington." 

.". Verse2-, pape 2.3. 

4. On the 7ih of May the army fired salutes in honor of the event, and bv direction of the chief, (hey 
all shouted, Rirzza fnr'ilif King of Franre ! 5. Verse :P, page hS . 

a. Pitt was favovahle to these bills ; hut when a propofi'ion was made to acknowledge the indepcndcrco 
of the crdonies, and thus dismember the I'.: itish empire, he opposed llie measure with all his might. lie 
was in favor of rpmnriliiitinn, not of n-pnrnlioti. It was during his speech on that snb.icct that he was 
seized with the illness [.Vpril 7] whi'h terminated his life a month afierward. Pitt was born in November, 
1708, and died on the Ilth of May, 177S, when almost seventy years of age. 

7. Karl of Cai lisle, George Johnstone, and William Kden. 

5. Among those who were approached, was General Joseph Reed. To Mrs. Ferguson, the lady who wr.s 

QCFSTIONS. — 2 
the whole matter 



What was done in England? What did Parliament do? How did '.he / meiicans, treat 



10* 



226 THE REVOLUTION. 



French fleet in the Delaware. Evacuation of Philadelphia. Battle of Monmouth. 



3. The first movement of the French government, in compliance with the 
requirements of its treaty with tlic United States, was to dispatch a squad- 
ron under Count D'Estaing, to blockade the British fleet in the Delaware.' 
When, a month before he sailed, the British ministry was officially informed 
[March 17, 1778] of the treaty, and it was considered equivalent to a decla- 
ration of Avar, a vessel was dispatched with a message to the British com- 
manders, ordering them to evacuate Philadelphia and the Delaware, and to 
concentrate their forces at New York. Fortunately for Lord Howe, he had 
left the Delaware a few days before the arrival of D'Estaing" [July 8, 1778], 
and found safety from the heavy French vessels, in the waters of Amboy or 
Raritau Bay. 

4. Sir Homy CUnton succeeded SirWiUiam Howe= in command, toward the 
close of May, and on the ISth of June, he withdrew his whole army (eleven 

thousand strong) from Philadelphia, and started 
for New York, by the way of New Brunswick 
and Amboy. Washington was on the alert, and 
brealdng up liis encampment at Valley Forge,* he 
pursued Clinton with more than equal force,' and 
compelled liim to change his course in the direction 
of Sandy Hook, while New Jersey militia continu- 
ally harassed his flanks and rear." Finally a gen- 
eral engagement took place [June 28, 1778] on the 
plains of Monmouth, in the present village of Free- 

QKNEEAL CLINTON. i i 1 • AT T 

hold, ni JN ew J ersey. 

5. It was Sabbath morning, and one of the most sultry ever known when 
the two armies met in conflict, and from nine o'clock in the forenoon, until 
dark of that long summer day, the terrible contest raged. It was commenced 
by the advanced division of the American army, unJer Greneral Charles Lee.' 
His apparent want of skill or courage, and a misunderstanding of orders on 
the part of some of his officers, produced a general and tumultuous retreat of 

made the vehicle of a proposition to give him fifty thousand dollars, and a lucrative office, if he would favor 
the views of the commissioners, he is uiKnted to have said, " I am 7iot uortJi purchaiir.g, but such as lam, 
the King n/ England is not rich enough ti) do it." 

1. It consisted of twelve ships of ilie line, and four large frigates. 

2. Silas Deaue [page 211] returned to .Vraerica in D'K.siaing's Hag-ship, and Gerard, the first French min- 
ister to the United States, came in the same vessel. Congress was now in session in Philadelphia, having 
returned from York (verse 15, page 2LS] on the 3'Uh of June. 

3. Howe was made a baronet, and called Sir William, because of his success (such as it was) in the battle 
at Urooklyn, in August, 1776, [see page k'U5|. Clinton wa< a son of (leorge Clinton, governor of the prov- 
ince of New York in 1743, and a grandson of the Karl of Lincoln, After the war, he was made govcrnorof 
Gibraltar |K95], and died there the same year. 4. Verse 1, page 22"). 

5. .Arnold was yet quite lame from (he effects of a severe wound in the leg, which he received in the bat- 
tle of Bemis's Heights [ver.se 2^, page T?2], and at his solicitation, Washington left him in command of a 
corps at Philadelphia, with the powers of a military governor. Washington crossed the Delaware in pursuit 
of Clinton, with a little more than iL'.O'Omen. 

6. Washington was anxious to attack Clinton, when he was in the vicinity of Allcntnwn, hut TiCe and 
others overruled his opinions in a council of war. Greene, l,a Fayette and AVayne agreed with the chief, 
and supported by these able otficers, ho resolved on a general engagement. 

7. [Verse 5, page 200]. This command was first given to I,a Fayette, but when Lee signified his readiness 
to lead it, it was given to him, as he was the senior officer. 




Questions.— .3. What did the French government do? What did the British do? 4. Who succeeded 
Howe, and what did hedn? How did the Americans annoy the British? 5. What can you tell of the 
battle of Monmouth? What did General Lee do? What movements were made by Clinton and Wash- 
ington ? 



rOCTPTn YEAR OF THE WAil FOIl INDEPFNDKNOE, 



'227 



Ksciipo of the British. 



Events on Rhode Island. 




'JUinJmfjA)!!}^ 






MONMOUTH 



AMERICANS 




liATTI.E OI'- MOXMliaTil. 



his division. The fugitives were met by the approach in;:;- main body, nn k-r 
Washington," and beinu 
ppeedily checked and re- 
stored to order by the chief, 
they were led to action, 
and the battle became gen- 
eral. Many fell under the 
excessive heat of the day, 
and when night came, both 
■parties were glad to rest. The Americans slept on their arms" diaiiig the 
night, with the intention of renewing the battle at dawn, but when light 
appeared, the British camp was deserted. Clinton had silently witlnlrawn 
[■June 29], and was far on his way toward Sandy Hook. Washington did not 
follow, but marcliing to New Brunswick, and thence to the Hudson river, he 
proceeded to White Plains,^ where he remained until late in Autumn. Then 
he crossed into New Jersey, and made his winter quarters at Middlcbrook,* 
on the Raritan. Clinton's shattered forces went on board the British fleet at 
Sandy Hook, and proceeded to New York, where the head-quarters of the 
royal army continued until the close of the war.^ 

6. When D'Estaing appeared off Sandy Hook, the British fleet was safe in 
Raritan Bay, for the bar from the Hook to Staten Island, would not allow 
the heavy French vessels to pass. D'Estaing therefore relinquished his de- 
sign of attacking Howe's fleet, and, on the sohcitation of Washington, he 
proceeded to Newport, to assist the Americans in an attempt to drive the 
British from Rhode Island." Greneral Sullivan was in command there, and 
Washington also dispatched La Fayette, with two Continental regiments 
(accompanied by Greneral Greene, then quarter-master general), to aid in the 
expedition. John Hancock'' came at the head of Massachusetts militia, and 
similar troops gathered at Tiverton, from Connecticut and Rhode Island.*" On 



1. Washington wRS srrcatly irritated when he met llie fugitives, and riding np to Lee, he addressed him 
with nincli warnitli of language, and directed him to assist in resioiiiig order. Lee pioriiptly obeyed, but 
the sting of Washington's woids rankled in liis bosom, and on the day af^er the battle he addre;<sed an 
offensive letter to the chief. Lee wais arrested and tried by a court-martial, on the ehaiges of di obedience 
of orders, misbehavior before the enemy, and disrespect to the coniniander-in-chief. He was found guilty 
and was suspended from command for one year. He never entered the army ag;:in, and died in obseurilv in 
Philsideiphiu, in October, !78 '. He was brave, but bad in manners and morals, profane in language, aiirt a 
contemner of religion. It is believed that he was willing to haveWashingion lose the battle of Moi inouih, 
because he (Lee) was opposed to it, and at the same time was scekirg to lise to the chief command npon 
the ruins of Washington's reputation. The place where Washii^gton and Lcc met on the battlc-BcId of 
Monmouth, is indicated by the black spot on the abov.e map, marked r. The battle occurred a short dis- 
tance from the Freehold Piosbyterian Church, yet | !8()5] standing. 

2. This exnressinn is n^cd respecting troops who sleep wi:h all their accoutrements on, and their weapons 
by their side readv for action in a momont. The I^vitieh left about thrc^ hnrdrcd killed on the f "lel I of hat- 
tl,'. They also left a large number of the sick ami wounded to the mercy of the Americans. The Amc-- 
icans lost iu killed, wnnnded and missing, two hundred and twenty-eight. >Vany of the missing afterward 
rejoined the aimy. They had le"s than seventy killed. 3. Verse 1'*, page :0'>. 

4. Verse 10, page •^l.'j. 5. Verse 2, page 258. f^. Verse "^2, page 208. 7. Verse 10, page fO^. 

8. The people of Rhode Island had suffered dreadfully f om the brntality of the Rritish troops. There 
had been some amelioration of their condition since he cap'nie of Prescmt [verse '.\ page 2151, and nnder 
the rule of Pigot, the present commander. When success seemed possible, thousands of volunteers Pocked 
to the standards of Sullivan and La Fayette. John Hancock was appointed a general of some of these 
volunteers, 

OuESTiovfi. — 6. How was the Bri:ish fleet favored ? What did the French fleet do? What occnrre-l on 
Shode Island? 



228 THE REVOLUTIOX. 



French and English fleets. Terrible storm. Battle of Quaker Hill. 




ihe 9th of August [1778], the whole American force crossed from Tiverton to 
the nor til end of Rhode Island. 

7. The British fleet was reinforced by several ships of war from England, 
and a few days after D'Estaing sailed for Newport,' a large squadron under 
Howe, proceeded to the relief of Pigot. It appeared off Rhode Island on tl:e 
■Same day [Aug. 9], when the Americans landed on the northern end of it. 

D'Estaing, who was within the harbor, went out to 
meet Howe, but before they came to an engage- 
ment a terrible storm arose [Aug 12], and scattered 
and disabled both fleets." The French squadron 
returned to Newport [Aug. 20], and immediately 
sailed for Boston to be repaired. The Americans 
had then advanced almost to Newport, with evciy 
prospect of making a successful siege. They had 
been promised four thousand land troops from the 
French fleet. These were denied them, and D'Es_ 
COUNT I.-E8TA1NG. ^^lug abandoucd the Americans.' The latter hastily 

withdrew to the north end of the island [Aug. 28], pursued by the British, 
and a severe engagement took place [Aug. 29] at Quaker Hill. Sullivan re- 
pulsed the British, and on tlie night of the 30th, withdrew his whole army to 
the main, near Bristol, in time to avoid an interception by Sir Henry Clinton, 
who had just arrived with four thousand troops, in light vessels.* The Amer- 
icans lost tlurty killed, and one hundred and seventy-two wounded and miss- 
ing. The British loss was about two hundred and twenty. 

8. During the sununcr of 1778, the Wyoming, Moiuuvk, Schoharie and 
Cherry valleys were made the theaters of terrible scenes of blood and de- 
vastation. Tories from distant Niagara,^ and savages upon the head waters 
of the Susquehanna, gathered at Tioga early in June ; and at the beginning 
of July, eleven hundred of these white and dusky savages, under the general 
command of Colonel John Butler," entered [July 2, 1778] the lovely valley 
of Wyoming. Most of the strong men were away on distant dutj'-, and 
families and homes found defenders only in aged men, tender youths, resolute 



1. Verse fi, pape ''27. 

1'. Very old people on Rhode Island, who remember fliis gale, yet [1P.571 speak of it as " the prreat sloim." 
So violent was the wind, that it bvoufrht spray from the ocean a mile distant, and incnisted the windows 
of the town with salt. 

M. This conduct was warmly censnred by the American commanders, because it had no valid e.^cnsc. It 
depiived them of a victory jiL-it wiihin their ir. asp. ("onpvcss, howevei, nfiaid to offend the French, ntlcrid 
not a word of blame. Tlic mailer was passed over, but not forgotten. Once apaii) (verse 15, pag-erafi], the 
same admiral abandoned ibe Americans. n'Kstainp was a native of .Vuverjine, Fiance. lie beean;e ii - 
volved in the Kicncli Rivi lotion in 170', ami in the sprinp of 1793 was gnillotined. The guillotine was i.n 
instniment for cnttinf; off the head, invented by M. (iiiillotir.e. 

4. When Clinton was assured of the seeuiily of Rhode Island, he detached Oencval (Tiey on a marandirg 
expediiion npon Ihe southern shores of Massacbnselts, and among Ibe iidjncett islands, and then iftnrned lo 
New York, (irey linrned about 70 ves'cls in Huzzaril's hay, near New Bedford, and in that viciriiy de- 
stroyed property valued at more than $:!2.".0nfl. lie then went to >lnrtha's Vineyard [verse 27, p. •iSl, and 
carried away for the army in New York, about .'?00 oxen and 10.000 sheep. On the 1st of October, Clinton 
sent a snccessfni expedition to capture American stores at Little Egg Harbor, on the New Jersey coast. 

5. Verse 39, jiage 164. 6. Note 5, page 221. 

QuF.STTONS — 7. What naval engagement took place? What calamity happened? How did D'Esfairg 
treat the Americans? What did they do? and what did they avoid? 8. What did the Tories and I-'dians 
do? What occurred in the Wyoming valley? 



FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAll FOR INDEPENDENCE. '^29 

Tories and Iiidiuiis in Wyoming Valley. Massacre there. Cruelties at Cherry Valley. 

Avomeii, ;iiil ;i f>'\v traiiK-J !<ol(liers. These, about four liundred strong, un- 
der Colonel Zebulon Butler,' marched up the vuUey [July -ij, to drive back 
the invaders. But they were terribly smitten by the foe, and a large portion 
of them Avere slain or made prisoners. A few escaped to Forty Fort, near 
Wilkesbarre, wherein iamilies, for miles aroun 1, had sought safety. 

9. The night of the battle-day was a terrible one for the people in the fort ; 
but their agony of suspense was ended the following morning, when the leader 
of the invaders agreed upon humane terms of surrender." The gates of the 
fort were thrown open, and most of the families returned to their homes in 
fancied seciu-ily. Brant, the great Inliau leader, was not there to restrain 
his savage bands, and their thirst for blood and plunder soon overcame all 
their allegiance to their white commander. Before sunset they had scattered 
over the valley ; and when night fell upon the scene, the blaze of more than 
twenty dwellinas cast its lurid glare over the paradise of yesterday. The 
cries of the nmrdered went up from almost every house and field ; and when 
the moon arose, the terrified inhabitants were fleeing to the Wilkesbarre 
mountains, and the dark morasses of the Pocono mountain beyond. In that 
vast wilderness between the valley aud the Delaware, appropriately called 
the SJuides of Death, many women and children, who escaped the hatchet, 
perished by hunger and fatigue.^ 

10. Brant,^ in the mean while, was leading or sending war parties through 
tlie country south of the Mohawk river ; and the Johnsons,^ and their Tory 
adherents were allies of the savages in the Mohawk valley. A [laity of 
Tories, under Walter N. Butler," accompanied by Indians, under Brant, fell 
like lightning upon the settlement of Cherry Valley [Xov. 11-12, 177SJ. 
Many of the people were killed or carried into captivity ; ' and for months, no 
eye was closed in security at niglit, within an area of a hundred miles and 
more, arountl this desolated village. Tryon county, as that region of New 
York was then calletl, was a " dark and bloody ground" for full four years, 
and the records of the woes of the people have filled volumes.' 

11. When the fourth year of the war [1778] drew to a close, the British 
army had accomplished very little more in the way of concinest than at the 

1. He was a native of Connecticut, and was bovn in r,31. IIj was in llie French and Indian war, and was 
a brave soldier. He died at W.vomiiig in I'lOS. 

:'. All onr liistories conlain horrible statements of the fiend-like charac'.cr of John liuller, and his nn- 
miiifiated wickedness on this occasion. They also spc;ik of llie " moiis.cv I'liaia" [ver.'e 22, p. 121J as the 
lea ler of the Indians, and the instigator of the ciinies cf which ihcy wcic gMiily. ]io;h of tliese men wer-^ 
bn 1 enough ; but recent investigations clearly dinionslrale 1hat Biant \v:u; in t liicrc at all ; and Ihc lre."(y 
for s!irrender, which is sfill in existence, granieil most humane terms to ihe besieged, instead of the leiTible 
one reprc'^ented in onr hislorics, as " Thi' Hatchet." 

Ji. The fugitives who escaped from (he valley were chiefly natives of Connecticut, and they made their 
way h >m?w:ir 1 as fist as po-i^ible. Maiiv of them crossed the Hudson liver at Ponghkeepsic, whce Ihcy 
Irjl 1 Ibjir terrible stories, the facts of which were grcally exaggerated by their foars, and these we.e pub- 
lishol in //')?/'.« Jo'irnnl, to form a text for a tale of the dircs-t wie far the future historian. 

•J. Verse 22, iKige 221. .-i. Note. ^, page 2"!. 

C. He was a son of Colonel ,Inhii Butler, and one of (he most brutal of the Tory leaders. lie vas killed 
by an Oneida Indian in 17S1. while fleeing before some ' mericans. 

7. Among the latter was the Hon. .James S. (lampbell, vet pPfi.")] living in (be same village. He re(ains 
a vivid recollection of the terrible events of a two vears' captivity. 

8. See Campbell's Annuls of Tryon Counti/ ; Simms's IIi>tonj o/ Schoharie Cointy ; Stone's Life of Unvd, 
c'.c. 



230 THE r.E VOLUTION. 

Belative position of the Americans and British. Invasion of Georgia. 

end of the second year. The belligerent forces occupied alniosb the same rel- 
ative position which they did in the autumn of 1776/ while the Americans 
had gained strength by a knowledge of military tactics,^ naval operations and 
the art of civil government; and they had secured tlie aUiance of the power- 
ful European rival of Great Britain/ and the sympathies of Spain and Hol- 
land. The British army Avas hemmed in upon only two islands/ almost two 
hundred miles apart, and each about fourteen miles in length ; while the 
Americans possessed every other stronghold in the country. 

12. D'Estaing sailed for the West Indies [Nov. 3, 1778] in the autumn, to 
attack the British possessions there. To defend these, it was necessary for the 
British fleet on our coast to proceed to those waters. "^ This movement would 
prevent any co-operation between the fleet and army in aggressive move- 
ments between the populous and now well-defended North ; they could only 
co-operate in active operations against the sparsely-settled South. These con- 
sideratious caused a change in the plans of the enemy; and late in November 
[Nov. 27], Sir Henry Clinton dispatched Colonel Campbell, with about two 
thousand troops, to invade Georgia. They proceeded by water, and landed 
at Savannah on the morning of the 29 th of December. Genei-al Robert 
Howe" was there, with only about a thousand men, and these were dispirited 
by the failure of a recent expedition against Florida in which they had been 
engaged.' They defended the city nobly, however, until an overwhelming 
force, by power and stratagem, compelled them to retire. They then fled, in 
confusion, up the Savannah river, and took shelter in the bosom of South 
Carolina. The capital of Georgia became the liead-quarters of the British 
array at the South; and tho enemy retained it until near the close of the con- 
tost [1782], even when every foot of soil in the State, outside the iutrench- 
ments around the city, was possessed by the patriots. 

1. Verse 27, page CIO. 

2. Among the foreign officers who came to America in 1777, was the 
Baron Steuben, who joined the Continental army at Valley ForKS 
[verse 1, page 2J5J. He was a veteran fiom the armies of Frederic 
tlie Great of Prussia, and a skillful disciplinarian. He was made In- 
spector-General of the army ; and the vast advantages of his military 
instruction were seen on the field of Monmouth [verse 5, page 2261, 
and in other subsequent conflicts. He died in the interior ot New York 
in 1,93. 3. Verse 26, page 123. 

4. Manhattan or York Island, and Rhode Island. 

5. Admiral Hotliam sailed lor the West Indies on the 3d of Novem- 
ber ; and early in December, Admiral Byron, who had jnst succeeded 
Lord Howe in chief naval command, also sailed for that destination. 

6. Verse 25, page 197. 

7. A great number of Tories were organized in Florida, and commit- 
tol so many depredations upon the settlers on the Georgian frontiers, 
that Howe, during the summer of 1778, went (hither to disperse them. 
He penetrated to the St. Mary's river (Jnnel, where he awaited rein- 
forcements and supplies, by water. Want of co-operation on the part 
of the governor of Georgia and the naval commander, produced much 
disunion ; and sickness soon reduced the number of effective men so 

i;aeo.x STicuiiDN. much, that the enterprise was abandoned. 




QoKSTioNS. — 11. What was the position and prospects of each army in the autnmn of 1778? 12. What 
caused an expedition to be sent against Georgia? What did it accomplish? 



FIFTH YEAH OF THE WAR FOIl INDEPENDENCE. 231 



Gloomy prospect Designs against Canada. War at the South. 



SECTION \L 

FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1779.] 

1. The dawn of 1779 was gloomy wi>h evil forebodings for the putiiot 
cause. The finaneed of the country were in a wretched conthtion. One hun- 
dred millions of dollars of Continental money' were afloat without the security 
of even good pubhc credit;'' and their value was rapidly depreciating.^ On'y 
small sums had been obtained, by loan from Europe ; and a general tax, im- 
posed by Congress upon the respective States, was of little avail. No French 
army was yet upon our soil to aid us, nor had French coin yet gladdened the 
hearts of unpaid soldiers. A French fleet had indeed been upon our coasts,* 
but liad now gone to fight battles lor France in the West Indies, after mock- 
ing our hopes with broken promises of aid.^ 

2. A plan for invading Canada and the eastern British provinces, and for 
seizing tlie British posts on the western lakes, had been matured by Congress 
and the Board of War," in the autumn of 1777. When it was submitted to 
Washington, he exposed its folly, and the scheme was abandoned. For sev- 
eral weeks the commander-in-chief co-operated with Congress [Jan., 1770] in 
person, in preparing a plan for the campaign of 1779. It was finally resolved 
to act on the defensive, except in retaliatory expeditions against the Indians 
and Tories in tlie interior.' This scheme promised tlie most beneficial results, 
for it would be safer and less expensive than oQensive warfare. 

3. The principal military operations of the year were carried on in the two 
extreme sections of the confederacy. The chief efi"orts of the Americans were 
directed to the confinement of the British army to the sea-board, and chastis- 
ing the Indian tribes. The winter campaign opened by Campbell* [Dec. 29, 
1778] continued until June, and resulted in the complete subjugation of 
Georgia to British rule. 

4. Soon after the fall of Savannah, General Prevost marched fi-om Florida, 
captured [Jan. 9, 1779] the American fort at Sunbury," and assumed the chief 
command of the British forces in tlie South. In the mean while, General 
Lincoln had been appointed [Sept., 1778] commander-in-chief of the southern 

1. PsRe 198. 

2. Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, who was the chief financial apent of the government dininp the Rev- 
olution, was a wealthy niorchaiit, with almost nniiniiteti credit. At the period in question, when Congress 
could not borrow a dollar on its credit, Robert Morris found no diflicully in raising millions upon his own. 
For a long time he alone furnished the " hard money" which government used. 

3. Note 2, page 198. During this year the British government caused an immense amount of counteifcit 
Continental bills to be made, and sent to New York. These were scattered by thotisands over the country, 
and caused universal suspicion of the genuine. By this trick, the true bills were much depreciated ; but the 
worst feature of the transaction was the great loss to innocent individuals who bad taken the spurious ores. 

4. Verse 7, page 228. 5. Verse 12, page 2?0. 

6. On the l_th of .June, 177*^, Congress appointed a committee, to be styled the " Hoard of War and Ord- 
nance," to have the general supervision of military affairs. John Adnms was the chairman, and Richard 
Peters was secretary. Peters was the rciil " .'Jecretaiv nf Wa" until 1781. when he was suciceilcil by Gen- 
eral Lincoln. Gates was chairman in 177?*. 7. Venues l."?, 14, page 23.5. 8. Ver: e 1:', p;ige 2: l>. 

9. About twenty-eight miles southward from Savannah. It wast an important post, and with it fell the 
hopes of the Republicans in east Georgia. 



Questions. — 1. What was the financial condition of the American"! in 1779? Wliat made the future appear 
gloomy? 9. What plan was arranged? and how was it defeated? What did Washington and Congress do? 
3. What were the chief features of the campaign cf 1779? 



232 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Defeat of Tories. 



Battle on Brier Creek. 



Loss of the Americans. 



army of patriots.' He made his head-quarters at Purysburg [Jan. 6], twenty- 
five miles above Savannnh, and there commenced the formation of an army, 
composed of some Continental regiments, new recruits, and the broken forces 
of General Howe." "While Lincoln Avas collecting his forces on the Carolina 
Ijank of the Savannah, Campbell marched^ uj^ the Georgia side to Augusta, 
f n- the purpose of encouraging the Tories, opening a communication with the 
Creek Indians* in the west (among whom the British had active emissaries), 
and to awe the Whigs. At the sanie time, a liaud of Tories, under Colonel 
Boyd, were desolating the Carolina frontiers, while on their march to join the 
royal troops. They Avere attacked [Feb. 14, 1779], and utterly defeated, by 
Colonel Pickens, at the head of the militia of Ninety-six.^ Boyd and seventy 
of his men Avere killed, and seventy-five were made prisoners.^ Pickens lost 
thirtj'-eight. 

5. The defeat of Boyd alarmed Campbell and 
encouraged Lincoln. The latter sent General 
Ashe, with about two thousand men,' to driA'e 
Campbell from Augusta and to confine the invad- 
er.-; to the low, sickly sections near the sea. Tlio 
B.itisli llcl [Feb. lu, 1779] at the approach of 
Ashe, and Avcre pursued by him [Feb. IG] as far as 
Brier Creek, about forty miles beloAV Augusta, 
Avhcre he halted to establish a camp. There Ashe^ 
Avas surprised and defeated [March 3] by General 
Prevost, and lost almost his entire army by death, 
Some Avere killed, others perished in the morasses, 
and many were drowned in attempting to escape across the SaA-annali." This 
blow deprived Lincoln of one fourth of his army, and led to the temporary 
re-establishment of royal government in Georgia.'" 

G. Toward the last of April, Prevost crossed the SaA^annah [April 27] with 

1. Benjamin Lincoln was born in Massachusetts, in 1733. He was a farmer. lie joined the Continental 
nrmv in 1777 anrl rose rapidly to the station of Major-Gencral. IIj commanrle 1 the mililia apuinst Shay's 
insurgents (no!e 3. page 261) in 178 J. He was also a useful public officer in civil ahaiis, and died in 1810. 

?. Verse 1', pa;;e ■:;{0. _. , , , ,. . , 

3. When ('ampbcll departed for .Augusta, Prevost sent Colonel (iardiner with some troops, to take pos- 
session of Port Roval Island, some sixtv miles below i:harlesto?i, piuparatory to a march upon that city. 
Gardiner was atlacked l.y (ieneral MouliVie with Charleston niililia on the morning of the 3d of February. 
Almost everv British olli'-cr (except the commander; and many privates were killed. Gardiner and a few 
mju escaped in boats, and .Moultrie, whose loss was triUing, joined Lincoln at Purysburg. 

4. Veise 2, page 21. •'•■ A'erse 12, page ?53. 

(■>. Seventy of tbcm were tried and found guilty of treason, and sentenced to be hung. Only five were 
exL'Cuted. 

7. Lincoln was joined by Generals Ashe and Rnlherford, with North Carolina regiments, about (he 1st of 
February, and his army now amounted to little more than three thousand men. 

5. John ^she was born in England inl7. 1, and cnme to America when a i hild. He was engaged in the 
Ii(/i!atnr War [verse 2.', page 1'2] and was one of the most activeof the Noith Carolina patriots. He died 
of smallpox in 1781. 

9. About one hundred aid fifty killed and di-owned, eighty-nine made prisoners, and a large number who 
were dispersed, did not take i\p arms again for scveial months. 

10. At the beginning of rTii, the bold Whigs rf Savannah had made Governor Sir James Wright a prif- 
oner in his own house ; and the provincial Asscniblv, assuming governmental powers, made provisions for 
military defense, issuer! bills of credit, etc. fFcbruai-y, 17761. Wright escaped and went to England. He 
returned in July, 1770, and resumed his office as governor of the " colony." 




VL LINCOLN. 



captivity, and dispersion. 



QtiESTioN-s. — (. What movements were made in Georgia? What did Lincoln and fflmpbell do? What did 
Tories do ? and liow were (hey served ? F: What did the defeat of the Tories effect ? What can yon tell i I' 
\"/:?''.cral .Ashe's movements ? Wliat misfortime occurred ? 



FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAll FOR INDEPENDENCE. 233 

Prevost marches upon Charleston. He demands a surrender. His retreat 

two thousand regulars, and a large body of Tories and Creeh Indians, and 
marc'liod lor Charleston. Lincoln had recruited, and was now in the field 
with about five thousand men, j)reparing to recover lost Georgia, by entering 
the State at Augusta, and sweeping the country to the sea. But when ho 
discovered the progress of Prevost, and that even the danger of losing Sava;i- 
iiaii (Hd nut deter him from his attempts upon Charleston, Lincoln hastened to 
the relief of the menaced city. Fortunately for the Republicans, the march 
of Prevost was so slow, that Avhen he arrived [May 11] before the city, the 
people were prepared for i-esistance. 

7. On the morning of the 11th of May, Prevost approached the American 
intrenchments thrown across Charleston Neck' and demanded an immediate 
surrender of the city. He was answered by a prompt refusal, and the re- 
mainder of the day was spent in preparations for an assault. That night was 
a fearful one for the citizens, for they expected to be greeted at dawn with 
bursting bomb-shells," and red-hot cannon-balls. When morning came [May 
12, 1779], the scarlet uniforms of the enemy were seen across the waters 
upon John's Island, and not a hostile foot was upon the Charleston peninsula. 
Prevost had been informed of the approach of Lincoln, and at midnight ho 
commenced a retreat to Savannah, by the way of the islands along tlie coast. 
For more than a month some British detachments lingered upon John's Island. 
Then they were attacked at Stono Ferry' [June 20] by a part of Lincoln's 
army, but after a severe engagement, and the loss of almost three hundred 
men in killed and wounded, they repulsed the Americans, whose loss was 
greater. Prevost soon afterward estabhshed a military post at Beaufort, on 
Port Royal Island,^ and then retreated to Savannah. The hot season pro- 
duced a suspension of hostilities in the South, and that region eujoyed com- 
parative repose for several months. 

8. While these events were in progress at the South, Sir Henry Clinton 
was sending out marauding expeditions from New York, to plunder and harass 
the people on the sea coast. Governor Tryon^ went [March 25, 1770] from 
Kingsbridge" with fifteen hundred British regulars and Hessians,'' to destroy 
some saltworks at Horseneck, and attack an American detachment under 
General Putnam, at Greenwich. The Americans were dispersed [March 2G], 
and Putnam barely escaped capture by some dragoons.^ He rallied his troops 

1. Charleston, like Boston [note 2, page 187], is situated upon a peninsula, the neck of which is made 
quite narrow by the Ashley and Cooper riveis and the marshes. Across this the Americans had hastily 
cast up embankments. These served a present purpose, and being strengthened, were of great value to the 
A mei icans llie following year. See verse 2, page 5^9. 

2. Hollow balls, or shells of cast-iron, filled with gunpowder, slugs, etc. In an orifice communicating 
with lliepnwder, is a slow match. This is i.gnited, and llie shell is liurled from a mortar (a shiirt cam ou) 
into ilic midst of a town or an armv. When the powder ignites, the shell is burst into fragments, and these 
wiih llie slugs make terrible havnc They are sometimes the size of a man's head. 

3. Ten miles souih-west from CharlestoTi. 4. Note 1, page I ". 5. Verse 8, page 21-1. 

6. The passage across the Harlem river at the upper end of York or Manhattan Island. 

7. Verse 2, page 198. 

8. On this occasion he performed the feat of descending a steep hill on horseback, making his way, as 
common history asserts, down a flight cf stone steps, which had been constructed for the convenience of 

QrKSTinNS. — 6. Wliat movements were made against Charleston? What did T,incoln and Prevost do? 
7. What occurred nt Charleston ? Wliat did the people expect ? How were they disappointed ? What skir- 
mish occun-ed ? and what result followed? 8. What was Sir Henry Clinton attempting? What occurred at 
Greenwich ? 



234 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Marauding expeditions. 



Gaptare of Stony Point 



at Stamford, pursued the British on their return tQward New York the same 
evening, recaptured a quantity of plunder in their possession, and took thirty- 
eight of tlieni prisoners. 

9. In May, Sir George Collier entered Hampton Eoads' [May 9], with a 
small fleet^ bearing General Mathews with land troops, destined to ravage the 
country in that vicinity. They spread desolation on both sides of the Eliza- 
beth river, from the Roads to Norfolk and Portsmoutli. After destrojnng a 
vast amount of property, they withdrew ; and at the close of the month, they 
were up the Hudson river, assisting Sir Henry Clinton in the capture of the 
fortress at Stony Point, on the 31st of May, and also the small fort on Ver- 
planck's Point, opposite, on the 1st of June. Both these posts fell into the 
power of the British, after a spirited resistance. 

10. On the night of the 4th of July [1779], CoUier's vessels bore Governor 
Try on, and two thousand five hundred troops, to the shores of Connecticut, to 
plunder and destroy the towns on the coast. They plundered New Haveu 
[July 5], and laid East Haven [July G], Fairfield [July 8], and Norwalk [July 
12] in ashes. Not contented with tliis wanton destruction of propertj', tho 
invaders insulted and cruelly abused the defenseless inhabitants; and the in- 
human leader boasted of his extreme clemency in leaving a single house stand- 
ing on the New England coast.- 

11. Tln-ee days after tlie destruction of Norwalk, [July 15], General Wayne 
was marching secretly to attempt the re-capturc 
of Stony Point, on the Hudson. The fort stood 
upon a rocky promontory, surrounded by water 
and a marsh, and was 
very strong in its 
position. So secretly 
was the whole move- 
ment conducted, that 
the British garrison 
were unsuspicious of 
danger. At midnight, 
the little army of 
patriots crossed the 

morass in the rear, and attacked the fort with ball 
and bayonet at two separate points, in the face of 




6TONT POrNT. 




GENEEAL WATIHE. 



people who hafl to ascend this bill to a church on its summit. The whole raatier is an exaggreration. An 
es'o-witness of the event says that Putnam pursued a ziK-z.ag course down the hill, and only descendel 
four or five of the steps near ihe bottom. The feat was not at all extraordinary when we consider that 
a troop of dragoons with loaded pistols were at his heels. These however dared not follow (he flyirg 
geueal. 

1. Verse 2.'^, pape r4. This is a liody of water at the conjunction of the James and Fllizaheth rivers, arc^ 
communicatiiiK wi;h the sea. It is one of the most spacious harbors in the world. The village of Hamp- 
ton lies upon its northern border. Sec verse 25, pape 197- 

2. Alludinji to these outrages of Tryon, and the burning of King.'ton [verse 27, page 224] by Vaughan, 
Trumbull, in his JU'Fingal, savs, 

" Behold, like whelps of Brili'h lion. 
Our warriors, Clinton, Vaughan, and Tryon, 
Qr-STIONS. — 9. What depredations were committed in Virginia? What occurred on the ITndsor. river? 
10. Wli.ot cxpedi'.ion went to Connecticut? What outrages were committed? and wliere? 



FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 235 



Lee's exploit at Taulus's Hook. Daniel Boone. Events in the West. 

a heavy cannonade from the aroused garrison. At two o'clock in the morn- 
ing [July IG, 1779J, Wayne, tliougli wounded in the head, wrote to Washing- 
ton, " The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are om-s." This was 
considered one of the most brilliant events of the war.' The British lost, in 
Ivilled, wounded, and prisoners, about six hundred men ; the loss of the Amer- 
icans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three wounded. Tlio spoils were a large 
amount if military stores. 

I'i. A month later [August 19], Major Henry Lee^ surprised a British gar- 
rison at Paulus' Hook (now Jersey City'), opposite New York, killed tliirty 
sokhers, and took one hundred and sixty prisoners. These, and other smaller 
successes about this time, elated the Americans ; but their joy was soon turned 
into sorrow, because of disasters in the extreme East. Massachusetts had 
fitted out almost forty vessels to attempt the seizure of a British post on the 
Penobscot river. Just as the troops were about to land for the purpose, a 
British fleet arrived, destroyed the flotilla, took many of the soldiers and sail- 
ors prisoners, and drove tlie remainder into the wilderness [Aug. 13]. These, 
after great hardships in the forests, reached Boston toward the close of Sep- 
tember. 

13. During the latter half of 1778 and the beginning of 1779, the patriots 
gained some important advantages in the vast wil- 
derness west of the AUeghanies. For several years, 
Daniel Boono'' and other pioneers had been battling 
with the Indians, and more recently, they had meas- 
ured strength and skill with British leaders. Finally, 
Major George Rogers Clarke^ led a regular expedi- 
tion against British posts in the present States of In- 
diana and Illinois. He first captured Kaskaskia 
[July 4, 1778], then Cahokia [July 9], and finally 
Viucennes [August]. Acting in the capacity of a danifx boonb. 

peace-maker, he was working successfully toward the pacification of the 
western tribes, when the commander of the British fort at Detroit retook 
Vincennes" [Jan., 1779]. With a few men, Clarke traversed the dreadful 

Marcli forth, with patriotic joy, 

To ravish, phinder, and destroy. 

Great generals ! Foremost in their nation — 

The journeyraen of desolation !" 

1. Wayne was highly complimented by all. Congress gave him thanks, and a gold medal; and silver 
medals were awarded to Colonels Stewart and Do Klenry, for their gallantry on the occasion. Anthony 
Wayne was born in Pennsylvania in 1745. He was a professional smveyor, then a provincial legislator, and 
became a soldier in 1,75. He was very active during the whole war ; and was etlicieiit in subduing the In- 
dians in the Ohio country in 179;-. He died on his way home, at Erie, near the close of 1795. 

2. Note 3, page 251. 3. Note 2, page 112. 

4. Boone was one of the boldest pioneers of the great West. He went over the mount.iins as early as 1769, 
and took his family there in 1773. Ho built a fort on the site of the present Boonesborongh, in 17; .5, and his 
wife and daughters were the first white women ever seen on the banks of the Knin-t'irh- ee. He did good 
service in the cause of the patriots, against the Indians, but was afterward treated with ingratitude. He 
died in 1820, at the age of almost ninety years. 

5. (Clarke was a native of Virginia, ami was born in 17'2. Tie was the most accomplished and useful, in a 
military point of view, of all the western pioneers durirg the Revolution. He was then a young man. Ha 
died near Louisville, Kentucky, in 1818. 

6. They traversed the " drowned lands" of Illinoi=, thrnngh ice and snow, for a whole week ; and just bc- 
QtJESTioxs. — 11. What brave exploit was performed at .Stony Point r and how? 12. Wliat did Major Lee 

do? What disaster befell the Americans in the East? 13. Whatoccurred west of the AUeghanies? Wliat cim 
jou tell of Clarke's operations? 




236 



THE EEVOLUTION. 



Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians. 



Siege of Savannah. 




GENERAL SULLIVAN. 



wilderness of a hundred miles from the Ohio; and on the 20th of February, 
again unfurled the stripes and stars over the fort at Vincennes' and a captured 
garrison. 

14. The atrocities at Wyoming," and upon the head waters of tlie Sasque- 
hannah, aroused the indignation of the white peo- 
ple ; and in the summer of 1779, General SulUvan 
was sent into the heart of the countiy of the Six 
Nations,^ to chastise and humble thcm.^ On the 
last day of July he marched up the Susquehannah 
from Wyoming, with about three thousand soldiers. 
At Tioga Point, he was joined [Aug. 22] by Gen- 
eral James Clinton,'^ who came from the Mohawk 
valley with about sixteen hundred men, and they 
penetrated the country to the Genesee river. In 
the course of three weeks, they destroyed forty In- 
dian villages, and a vast amount of food growing in fields and gardens." It 
was a terrible retribution, yet it did not crush the power of tlie Indians. 
They were only awed for a time. The chastisement created the most intense 
hatred of the white people of the States throughout all the tribes in the West ; 
and Washington, who directed all the military movements, was called by 
them An-na-ta-haw-hs^ or " The town-destroyer." 

15. Early in September [1779] Count 
P'Estaing appeared off the coast of Geor- 
gia with a powerful fleet, prepared to co- 
operate with General Lincoln in an attack 
upon the British at Savannah. He landed 
troops and heavy battery cannon ; and, on 
the 23d of September, the combined armies 
commenced the siege. After making slow 
progress for a fortnight, D'Estaing became 
impatient of delay,' and proposed an at- 
tempt to take the place by storm. It was 
agreed to, and the assault commenced on the morning of the 9th of October. 

fore reaching Vincemies, Ihey waded through the cold flood that covered the country, more than five miles, 
the water sometimes so deep as to leave only their breasts and head above, dry. 

1. Verse 2, page UK. ". Verse 8, paee 2'"8. 

3. Verse 5, page 19. Uritish emissaries had gained over to the royal interest the whole of the Six Nations 
except the Onridas. These were kept loyal to tbe republicans, cliiefly through the instrumentality of one 
or two Chrislijin missii)nuiies. 

A. John Sullivan was born in Maine in 1" 0. lie was a delegate in the first Con'inental Congress (177'), 
and was one of the first eiglit brigadiers in the Continental army. lie resigned his eommission in 1770 ; was 
afterward a member of Congress, rfnd (lovernor vt New Hampshire, and died in I'95. 

5. Was born in Ulster county. New York, in 17.S6. lie was a captain in the French and Indian war, and 
an active olTicer during (he Revolnlion. He died in 1812. 

6. Tlie Seneca Indians were beginning In enllivate rich openings in the forests, known as the " npnesee 
Flats," quite extensively. Tbey raided large rpiantitics of corn, and cnl;ivated gardes and oroha ''«. 
The dwellings were of tbe rudest character, and tbeir villages consisted of a small collection of these mis- 
er.ible huts, of no value except for winter shelter. 

7. D'Estaing expressed his f.-ars, not only of the arrival of a British fleet, to blockade bis own in the 
Savannah river, but of the autumn storms, which might damage his vessels before he conld get to sea. 

Questions.— 14. What aroused the people? What can von te!l of Snlliv.an's expedition? What did it 
effect? 1.5. What did D'Estaiag doT What occurred at Savannah? What can you tell of the siege and its 
termination ? 




SIEGE OF BAV.VXNAH. 1779. 



FIFTH YEAK OF THE WAll FOK INDEPENDENCE. 237 



Abandonment of the siege of Savannah. Movements of the British. 



After five hours of severe conflict, there was a truce for tlie purpose of bury- 
ing the dead. Ah-eady, nearly a tiiousand of the Frencii and Americans liad 
been killed and wounded.' D'Estaing was averse to renewing the assault, 
jiiid made preparations to withdraw. Lincoln yielded an unwilling assent to 
the movement, and the enterprise was abandoned at the moment when the 
American commander felt certain oi' victory." Ten days afterwaid, the 
French fleet had left the coast, an 1 Lincoln was retreating toward Charleston. 
Thus closed the campaign for 177'J, at the South. The repulse at Savannah 
was a severe blow to the hopes of the patriots of Greorgia, and spread a gloom 
over the whole South. 

16. Verv little of general importance transpired at the North, after the 
close of Sullivan's campaign, except the withdrawal of the British troops from 
Ehode Island, on the 25th of October. La Fayette had been in France dur- 
ing the summer, and chiefly through his efforts the Frencli government had 
consented to send another powerful fleet, and several thousand troops, to aid 
the Americans. "When informed of this intended expedition, the British 
ministry ordered Clinton to cause the evacuation of Rhode Island,^ jaid to 
concentrate at New York all his troops at the North. When this was ac- 
complished, Clinton sailed for the South at the close of the year [Dec. 25], 
with about five thousand troops, to open a vigorous campaign in the Caro- 
Hnas. "Washington, in the mean while, had gone into winter quarters at Mor- 
ristown.* 

17. Difficulties had gathered thick and fast around Great Britain during 
1779. Spain had declared war [June 10] against her,* and a powerful French 
and Spanish naval armament had attempted [August] to effect an invasion of 
England. American and French cruisers were hovering around her coasts ; 
and in September [Sept. 23] the intrepid John Paul Jones" had con- 
quered two of her proud ships of war, after one of the most desperate naval 

1. Among the mortKUy wounded, was Count Pulaski, (lie brave Pole 
whom we first met in the battle on the Braiuiywiiie (no'e 4, paee 217.] 
He died on board a vessel "bound for Charleston, a few days afier the 
siege. Serjeant Jasper, whose bravery at l'"ort Moultrie we have noticed 
[note a, p. 201]. was also killed, while nobly holding aloft, upon a bas- 
tion of the lliitish works which he had mounted, one of the beantifnl 
colors Inntcl). p. 201] presented to Moultrie's regiment by ladies of 
t;injrlcston. Savannah honors both these heroes, by having parks bear- 
ing their names. 2. Verse?, T'lfre 238. 

3. A rumor reached the British on Rhode Island, that the French 
armament was approaching, and so rapid was their retreat that Ihcv 
left behind them all their heavy artillery, and a large r)uant''ty of store. 

i. Verse I'l, pase'Jlt. Strong detachments were statione 1 amorg the 
Hudson Iliglilands, and the cavalry were cantoned in ronnccticnt. 

6. Hoping to regain Gibraltar, .Inmaica, and the two Flo'idas, whicl- 
fJreat Britain had t.aken from her, Spain made a secret treatv of peane 
with France in April, 1770, and in .Tn-e declared war against Great 
Britain. This event was regarded as highlv favorable to the Amer- 
icans, because any thing that slionld cripple Kngland would aid them. rouNT i LI A«KI. 

6. He was born in Scotland in 17 '7, and cnnie to Virginia iv bovhood. 
He entered the American naval service in V'r,, and was active during th.^ \-^hole war. He was afterward 
rear-admiral in the Russian service. He died in Paris in 178". 




QuKSTTONS. — Ifi. What occurred at the North? What did the French and I^eglish governments do? 
What did Washington and Clin'nn do? 17. What ran you tell of E"-np!>ai iitfairs at "lis t-me? What 
great naval battle ocenrrcd ? What can you toll of the operations of the United States Navy? How was 
the war regarded? What did Parliament do? 



238 



THE REVOLUTIOIT. 



Naval operations. 




JOHN PAUL JONIiS. 



fights ever known.' In America, there had been 
A'ery little success for the British arms ; and sym- 
pathy for the patriots was becoming more and 
more manifest in Europe. Even a great portion 
of the intelligent English people began to regard 
the war as not only useless but unjust. Yet in 
the midst of all these difficulties, the government 
put forth mighty energies. Parliament voted 
eighty-five thousand seamen and tliirty-five thou- 
sand troops for genei-al service, in 1780, and 
appropriated one hundred millions of dollars to 
defray the expenses. 




A GUNBOAT AT BOSTON. 



1. The naval operations during the War for Independence do 
not occupy a conspicuous place in history, yet they were by no 
means insignificant. The (Jontinental Congress took action on the 
subieet of an armed marine in the autumn of 1775. Already 
Washington had fitted out some armed vessels at Boston, and con- 
structed some gunboats for use in the waters around that city. 
These were propelled by oars, and covered. In November, the 
government of Massachusetts established a Board o/ Admiralty. 
A committee on naval affairs, of whi^h Silas Dcane [verse 2, page 
211] WIS chairman, was appointed by the (Continental Congress in October, 1775. Before the close of the 
year, the construction of almost twenty vessels had been ordered by ('ongress ; and the Marine Committee 
was so reorganized as to have in it a representative from each colotiy. 
In Novembjr, li7tJ. a Continental Navy Board to assist the J/arwia 
Committee was appointed ; and in October, 17(9, a Board of Admiralty 
was installed. Its secretary CSccrelary of the Navy) 1 verse 3, page 
2701 was John Brown, until 1771, when he was succeeded by General 
Mcnougal [note 5, page L'14]. Robert Morris also acted as mithorized 
Ayent of Marine ; and many privateers were fitted out by him on his 
own account. In November, 1776, CoDgress delermined the relative 
rank of the naval commanders, such as admiral equal to a major- 
general on land ; a commodore equal to a brigadier-general, etc. The 
lirst commander in-chief of the navy, or high admiral, was Esek Hop- 
l{ins, of Rhode Island, whom Congress commissioned as such in De- 
cember, 1775. He first went against Dnnmore [verse 25, page 1971 on 
the coast of Virginia. He also went to the Bahamas and captured the 
town of New Providence, and its governor. Sailing for home, he 
captured some British vessels olf the east end of Long I.sland, and 
with these prizes he went into Narrngansct Bay. In tlie mean while, 
Paul Jones and Captain Barry were doing good service, and New 
Kngland cruisers were greativ annoying English shipping on our coast. 
In 1777 I)r. Franklin, nndcr'the authority of Congress, issued com- 
missions to naval officers in Europe. Expeditions were fitted out 
in French sea-ports, and these produced great alarm on the British 
coasts. 

While these things were occurring in European waters, Cap'ain^ BiMle, Manlv. M'Neil. Hinman, Barr^, 
and others, were making many prizes on the American coasts. Finallv, in the Spring of 1779. an expedi- 
tion was fitted out at I, 'Orient, nnder the lusnices of the French and Anierican governments. It consisted 
of five vessels, under the command of John Paul .Tones. Thev sailed first in June, for the British waters, 
took a few prizes and returned. Thev sailed again in August, and on the 2-d of September, while off the 
coast of Scotland, not far above the month of the Hnmher, Jones, with hi« flag-ship (the BonhnmmelfirlianT), 
and two others, fell in with and encountered a small British fleet, which was rnnvoving a number of mer- 
chant-vessels to the Baltic Sea. An engagement took place after nitrht had fallen linon the scene, and for 
thre3 hours one of the most desperate sea fights on record raped off Flambovouch Head. .Tones managed 
to lash the Rirhnrd to the British ship fJerapis, and with muzzle to mu'zle thev poured broadsides into 
each other. Three times both sh'ns were on fire. The Serapi« fin.alb- yielded, and ten minutes afterward, 
the Co'inleif of S'-nrhorotigh, another large English vessel, surrendered. .Tones's ship was so much injured 
that, sixteen hours after the battle, sin- went to the bot'om of the ocean. Congress gave .Tones a gold medal 
f >r his bravery. M.any other brave nets were perfo-med bv ' UT-'ican seamen during the remainder of the 
war. For a condensed account of the whole nav.al onerations of the Revolution, and of the " whale-boat 
waifare" on the coast, see supplement to Lossing's Field-Booh of the liecolution. 




ADMIRAL HOPKIJl 



SIXTH YEAR OF THE AVAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 239 

War in tlui South. Expedition against Charleston. 

SECTION VII. 

SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l780.] 

1. Sir Henry Clinton left the Hessian general Knyphausen/ in command 
at New York, when he proceeded [Dec. 25th, 1779] southward" with the 
main body of his army. To aid the southern patriots, Washington sent the 
Baron De Kalb' and others thither, the following Spring [1780J, and thus the 
two armies were so much weakened at head-quarters, that military operations 
at the North almost ceased during that year. The Carolinas became the 
chief theater of war, and many and bloody were the acts upon that stage. 
Invasions from without, and the cruelties of Tories" in their midst, made 1780 
a year of great woe for the patriots and their famihes in the Carolinas. 

2. Clinton and his forces were borne by a strong fleet with two thousand 
marines, under Admiral Arbuthnot. After encountering heavy storms^ they 
arrived on the coast of Georgia in January ; and early in February [Feb. 10], 
proceeded against Charleston. Clinton's troops were landed [Feb. 11] upon 
the islands below the city, on the shores of the Edisto inlet, thirty miles dis- 
tant; but instead of marcliing at once to make 
an assault upon the town, the British commander 
prejjared for a regular siege. General Lincoln 
was in Charleston with a feeble force," when 
Clinton landed ; and he was about to flee to the 
inti'fioi-, when intelligence of the tardy plans of 

/7:%# jj. sj^ the British reached liim. He 

'I* ' ^ Gf then resolved to remain, and '';^^^M^^^^^>*^'\ ^ 
i^%^ l:\/^^l^ prepare for defense. Governor ^^^^^^^^^^ ^n, ^ 
Butledge'' was clothed with all 
/j^y^ ,^^_ the power of an absolute die- ' X" ■\S>V 

tator ; and so nobly did the civil goveenok uutledge. 

1. Verse ::0, page 207. 2. Verse 16, page 237. 3. Verse 6, page 241. 

4. At no time during the war were the Tories more active, throughout the whole 
^^ - country, than in 1780. They were the most inveterate enemies of the patriots, and 

^y '''>• tJr "^'^ leaders were in continual correspondence with each othL-r, with the British gov- 
^M ^^ ^T^^ eriiraent, and with the royal commanders in America. Their correspondence was 
' / carried on chiefly in cipher writing, understood only by themselves, so that in the 

/t _i jmr ^ event of their letters falling into the hands of the Whigs, their contents would re- 
f ^ jt^_ X.^^^ main a secret. The engraving shows the alphabet of the cipher writing of some 
•=• •■■- i fai ^ ^•g^y York Tories. 

„^ 5. During a severe storm off Cape Halteras, one vessel, carrying heavy hattery 

/W^-^ Vji« cannons [note :^, page 1101, was lost, and almost all the cavalry horses rf Tnrli Ion's 
^y^ ^SJ legion, perished at sea. Tarleton sr.pplied himself with others, soon after landing, 
^^^^ ^ by plundering the plantations near the coast. 
Q^si^ y. "• During the preceding winter. Lincoln's army had dwindled to a more handful. 







¥ 



'*J^ J^ J The repulse at Savannah had so disheartened (he people, that very few recruits cnuli 
«■«* •V' |„. ohtaine 



f <•■"* •'■»' Ih" obtained, and wlien Clinton arrived, Lincoln's army did not exceed fourteen 

~.^^-. hundred men in number. The finances of the State were in a wretched condition, 

/^jTf ^^^^ and the Topics were everywhere active and hopeful. 
^^ 22JJ 7. ,Tohn Rutledge was born in Ireland, and came to South Carolina when a child. 
He was one of the most active patriots of the South. After the war he was made 
a jndsre of ibe Supreme Court of the United States, and al.so chief justice of South 
CTrnEB ALPHAliET. Carolina. He died in 1800. 



QuFSTioNS. — l.What movements were made bv the British and \mericnn troops? What was the .situation 
of the two armies? 2. What can yon tell of Clinton's southern expedition? What prcpira'ions were 
made for a siege at Charleston ? 



240 



THE REVOLUTIOlSr. 



Siege of Charleston. 



and military authorities labor for the public good, that when the invaders 
crossed the Ashley [March 29, 1780], and sat down before the American 
works on Charleston 'Neck,' the besieged felt strong enough to resist them. 
The intrenchments had been greatly strengthened, and works of defense had 
been cast up along the wharves, and at various points around the harbor. 
Fort Moultrie" was strongly garrisoned, and Commodore Whipple' was in 
command of a flotilla of small armed ships in the harbor. 

3. Arbuthnot sailed up the harbor on the morning of the 9th of April,^ and 
sustaining but trifling damage from the guns of Fort Moultrie, anchored 
within cannon-shot of the city.^ Clinton in the meantime had erected bat- 
teries in front of the American lines on the Neck,'' and both commanders 
joined in a summons for the patriots to surrender. Expecting reinforcements 
from the interior, the people of the beleagured city refused comphance, and 
for more than a month the siege went on.'' In the meantime American 
detachments sent out betvv^cen the Cooper and Santee rivers, to keep open a 
communication with the interior, were attacked and defeated by parties of 
British horsemen,^ and at the close of the month [April, 1780], the city was 
comj^letely environed by the foe. Cornwallis had arrivcnl [April 18], from 
New York with three thousand fresh troops, and all hopes for the patriots 
faded. 

4. The night of the 9th of May was a terrible one for Chaileston. That 
day a tiiird summons to surrender had been refused, and late in the even- 
ing a general cannonade commenced. Two hundred heavy guns shook 
the city with their thunders, and all night long destructive bombshells" were 

hailed upon it. At one time 




BIEGE OP CHAELE8T0X, 1780. 



the city was on fire in five dif- 
ferent places. Nor did morn- 
ing bring relief The enemy 
had determined to take the city 
by storm. The cannonade con- 
tinued all the day, and the fleet 
moved toward the town to 
open a bombardment. At two 
o'clock on the morning of the 

1. Note 1. pape irX ". Note 6, page 201. „ , 3. Note 6, pape 1F2. 

J. Tie had n.evionsly rVarch 251 croFserl the Imr, rirove Whipple's little Ocet to the waters uear the towr, 

and cast am-h Tin Five Fathom Hole, not fnr fiom St. John's island. , ,,. , „ tLo „„„ii, „f 

5. Whipple could not contend Avith the slvonc ships, so he sunk several of his vessels neai the mouth of 
the Cooper river, and formed a chevanx-dc-f,ise [note 5, papre 218] to prevent the enemy's ships passing be- 
yond the town so ns to enfilade the Ame-ican works on the Neck. - . 1. „ , A 

6. On Riindav morninp, the 1st of .'.pril, the British first broke ground in the face of eighty cannons and 
mortars on the American works. -kt <i namMr,^ 

7. Oencral Woodford had jnst arrived wilh seven hundred Virginians, and others trom INortli t^aroima 

f> On the'^lthof April Tarleton t'efcnted Colonel Hiiper on the headwaters of tlie Cooper river, and 
kMled twentv-five Ame.icars. O- the fith of May. a party under Colonel White, of New ■J^'-se.v. were 
routed at a ferry on the Santee, with a loss of about thirty in killed, wounded, and pvi-one-s. These JJntun 
dctachmenis overran the whole country below the Cooper and Santee, in the course of a few days. 

9. Note 2, page 2.S.?. 

QnFSTioNs.— 3. Whit occurred at Charleston and vicinity? What of the progress of Ihfe siege? 4. What 
further can you (ell of the progress and end of the siege? 



SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAll FOR INDEPENDENCE. 241 

Surrender of Charleston. Subjugation of the Carolinas. De Kalb on the march. 

12tli, a proposition for surrender was made to Clinton, and his guns were all 
silenced before daylight. Lincoln and his troops, with a large number of 
citizens, were made prisoners of war. The citizens, and a great number of 
soldiers, were paroled." Altogether, the captives amounted to between five 
and six thousand ;■ and among the spoils of victory were four hundred pieces 
of cannon. 

5. The loss of this southern army was a severe blow for the Republicans. 
It was followed by measures which, for a time, prostrated South Carolina at 
the feet of royal power. With an activity hitherto unusual for the British 
officers, Clinton took steps to secure and extend his conquest, and to re-estab- 
lish royal power in the South. He sent out three strong detachments of his 
army to overrun the country. One, under CornwalUs, marched up the Santee 
toward Camden ; another, under Lieutenant-Colonel Cruger, was ordered to 
penetrate the country to Ninety-six,' and a third, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
Brown, marched to Augusta,* iu Georgia. A general truce was proclaimed, 
and a pardon to all who should accept British protection. The silci.CJ of fear 
overspread the whole country ; and mistaking this lull in the storm of war 
for permanent tranquillity, Clinton and Arbuthnot, with a large body of troops, 
sailed [June 5, 1780] for New York. 

6. The lull was of short duration. DeKalb'* did 
not reach the borders of South Carolina untd mid- 
summer, and then not an American was in arms in 
the lower country." Although Congress had con- 
fidence in the skill of De Kalb (who, by the capture 
of Lincoln, became the commander-in-chief at the 
South), yet it was thought best to send General 
Gates' thither, because of the influence of his name. 
When it was known that Gates was approaching, 
southern hearts beat high with hope, for they ex- 
pected great things from the conqueror of Bur- geneeai, gates. 
goyne." Many patriots, who, in their extremity, had signed " paroles" and 

1. A prisoner on parole is one -who is left to go anywhei e within a prescribed space of country, or within 
a city, under certain resliiciious relative to condnct. Piisoners taken in war, are often paroled, and allowed 
to return to their friends, with an agreement not to talce up arms. It is a point of honor with a soldier, to 
" keep his parole," and when such a one is again taken iu battle, during the period of his parole, he is treated 
not as a prisoner, hut as a traitor. 

2. In violation of the solemn agreement for surrender, Clinton caused a great number of leading men in 
Charleston to be seized, and carried on hoard prison-ships, where hundreds suffered tortures. Alany were 
taken to St. .A.ugustine and immured in the fortress there. 

3. Verse 12. page 253. 4. Verse , page f.'fl. 5. Verse 1, page ^^9. 

6. Among the .Vraerican detachments which had hastened toward Charleston to assist Lincoln, and ir. 
treated when they hear I of his fall, was that of Colonel Buford, consisting of -;(K) Ccntincntal infantry, 
and a small troop of cavalry, with two field-pieces. He retreated from Camden on Cornwnllis's approach, 
and near the Waxhaw creek, some sixty miles further north, he was overtaken and S'lrpri'ed by Tarleton 
and his cavalry. They gave no quarter, but massacred or maimed the larger portion of Buford's command. 
His loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 31 '. He also lost his artillery, ammunition, and baggage. 
The cruelty of Tarleton was condemned by British writer themselves. 

7. Horatio Gates was a native of England, and was educated for militarv lifs. He was the first ad- 
jutant-general of the Continental army (note 2, page 1941, and was made major-general in 1776. He retired 
to his estate m Virginia at the close of the war, and fiuallv took up his abode in New York, where he dind 
in 1806, at the age of seventy-eight years. ^^ \'erse Z'., page 222. 

Questions.— .5. What did the siege effect, and what followed? How was South Carolina subdued? 6. 
Who had command of the southern army ? What was the eftect of Gates's approach? What partisans 
appeared, and what did they do? 

11 




242 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Partisans in the field. 



Meeting of Gates and Cornwallis. 



Battle near Camden. 



"protections,"' seeing how little solemn promises were esteemed by the con- 
queror, disregarded both, and flocked to the standard of those brave partisan 
leaders, Surntei-, Marion, Pickens, and Clarke, who now called them to the 
field. While Gates and his army were approaching, they were preparing 
the way for conquest. They swept over the country in small bands, striking 
a British detachment here, and a party of Tories tliere, and soon so eflPectually 
alarmed the enemy in the interior, as to check the onward progress of in- 
vasion. 

7. Sumter" first appeai'cd in power on the Catawba. Eepulsed at Rocky 
Mount [July 30, 1780], on that river, he crossed it, and at Hanging-rock, a 
few miles eastward, he fell upon and dispersed [Aug. 6], a large body of British 
and Toi'ies ; yet, through the folly of his men, he did not secure a victory.' 
Marion, at the same time, was smiting the enemy among the swamps of the 
lower country, on the borders of the Pedee. Pickens was annoying Cruger 
in the neighborhood of the Saluda, and Clarke was calling foi- the patriots 
along tlie Savannah, Ogeechee, and Alataraaha, to drive Brown'' from Au- 
gusta. 

8. Earl Cornwallis was left in chief command at Charleston, and his troops 
on the Santce were intrusted to Lord Eawdon. When that general heard 
of the aj^proach of Gates, he gathered all his available forces at Camden, 
where he was soon joined by the earl. Gates came down from the hill 
country through Lancaster district, and on the night of the 15th of August, 

he marched from his camp at Clermont, to surprise the 
British at Camden. Without being aware of this move- 
ment, Cornwallis and Rawdon advanced at ihe same hour 
to surprise the Americans. A little after midnight they met 
[August IG, 1780], near Sander's creek,^ a few miles north 
of Camden, on tlie Lancaster road. A slight skirmish be- 
tween the vanguards ensued, and early in the morning a 
general battle begun. After a desperate strugle with an 
overwhelming force, the Americans were compelled to 
yield. The route became 
general, and the Amci- 
icans lost in killed, wounded. 




S-VNDEEB 8 CB.EEK. 



1 . Verse ■! , paere T^O. 

2. Thomas Sumter was a native of South Carolina, and was 
eaily in lliu rield. Ill health compelled him to leave the aimy 
just before the oloseof the war, in 17' 1. Uu was afterward Con 
gressman, and died on the High Hills of Santce [verse 14, p ifce 
253) in l,-.''.2, at the use of ninety cifrht years. 

3. navinssccnreil a portion of the Bvilish camp, Snmter's men 
rommeiicoil plundering, and drinkirg the li<|Uors found thcic 
They heennie intoxicated, and were unable to complete the victoi j, 
yet the Hiitish dared liot follow Snmter in bis slow retreat. 

4. Verse 5, page 241. 

5. The roads being in deep sand, the footsteps of the np 
proaching nrmies could not be heard by each other. They came 
together in the dark, almost noiselessly, and both were equally 
surprised. GENERAL 8UMTEE. 

Questions. — 7. What did Snmter do' What were Ma- ion, I'iekens, and Clarke accomplishing? 
military movement now took place? What can you '.ell of a battle near Camden, and its results? 




SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



248 



Defeat of the Americans. 



Great loss of the Americans. 



Bad policy of the British. 




BABON DE EALII. 



and prisoners, about a thousand men, besides all 
of their artillery and ammunition, and a greater 
portion of their baggage and stores.' The British 
loss was three hundred and twenty-five. Among 
the killed was the brave Baron de Kalb,^ whose 
remains yet he under a neat monument at Camden, 

9. Gates vamly endeavored to rally his flying 
troops, and with a few followers he hastened to 
Charlotte,^ eighty miles distant. Thei'e he continued 
to be joined by officers and men, and he began to 
hope that another army might be speedily collected. 
But when, a few days after his own defeat, he received intelligence that 
Sumter's force had been nearly annihilated by Tarleton'' [August 18, 1780], 
on the Fisliing creek, near the Catawba, he almost despaired.^ The victory 

of the British was again complete, and at the close 
of Summer, there Avere no Republicans in arms in 
South Carolina, ex- 
cept Marion and his 
men. Within three 
months [May 12 to 
August 16], two 
American armies" 
had been annihilat- 
ed, and one of the 
most formidable par- 
tisan corps' scattered to the winds. 

10. Governed by a foohsh and wicked policy, 
Cornwallis now proceeded to establish royal 
authority, by the most severe measures. In- 
stead of winning the respect of the people by wisdom and clemency, he 
thought to subdue them by cruelty. Pi-ivate rights were trampled under 
foot, and social organization was superseded by the iron rule of military des- 
potism.* His measures created the most bitter hatred, and hundreds of patriots 

1. General Gates had felt so certain of victory, that he had made no provisions for a retreat, or (he 
salvation of his stores in the rear. His troops we;e sratlercd in all directions. Many were i^hot down in 
their fli}rht , and even now [185, j bullets are found in the old pine-trees on the ronte of their retreat. 
Gates did Indeed, as General Charles Lee predicled he would, " e.xchange his northern laurels for southern 
willows." 

2. De Kalb was n native of Alsace, a German province ceded to France. He had been in Ameiica as a 
secret French ajrent, about fifleen years before. He came to " merica with La Fayette in 17i7, and Cm - 
cress commissinnud him a major-pcneral. lie died of his wounds at Ijamden, three days after the bailie. 
La Fayette laid the corner-stone of his monument in 182.'). 3. Verse 14, pape 10'. 

4. Tarleton was one of the most active and unscrupulous officers of the British army. He was dislir- 
Ruished for his abilities and cruelties diiriuR the southern campaigns of 178'-'81. He was born in Liveipool 
in 17.')'. He married a daughter of the Duke of Ancaster, in 1708, and was afterward made a major general. 

5. Sumter himself escaped, but with a loss of fifty men killed and three hundred made prisoners. Tarle- 
ton took them by su* prise, for Sumter had no suspicion of his being in the neighboihood. 

6. Lincoln's and G.ates's. 7- Sumter's. 

8. He issued cruel orders to his subalterns. They were directed to hang every militia-man who had once 
served in Loyalist corps, but was now found in arms against the king, and many who had submitted to 




COLONEL TAELETON. 




GENEEAL MAKION. 



Questions.— 9. What did Gates do? What events discouraged him? What was now the condition of 
the Southern patriots? 10. How unwisely and wickedly did Cornwallis act ? What did his conduct [-roduce? 



244 THE REVOLUTION. 




Battle at King's Mountain. Activity of American partisans. 

who might have been conciliated, were goaded into active warfare by the lash 
of military power. Everywhere the people thirsted for vengeance, and only 
awaited the call of leaders, to rally and strike again for homes and freedom. 

11. Feeling confident of his power in South Carolina, CornwalUs' now pre- 
pared to in .1 !(• t'lf Xorth State. Early in September he proceeded with his 

army to Charlotte,2 while detachments were out 
in various directions to awe the Republicans and 
encourage the loyalists. While Tarleton was 
operating on the east side of the Catawba, Major 
Patrick Ferguson was sent to embody the militia 
who favored the king, among the mountains west 
of the Broad river. Many profligate and woilh- 
l:'ss men joined his standard, and on the 1st of 
October, 1780, he crossed the Broad river at the 
Cherokee ford (Yorkville district), and encamped 
I.OBD coHNWALLiB. among thc hills of King's Mountain, with about 

fifteen hundred men. Several corps of Whig militia tmited to oppose liim,^ 
and on the 7tli of October, they fell upon his camp on King's Mountain. A 
very severe engagement ensued, and the British were totally defeated. Fer- 
guson was slain," and three hundred of his men were killed and wounded. 
The spoils of victory, which cost the Americans only twenty men, were eight 
hundred prisoners, and fifteen hundred stand of arms. This defeat was, to 
Cornwallis, what the affair at Bennington^ was to Burgoyne. 

12. Marion, in the mean while, was daily gaining strength in the lower 
country, and greatly annoyed the British detachments there, while Pickens 
and Clarke were hourly augmenting their forces in Georgia, and south-western 
Carohna. Sumter, too, undismayed by his recent defeat, again appeared in 
the field," and other leaders were coming forth between the Yadkin and Broad 
rivers. Alarmed by the defeat of Ferguson, and these demonstrations on 
flank and rear, CornwaUis withdrew [Oct. 14] to South Carohna, and toward 

Clinton [verse 4, page 2 01, and taken prelection, anil had remained at home cinielly during the recent re- 
volt, were imprisoned, their property taken from them or destroyed, and iheir families treated wiih tho 
utmost rigor. See note 3, page 253. 

1. Charles, Earl Cornwallis, was born in Suffolk, England, in 1738. He was educated for military life, 
and commenced his career in 1759. After the Ksvolulion iu .America, he was made (Jovernor-Gencral of 
India [note 8, page 182], then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and again Governor of India. lie died near 
Benares, East Indies, in 180"). 

2. His advanced corps were attacked by the Americans under Colonel Davie, on their arrival at Charlotte, 
but after a severe skirmish the patriots were repulsed. 

3. Th!se were commanded hy tJolonels Campbell, .Shelby, Cleveland, Sevier, Winston, McDowell, and 
Williams, in all nearly eighteen hundred slioi;g. 

4. On tlie spot where Ferguson was slain, a plain stone has been erected to the memory of thatofficer, and 
of Americans who were killed. 5. Verse 21, page 2-0. 

6. Sumter collected a small force in the viciin"ty of Charlotte, and returned to South Carolina. For some 
weeks he annoyed the British and Tories very niuch, and Lord (Cornwallis, who called him The Carolina 
Game Cork, used great endeavors to crush him. On the night of the I'th of November, Major Wemyss, at 
the head of a British detachment, fell upon him near the Broad river, but was repulseil. Eight days afier- 
ward he had a very severe engagement with Tarleton, at Blaekstock's plantation on the Tyger river, in a 
Union district. He had now been jo ned by .some Georgians under Colonels (Marke and Twiggs. The lirit- 
ish were repulsed, with a loss, in killed and wounded, of about .'00. The Americans lost only three killed 
and five wounded. Sumter was among the latter, and he was detained from the field for several months, by 
bis wounds. 

QiESTioNS — U. What did Cornwallis attempt? What expedition was defeated near the Broad river, 
and how? What of the battle? What were Marion and others doing? What did Cornwallis do? and 
whjf 



SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 245 

Events in New Jersey. Arrival of a French fleet. 

the close of October [Oct. 27], made his head-quarters at Winnsborough, mid- 
^xaJ between the Broad und Catawba rivers, in Fairfield district. Here he 
remained until called to the pursuit of Greene,' a few weeks later. 

13. While these events were progressing at the South, others of great im- 
portance were transpiring at the North. As we have observed," militaiy 
operations were almost suspended in this region during the year, and there 
were no offensive movements worthy of notice, except an invasion of New 
Jersey, in June. Before the arrival of Clinton from Charleston, Knyphausen^ 
had sent General Matthews from Staten Island, with five thousand men, to 
penetrate New Jersey. They took possession of Elizabethtowu [June 7], and 
burned Connecticut Farms;'' but at Springfield, detachments wliich had come 
down from Washington's camp at Morristown, drove them back to the coast. 
There they remained a fortnight. In the meantime, Clinton airived, and 
joining Matthews with additional troops [June 22], endeavored to draw 
Washington into a general battle, or to capture his stores at Morristown. He 
ft\iled in both. In a severe skirmish at Springfield [June 23], the British were 
defeated by the Americans under General Greene. After setting fire to the 
village, the enemy retreated, and passed over to Staten Island. 

14. A few days after this invasion, the American people were made glad 
liy the arrival, at Newport [July 10], of a powerful French fleet, under Ad- 
miral Ternay, bearing six thousand troops, under the Count de rLOchambcau.^ 
This arrival caused Clinton to be more circumspect in his movements, and he 
made no further attempts to entice AVashington to fight. Yet he was en- 
deavoring to accomplish, by his own strategy and the treason of an American 
officer, what he could not achieve by force. While the French army Avere 
landing upon Rhode Island, and preparing for winter quarters there, Clinton 
was bargaining with Benedict Arnold for the strong military post at West 
Point,'' and its dependencies, among the Hudson Highlands, and with it, the 
liberties of America, if possible. 

1. Verse r, page 250. 2. Verse 16, page 237. .''. Verse lO, page 207. 

■I. Now tlie village of Union, on Ihe road from Elizabethtown to 
Springfield. 

5. Ill order to prevent any difficulties in rclalion to command, between 
the American and French officers, the (lovernmcnt nf France .ippomted 
Washington a lieutenant-general <if' tlir rmpiu'. This allowul hira to 
take precedence of Rochambeau, and made him commandii in i hut of 
the allied armies. The French a-rniy did nut eiiier upon a fall camp iign, 
hut lemained in camp on Rhode Island and in (Connecticut, until ihe tol 
lowing year [verse 18, page 255]. The French cavalry were stationed at 
Lebanon, the residence of Joseph Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut, 
wlio was one of the most efBieent civil officers, next to Robeit Morrn 
(verso 3, page 248, of the Revolution, lie was lioin in 1710 He was 
Ihe Whig leader in Connecticut, aud filled the office of (Joveinor for 
many years. He died in 17?5. 

6. niiring the spring and summer of 177S, the passes of the Hudson 
Highlands were much strenplheued. A strong redoubt, called Fort 
Clinton (in honor of Oeorge Clinton, then Governor of New York), was I 
erected on the extreme end of the promontory of West Point Othei re !•< 
donbts were erected in the rear; and upon ^iount Independence fi\e 
hundred feet above the point, the strong forlress of Kurt Putnam was 
bnilt, whose gray ruins are yet visible. Hesides these, an enormous iron GOVKRNOE TEUMliULL. 
chain, cfich link weighing more than one hundred pounds, was stretched 

across the Hudson at West Point, to keep British ships from ascending the river. It was Hoaled upon 
timbers. 

QrrESTiONS. — n. What movements occurred at the North? What skirmishes in New Jersey? 1'. What 
event gave joy to the Americans? What did Clinton now do and attempt? 




246 THE REVOLUTION. 




Defection of Arnold. His correspondence with the enemy. Capture of AndrA. 

15. Benedict Arnold' was a bold soldier, but a bad man. Impulsive, vin- 
dictive, and unscrupulous, he was personally unpopular, and was seldom with- 
out a quarrel with some of liis companions-in-arms. 
Soon after his appointment to the command at Phila- 
delphia," he was married to the beautiful young 
daughter of Edward Sliippen, one of the leading loy- 
alists of that city. He lived in splendor, at an ex- 
[)ense far beyond his income. To meet the demands 
of increasing creditors, he engaged in fi-audulent acts 
which made him hated by the public, and caused 
charges of dishonesty and malpractices in office to be 
preferred against liim, before the Continental Con- 

liENEUICT AENOLD. « , ,• -i -ilij. l" 

gi'ess. A court-martial, appomted to try him, con- 
victcd him, but sentenced him to a reprimand only. Although Washington 
performed that duty with the utmost delicacy, Arnold felt the disgrace. It 
awakened vengeful feelings which, operating with the pressure of debt, made 
him listen with complacency to the suggestions of a bad nature. He made 
treasonable overtures to Sir Henry Cliuton, and by a correspondence for sev- 
eral months (under an assumed name, and with propositions couched in com- 
mercial phrases) with the accomplished Major Andre,' Clinton's adjutant- 
general, he bargained with the British commander to betray West Point and 
its dependencies into his hands. For this service he was to receive a brigadier's 
commission, and fifty thousand dollars in cash. 

IG. By patriotic professions, Ai-nold obtained the command of West Point 
in 1780 ; and the time chosen for the consummation of his treasonable designs 
was when Washington was absent, in September, in conference with the 
French officers at Hartford, Connecticut. Arnold and Andre met, for the 
first time [Sept. 22], at Ilaverstraw, on the west side of the Hudson, and ar- 
ranged a definite plan of operations. Clinton was to sail up the river with a 
strong force, and after a show of resistance, Arnold was to surrender West 
Point and its dependencies into his bands. The sloop-of-war Vulture, which 
conveyed Andre up the river, was driven from her anchorage by shots from 
an American cannon on shore, and he was obliged to cross to the eastern side 
of the Hudson, and make his way toward New York by land.'' At Tarry- 
town, twenty-seven miles from the city, he was stopjied [Sept. 23] and 
searched by three young militia men,^ Avho, finding papers concealed in his 

1. He had fought nobly for freedom until 1778, when his passions got the better of his judsment and eon- 
Bcience. He was a native of Norwich, Conn., where he was born in January, 1740. He went to England 
after the war, and died in London in June, IfOl. His young wife died there also two years afterward. 

2. Note 5, page 226. 

3. Arnold's hand-wriling was disguised, and he signed his letters Gvstaviis. Andre's letters were signed 
John Anderson. A correspondence was carried on between them for more than a year. 

4. The sloop lay ofT Tiller's Point, just above the mouth of the Croton river. On that point, some Amer- 
icans, with an old iron six-pounder, so galled the Vnlturi^, that she was compelled to drop further down the 
river. Tliat old cannon is preserved at Sing Sing, New York. 

.5. .John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, all residents of Westchester county. Andre 
offered them large bribes if they would allow him to pass, but they refused, and thus saved their country 
from ruin. 

QuFSTiONS.— 1.5. What can you tell of Benedict Arnold? What wicked act did he propose? and for what? 
16 What can you tell of Arnold's treason? How was it thwarted ? What of Andre and liis capture? 



SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAIi FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



247 



Treason of Arnold. 



Execution of Andrd. 



Continuation of the war. 



boots,' took him to the nearest American post. The commander could not 
seem to understand the matter, and unwisely allowed Andre to send a letter 
to Arnold, then at his quarters opposite West Point. The alarmed traitor 
fled [Sept. 24] down the river in his barge, and found safety on board the 
Vultm'e. 

17. Andrei was hanged as a spy at Tappan 
[Oct. 2, 1780], opposite Tarry town. Wash- 
ington would have spared Andr^', if tlu 
stern rules of war had permitted. The 
young soldier has alwa3's been more pitie 1 
than blamed ; while the name of Arnold will 
ever be regarded with the bitterest scorn. 
Thankful for this deliverance from the dan- 
gers of treason, Congress voted [Nov 3, 
1780]" each of the three young militia men, 
a silver medal, and a pension of two hundred dollars a year for life. 

18. Another year now drew to a close, and yet the patriots were not sub- 
dued. England had already expended vast treasures and much blood in en- 
deavors to subjugate them. Notwithstanding this, and unmindful of the fact 
that a large French land and naval armament were already on the American 
shores,^ she seemed to acquire fresh vigor as every new obstacle presented 
itself. And when the British ministry learned that Holland, the maritime 
rival of England, was secretly negotiating a treaty with the United States for 
loans of money and other assistance, they caused a declaration of war against 
that government to be immediately proclaimed [Dec. 20, 1780], and procured 
from Parliament immense appropriations of men and money, ships and stores, 
to sustain the power of Great Britain on land and sea. 




CAPTOK S MEDAI- 



SECTION VIIL 



SEVENTH TEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



[1781.] 



1. The opening of 1781 was marked by one of the noblest displays of true 
heroism, for wliich the War for Independence was so remarkable. Year after 
year, the sokUers had suffered every privation from the lack of money and 
clothing. Faction had now corrupted the Continental Congress, and the 
public welfare suffered on account of the tardiness of that body in the per- 
formance of its legitimate duties. Continental money had become almost 

1. These papers are well preserved. Afier being in private bands more than seventy years, they Averepnr- 
olmsed, and tlepositetl iii llie New York State Library in 1^53. 

2. On oncsi'le is the word " Fidelity," and on tlie other, " Vincit ahor patei^" — '■ The love of coun- 
try conquers." 3. Verse 14, page L45. 

QnESTiOKS. — 17. Wliat was done with Andre? How are Arnold and Andre regarded? How were the 
cn])(ors rewarded.' 18. Wbnt hart Ensrland aeccmplished and endured at the close of ITS'? What troubles 
menaced her in Europe? Wliat did she do? 1. What event distinguished the opening of 1,81? Can you 
relate the circumstances? 



248 THE REVOLUTION. 



Patriotism of American troops. Mutiny of New Jersey troops. Efforts of Congress. 

worthless,' and the pay of ofiicers and men was greatly in afrears. They 
had asked in vain for aid; and finally, on the 1st day of January, 1781, thir- 
teen hundred of the Pennsylvania line left the camp at Monistown," witli 
the avowed determination of marching to Philadelphia, and in person de- 
manding justice from the national legislature. 

2. When the mutineers reached Princeton, they were met by British emis- 
saries from New York, who came to seduce them by bribes to enter the serv- 
ice of the king. Indignant at this implied suspicion of their patriotism, the 
■insurgents seized the spies, and delivered them to General Wayne^ for punish- 
ment. There they were met also by a deputation from Congress, who 
relieved their immediate wants, and gave them such satisfactory guaranties 
for the future, that they returned to their duty. When offered a reward for 
delivering up the spies, they refused to accept it, saying, "Our necessities^ 
compelled us to demand justice from our government; we ash no reward for 
doing our duty to our country against its enemies .'" 

3. On the 18th of January, a portion of the New Jersey hne, at Pompton, 
followed the example of their comrades at Morristown. But the mutiny was 
soon quelled'* [Jan. 27], and these events had a salutary effect. They aroused 

Congress and the people to the necessity of 
more efficient measures for the support of the 
army. Taxes were imposed and cheerfully 
paid ; a special agent sent abroad to obtain 
loans was quite successful," and a national 
lank' was established at Philadelphia, and 
])laced under the charge of Roljert ]\Iorris, to 
whose superintendence Congress had recently 
i.itrusted the public Treasury. To his efforts 
and financial credit, the country was indebted 
for the means to commence offensive opera- 
tions in the spring of 17S1. 

1. Thirty doUitis in puper were llien worth Oi:ly one in silver. See riote : , page 198. 

2. The hjad-qiiarters of Washinpton were now at New Windsor jiii-t above the Hudson Ilifrhlands. Tho 
Pennsylvania troops were cantoned at Morristown, New Jersey ; and the New Jersey troops were at Pomp- 
ton, in the same State. • 

3. Washington had sent Wayne to bring the insurgents back to duty. When he placed himself before 
them, with loaded pistols, they put their bayonets to his breast, and said, " We love and rc-spect you, but 
if vou fire you are a dead man. We are not going to the enemy ; on the contrary, if they were now to come 
out, yon should scens light under yonr orders with as much alacrity as ever." 

4. A committee of Congress appointed to report on the condition of the army said, a short time previous 
to this event, that it was " unpaid for five months, that it seldom had more than six days' provisions in ad- 
vance, and was, on several occasions, for sundry successive days, without mc.it ; that the medical depart- 
ment had neither suga:-, coffee, tea, chocolate, wine, nor spirituous I'fpiors of any kind, and that every 
department of the army was without money, and had not even the shadow of credit left." This report 
iieightens the glowing colors of their patriotism. 

f>. Washington sent General Robert Howe, with five hundred men, to suppress the mutiny. Two of (he 
ringleaders were hanged, and the remainder c)uielly submitted. 

6. Colonel John Laurens [note 4 page 2581 was sent to Krance to asl< for aid. He procured abo'it $1,200,- 
0"1 as a subsidy, and a further sum as a loan ; and also a gnaranty for a Dutch loan of about $2,00t>,0 0. 
These sums, and the operations of Morris's Hank, gave essential relief. 

7. This was c.illcd the Bank of North Amr^rira, the first ever established in the United States. Morris was 
born in F.ngland in 173.'5, and Ciime to America in childhood. He was a successful merch.int in Philadelphia, 
was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and the great financier of the Revolution. He 

Question."!. — 2. How did mutineers display remarkable patriotism? 3. Wliat other mutiny occurred? 
How was it suppressed? What good did these accomplish? What financial arrangements were mad^, r.i:d 
by whom? 




SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



249 



Arnold and Phillips in Virginia. 



Greene takes command of the southern army. 



4. While half-starved, ball-naked troops were making such noble displays 
of patriotism amid the snows of New Jersey, Arnold, now engaged in the 
service of his royal master, was commencing a series of depredations upon 
lower Virginia, with about sixteen hundred British and Tory troops, and a 
few armed vessels. He went up the James river, and after destroying [Jan. 
5, 1781] a large quantity of public anl private stores at Richmond, and 
vicinity, he went to Portsmoutli [Jan. 20], opposite Norfolk, and made that 
his head-quarters. Great efforts were made by the Americans to seize and 
punish the traitor.' La Fayette Avas sent into Virginia with twelve hundred 
men to oppose him, and a portion of the French fleet went [March 8, 1781] 
from Rhode Island, to shut him up in the Elizabeth river, and assist in cap- 
turing him. Admiral Arbutlmot" pursued anl attacked [March 16] this fleet, 
and compelled it to return to Newport. General Phillips soon afterward 
joined Arnold [March 26] with more than two thousand men, and took the 
chief command. The traitor accompanied Phillips on another expedition up 
the James river [April], and afler doing as much mischief as possible be- 
tween Petersburg and Richmond, he returned to New York.^ We shall 
meet Arnold presently on the New England coast. ■* 

5. The southern States became the most important theater of the cam- 
paig-n of 1781. General Greene,^ who was appointed [Oct. 30, 1780] to suc- 
ceed General Gates at the South, arrived at the head-quarters at Charlotte, 
and on the 3d of December took formal com- 
mand. He arranged his little army into two 
divisions. With the main body he took post 
at Cheraw, east of the Pedee, and General 
ilorgan was sent Avith the remainder (about a 
thousand strong) to occupy the country near 
the junction of the Pacolet and Broad rivers. 
Cornwallis's position was between the two. 
That general was just preparing to march into 
North Carolina again," when Greene made 
this disposition of his army. 

C. Unwillinor to leave Morgan in his rear, geneeal gkeejje. 




died in 1806, in comparHlive poverty, having lo5t an immense foi tune by specnlations in lauds in westein 
New York, since known as the Holland Land Company's purchase. 

1. Soon after the captuieof Andre, and before his execution, great efforls were made to seize Arnold. 
Sergeant Champe, one of Major Lee's dragoons, went in disguise to New Yorlt, enlisted into a corps over 
which Arnold had command, ascertained the nature of his nightly movements, and bad almost corsrm- 
mated apian for abdncting him and carrying him to the Jersey sliore, wlien the tiaitor was ordered \o 
the soutliern expedition. Instead of carrying Arnold off, Cliampe, himself, was taken to Virginia wiih 
tlie corps in wbicli iie liad enlisted. Theie be escaped, and joined Lee in the ('aio!ii:;.s. 

2. Verse 2, pajre 539. 

3. Phillips sickened and died at Petersburg, when Cornwallis, who soon af'.erward a'-iived. took the fcr.- 
eral command. 4. Verse 19, page ^^F. 

5. Nathanael Greene was born of Qtiaker parents, in Rhode Island, in 17 0. lie was an ancbor-smi.l', 
and was pursuing his trade when Ibe Kevolniion broke out. He hastened to Hoston after the skiimisb it 
Lexington, and from that time, until the close of the war, h"; was one of the most useful officers in the 
army. He died near Savannah in 178 i, and was buiied in a vault in that city. His sepulchre can not bo 
identified. 6. Verse 11, page 141. 

OtTF.STiONS. — i. What did Re-edict Arnold do in Virginia? What was done to capture him? What ex- 
pcr'i. ion dil lie undertake wilb Phillips? 0. What military movements were made in IheSoulh? 



IV 



250 



THE EEVOLUTION. 



Battle of the Cowpens. 



Great retreat of the Americans. 




6ENEEAL MOr.GAN. 



Cornwallis sent Tarleton to capture or disperse his commanl. The Amer- 
icans retreated before his superior force, but were overtaken at the Cowpens,^ 
in Spartanburg district, and compelled to fight. Morgan" and his brave fol- 
lowers turned upon their pursuers, and combated with them for more than 
two hours [Jan. 17, 1781], Avith skill and bravery. The British were defeated 
with a loss of almost three hundred men in killed and Avounded, five hun- 
dred made prisoners, and a large quantity of arms, 
ammunition, and stores. It was a brilHant victory, 
and Congress gave Morgan a gold medal, as a token 
of its approbation. Colonels Howard^ and V/ash- 
ington,* Avhose soldierly conduct won the battle, re- 
ceived each a silver medal. 

7. At the close of the battle, ^Morgan pushed for- 
ward with his prisoners, intending to cross the Ca- 
tawba, and make his way toward Virginia. When 
Cornwallis heard of the defeat of Tarleton, he de- 
stroyed his heavy baggage, and hastened with his 
whole army to intercept Morgan and his prisoners. He reached the Catawba 
in the evening, two hours after Morgan had crossed. Feeling confident of 
his prey, he deferred his passage of the stream until morning. A heavy rain 
during the night filled the river to its brim, and while the British were de- 
tained by the flood, Morgan had reached the banks of the Yalkin, where he 
was joined by Greneral G-reene and his escort. 

8. Now commenced a remarkable retreat of the 
American army under G-reene, from the Yadkin to 
the Dan. Cornwallis reached the western bank 
of the former [Feb. 3, 1781], just as the Americans 
got safely on the eastern shore, and he was again 
arrested in his progress by a sudden swelling of the /^^m 
floods. Onward the patriots pressed, and soon'^ '''^ 
Cornwallis was in full chase. At Guilford court 
house Greene was joined [Feb. 7] by his main body colonel Washington. 

1. The scene of <ha battle is aimng the Thicketty mountains, west of the Bioad river. It was called 
Coieptnx f.om the fact that some time before the Revolution, some traders at Camden kept herds of cows 
in that fertile region. 

2. Daniel Morgan was horn in New Jersey in 17"8, and was in the humble sphere of a wagoner, when 
called to the field. He had boen a soldier under Braddock and joined Washington at Cambridge in 1775. 
lie was a farmer in Virginia after the war, where he died in 1802. 

?,. John Kagcr Howard, of the Maryland line. He was born in Baltimore county iu 175'. He went into 
military service at the eammeicement of th ■ war. H; was iu all of the principal battles of tlie Revolu- 
tion, was chosen Governor of Maryland in 1778, was afterward a United States Senator, and died in Octo- 
ber, \^rj. 

6. William Washington, a relative of the general. He was born in Stafford county, A'a. He entered the 
nrmy under M;rcer, who was kiUe I at Princeton (verse 5, page 213], and greatly distinguished himself at 
Ihj .Soy.h, as commander of a corps of cav.ilry. Taken prisoner at Eulaw Springs [verse 15, page "fA], he 
remained a cap ive until the close of the war, and died in Charleston, in March, ISIO. In a personal com- 
bat with Tnrle'.on, at the battle of tin- Onwpens, Washington wounded his antagonist in his hand. Some 
months afiorward, Tarleton said sneeringly to Mrs. Willie Jones, a witty American Isidy, "that Colonel 
Wasliing'nn, I am told, is illiterate, and can not write his own name." " Ah ! colonel," ."aid Mrs. Jones, 
"you ought to know better, for you bear evidence that he can mahe his marlL." At another time he ex- 

Qdestiok<!. — fi. What did Cornwallis wish to do? What was done? aid what else can yon tell of a bettlef 
How v/ero the victors rcwcrded ? 7. What was done after tha battle of the Cowpeus, by the two armicst 




SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 251 



Cornwallis givca up pursuit. Greene's army in North Carolina. 



Battle at Guilford. 



from Cheraw,' and all continued the flight, for they were not strong enough 
yet to turn and %ht. After many narrow escapes during ihe retreat, Greene 
reached the Dan [Feb. 13], and crossed its rising waters safely into the friendly 
bosom of Halifax county, in Virginia. When Cornwallis arrived, a few hours 
later [February 14], tiie strcam was too much swollen to allow him to cross. 
For the third time the waters, as if governed by a special Providence, inter- 
posed a barrier between the pursuers and the pursued. Mortifiel and dis- 
pirited, the carl here abandoned the chase, and moving sullenly southward 
through North Carolina, established his camp at Hillsborough. 

9. Greene remained in Virginia only long enough to refresh his troops, and 
receive recruits,'' and then he recrossed the Dan 
[Feb. 23], to oppose Cornwalhs in his efforts to 
embody the loyalists under the royal banner. 
Colonel Lee,^ with his cavalry, scoured the coun- 
try around the head waters of the Haw and Deep 
rivers, and foiled the efforts of Tarleton who was 
recruiting in that region. On one occasion he de- 
feated and dispersed [March 2] a body of three 
hundred loyalists under Colonel Pyle,* near the ( | 
Alamance creek, after which the Tories kept quiet '( 
and very few dared to take up arms. Greene, in $ 
the meantime, had moved 
cautiously forward, and on 

the 1st of March [1780], found himself at the head of 
almost live thousand troops. Feeling strong enough 
now to cope with Cornwallis, he sought an engage- 
ment with him, and on the 15th they met, and fiercely 
contended, near Guilford court house.^ That battle 
was one of the severest of the war. Although the 
Americans were repulsed and the Biitish became mas- 
ters of the field, the victory was almost as destructive 
for Cornwalhs as a defeat. " Another such victory," 





COLOXri, HENET LEE. 



IIATTLE OF OUILFOED. 



presscfl a desire to see Colonel Washington. Mrs. Jones's sister instantly replied, " Had yon looked behind 
yo'i at the Coirpens, you might have had that pleasure." 1. Verse H, page 2 .9. 

2. On his way South to take command of the southern army, he left the Baron Steuben in Virgi^iia, to 
pathcr recruits, provisions, etc., and forward them to him. This service the Baron perfoimed with elBciency. 
Sec note :\ pnge 230. 

3. Henry Lee was born in Virginia, in 17'6. He entered the military service as captain of n Virginia 
company in 177C, and in 1777 joined the ('ontinental army. At the head of a le.gion he performed extra- 
ordinary services during the war, especally at the South. He was afterward Governor of Virginia, and a 
member of Congress. lie died in 1818. 

4. Lee sent two young cmmtrymen, whom he had captured, to the camp of Pyle, to inform that leader 
that Tarleton was approaching, and wislied to meet him. Pyle had never seen Tarleton, and when he came 
up he supposed Lee and his party to be that of the renowned Brilish officer. Friendly salutations were cx- 
pre^set, and at a word, the Americans fell upon tlie loyalists, killed almost a hundred of them, and dis- 
persed the remainder. This event took place two or three miles from the scene of the Regulator basilemcn- 
tioned on patre IH!?. 

5. About Eve miles from the present village of Greensborough, in Guilford county, North Carolina, 



QrF.STiONS. — R. What remarkahic event now occurred ? Whatcan yon tell of Greene's rct-eat and cscnno? 
9. Whnt did the Americans now do? What exploit did Lee perform? What can you tell of a battio and its 



252 



THE EEVOLUTION. 



Character of the battle at Guilford. 



Battle near Camden. Capture of British posts. 



paid Charles Fox in the British House of Commons, " will ruin the British 
army." His battalions were so shattered' that he could not maintain the 
advantage he had gained. Thoroughly dispirited, he abandoned western 
Carolina and moved [March 19], with his whole army, to Wilmington, near the 
seaboard. Greene rallied his forces and pursued the British as far as the Deep 
river, in Chatham county. There he relinquished the pursuit, and prepared 
to re-enter South Carolina. 

10. Lord Rawdon" was now in command of a British force at Camden. 
Greene marched [April G], directly for that place, and on the 19th of April 
he encamped on Hobkirk's Hill, about a mile from Rawdon's intreuchments. 
Six days afterward [April 25, 1781], he was surprised' and defeated Viy Raw- 
don, after a sharp battle, in which the Americans lost in killed, wounded, and 
missing, two hundred and sixty-six men. The British 
lost two hundred and fifty-eight.* Greene conducted bis 
retreat so Avell, that he carried away all his artillery and 
baggage, with fifty British prisoners. 

11. The two armies were now about equal in numbers, 
and Greene's began to increase. Alarmed by this, and 
for the safety of his forts in the lower country, Rawdon 
set fire to Camden and retreated [May 10, 1781] to Nel- 
son's Ferry, on the Santee. He had ordered Cruger^ to 
abandon Ninety-Six" and join Brown at Augusta ;'' and 
had also directed Maxwell to leave Fort Granliy,* and 
retire to Orangeburg,^ on the North Edisto. But his 
orders and his movements Avere made too late. Within the space of a week, 
four important posts fell into the hands of the Americans,'" and Greene was 
makiiif rapid marches toward Ninety-Six. Lee had pressed forward and co- 
operated with Pickens in holding the country between Ninety-Six ;.nd Au- 
gusta, to prevent a junction of the garrisons at either of those places. At 
the beo'innin"' of June [1781], the British possessed only three points in South 
Carolina, namely, Charleston, Nelson's Ferry, and Ninety-Six. 

1. The Americrms lost in killed and wounded, about four hundred men, besides almost a thousand who 
deserted to their homes. The loss of the British was over six hniulred. Amongrtlu- otljoerswho werekillcd 
was Lieutenant-Colonel Webster, who was one of the most efficient men in the British aimy. On this occa- 
sion Greene's force was much superior in numbers to that of Cornwallis, and he hart every advai tape of 
position. ^- Vi^i'e l-*. P^pe 253. 

?.. Gieene was breakfasting at a spring on the eastern slope of Tlohkirk's Hill, when Rawdon's army, by 
n circuitous route through a forest, fell upon him. Some of his men were cleauii g their guns, others weie 
washing their clothes, and all were unsuspicious f f din-E'er. 

4. The number of killed was remarkably small. The Americans had only eighteen, and the British 
thirty-eight, slain on the battle-field. 5. Vcse .^ page ;'41. 

6 So called because it was ninety-si.t miles from the frontier fort, Trinee George, on the Kcowee liver. 
Its site is occupied tiv the pleasant village of Cambridge, in Abbeville distiiet, one hundred and forty-seven 
miles north-west from Charleston. 7. Verse 5, page 241. 

8. On the western side of tlie Congaree, two miles from the present city of Columbia. South Carolina. 

9. On east b.ink of the North Kdisto, about sixty-five miles south of Columbia. 

II). IjCe and Marion were the principal lenders against these po^ts. Orangeburg was taken on the lllh of 
May ; Fort Motte on the I2th ; the post at Nelson's Kerry on the I4th, and Port Grnnby on the irih. Fort 
Watson, situated on the Santee. a few miles above Nelson's Ferry, was taken on the Ifith of .^pril. Fort 
Motte was near tbe.juneticm of the Wateree and Congaree, forty miles south from Camden. Nelson's Ferry 
is at the mouth of Kiitaw creek, on the Santee, about fifty miles from Charleston, 

QnKSTioNS. — 10, What occurred nearOamden? What can von tell of a bntlle there? 11. TTnw did the 
two armies now conipare? 'R^hat moyepipnt? did Jjord Rawrton order > What perfcs < f inipnrtar.t "'vents 
occurred ? 




HOBKIEK 8 UILL. 



SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



253 



Siege of Ninety-Six. 



Surrender of Augusta. 



High Hills of Santee. 




FOUT NINf;TV SIX. 



12. Greene commenced the siege of Ninety-Six' 
on tlie 22d of May, witli less than a thousand regulars 
and a few raw militia. For almost a month, his eflbrts 
were unavailing. Then hearing of the approach of 
Raw.lon, with a strong force, to the reUef of Cruger, 
the Americans made an unsuccessful effort [June IS] 
to Like the place by storm. They raised the siege the 
following evening [Juno 19], and retreated beyond the 
Saluda. Rawdon pursued them a short distance, when 
Jie wheeled and marched to Orangeburg. 

13. While this siege was progressing, Lee and Pickens, with Clarke and 
others of Georgia, were making successful efforts on the Savannah. Lee cap- 
tured Fort Galphin, twelve miles below Augusta, on the 21st of May, and 
then sent an officer to demand of Brown an instant surrender of his garrison. 
The siege of Augusta was commenced on the 23d, and continued until the 
4th of June, when a general assault Avas agreed upon. Brown nowi)roposed 

, a surrender; and the following day [June 5, 

1781] the Americans took possession of that im- 
portant post. They lost fifty-one men, killed 
and wounded; the British lost fifty-two killed, 
and three hundred and thirty-four (including the 
wounded) made prisoners. At the close of the 
siege, Lee and Pickens- hastened to join Greene 
before Ninety-Six. 

14. When Rawdon retired toward Orange- 
burg, Greene became his pursuer, but finding 
him strongly intrenched at that place, the Amer- 
icans crossed the Congaree, and the main body 

encamped apon the High Hills of Santee, in Santee district, there to pass the 

hot and sickly season. Leaving his troops at Orangeburg, in the command of 

Colonel Stewart, Rawdon departed for England.^ 

15. Greene was reinforced by North Carolina troops, in August, and at the 

close of that month he marched upon Orangeburg.'' Stewart (who had been 




GEXE3.VL pici:;;nt 



1. The principal work was a star redoubt [note 8, page 190]. There was a picketed inclosure [note 2, page 
IJIJ around ihi litile village ; and on the west side of a stieam running t'rom a spring (a) was a stockade 
lnote.% page I iiil tort. Thj besiegers encamped at four diiTereut points around the works. Kosciuszko [uoto 
3, page 220] was the engineer in chief. 

1'. Andrew Pickens was bom in Pennsvlvania in 17S0. In childhood he went to South Carolina, and was 
•)ne of the lirst in the field fi>i- liberty. lie was a very useful otlicer, and good citizen. He died in l^ 17. 

3. .-V. short time before he sailed, Rawdon was a party to a cruel transaction whicli created a great deal of 
excitement throughout the South. Among those who took British protection after the fill of I'harleston, in 
1.8 tf verse .l, page 240), wast'olonel Isaac Hayne, a highly respectable Carolinian. When General (ireene, 
the l.iUowing year, confined the IJrilish to Charleiiton alone,and these protections had no force, Havre cou- 
Bideied himself released from the obligations of his parole, took up arms fni his country, and was made a 
pn.soner. Colonel Balfour was then in chief (;ommand at Charleston, and from (he beginning seemed deter- 
mined on the death of Hayne. Rawdon exerted his influence to save the prisoner, but linally he consented 
to his execution, as a traitor. (Jreene was inclined to retaliate, but, fortunately, hostilities soon afterward 
-eased, and the flow of blood was stopped. . 4. Verse 1 1 , page i;52. 

CJCF.STIONS.— 12. What post was besieged? What can you tell of the siege of Ninety-Six? T>.. What 
were oiher American otticers doing? What can >ou tell of the capture of Augusia bv Ih.: .\mi.Tica!:s ? 
What movements were now made by the two armies? 



254: THE REVOLUTION. 



Battle of Eutaw Springs. British driven to the coast. Cornnrallis in Yirginiak 

joined by Cniger from Ninety-Six), retreated to Eutaw Springs, near the 
south-west banks of the Santee, and there eucamped. Greene pursued, and 
on the morning of the 8th of September [1781], a severe battle commenced. 
The British were driven from their camp ; and Greene's troop:^, hke those of 
Sumter at Hanging Rock,' scattered among the tents of the enemj^, drinking 
and plundering. The British unexpectedly renewed the battle, and after a 
bloody conflict of about four hours, the Americans were obUged to give way. 
That night the British retreated toward Charleston. The next day [Sept. 9, 
1781], Greene advanced and took possession of the battle-lield, and then sent 
detachments in pursuit of the enemy." The Americans lost, in killed, wounded, 
and missing, live hundred and fil'ty-five. The British lost six himdred and 
ninety-three. 

16. At this time, Marion, Sumter, Leo, and other partisans, were driving 
British detachments from post to post, and smiting parties of loyalists in every 
direction. The British finally evacuated all their stations in the country, an;l 
retired to Charleston, pursued almost to the verge of the city, by the bold 
American scouts. At the close of the year [1781], the British at the South 
were confined to Charleston and Savannah; and besides these places, they 
did not hold a single post south of New York. Late in the season [Nov.], 
Greene moved his army* to the vicinity of Charleston ; while "Wayne, early 
in 1782, was closely watching the British at Savannah. 

17. While Greene and Rawdon were maneuvering in South Carolina, Corn- 
wallis was attempting the subjugation of Virginia. lie left Wilmington* on 
the 2oth. of April, crossed the Roanoke at Halifax, and on the 20th of May, 
reached Petersburg, where he took the command of the troops of the deceased 
PhilUps.'* Lafayette was then in Virginia,* but his force was too small effect- 
ually to oppose the invaders, and the State seemed doomed to British rule. 
For the purpose of bringing La Fayette into action, Cornwallis penetrated the 
country beyond Richmond, and destroyed an immense amount of property.' 
He also sent out marauding parties in various directions," and for several 
weeks the whole State was kept in great alarm. He finally proceeded [June, 
1781] slowly toward the coast, closely pursued by La Fayette, Wayne, and 

1. Verse 7, page "i?. 

2. Conprc-s awarded a Kold nietlal to Greene for his skill and bravery at Eutaw Springs. The battle, al- 
though it resulted in the repulse of the Americans, was more disastrous to the British than to them. 

3. After the battle of Eutaw Springs, Greene again encamped on the High Uilis of Santee, from which 
lie sent out expeditions toward Charleston. These were successful, aud the enemy were kept close upon the 
sea-board, during the remainder of the war. 

4. Verse 9, page :51. r<. Note 3, page 2J9. 6. Verse ■). page 24P. 

7. The principal object of Cornwallis in marching beyond Richmond, was to prevent a junction of troops, 
under Wayne, then approaching through Maryland, with La Fayette. But the marquis was too expert, out- 
marched the carl, and met Wayne on the lOtli of June. 

8. Colonel Simcoe, commander of the Qiiet:n^s Rangers, was sent to capture or destroy stores at the junc- 
tion of the Kluvanna and Rivanna rivers. He also dispatched Tailelon to attempt the capture of Governor 
Jefferson and the Legislature, who had fled from Uirhmond to Charlottesville, near the residence of Mr. Jef- 
ferson. Seven members of the ijegislature fell into his hands [June i], and Mr. Jefferson narrowly escaped 
capture by fleeing from his house to the mountains. 



QtTESTioNS. — 1.1. How was Greene strengthened ? and what did he do ? What battle occurred? What can 
you tell about Ht Ifi. What were Marion and others now doing? What was now the condition of the Brit- 
ish in Soulh Carolina and Georgia? 17. Wbat was Cornwallis attempting in Virginia? Who opposed himf 
and whit were I'.ie prospects? What did the British detachments do? What can you tell of Cornwallis's 
movements? 



SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



255 



The allied armies. 



Deceptive letters. 



March for Virginia. 



the South, the aUied 

i0t 




Steuben. While lying at Williumsburg, he received [June 29] orders from 
General Clinton to take post near the sea, in order to reinforce the garrison at 
New York, if necessary, which was now menaced by the combined American 
and French armies. He crossed the James liver [July 9] at Old Jamestown/ 
and proceeded by land to Portsmouth ; but dishking that situation, he went 
to Yorktown, on the York river, and commenced lortifying that place [Aug.] 
and Gloucester Point, opposite. 

18. While these movements were progressing at 
armies had met on the Hudson river [July GJ, in 
Westchester county, for the purpose of attacking Sir 
Henry Clinton, in New York. The Americans were 
under the immediate command of Washington, and 
the French imder the Count de Rochambeau." Count 
de Grasse was then in command of a French fleet in 
the West Indies, and Washington confidently ex- 
pected his aid in the enti^rprise. But while preparing 
to strike the blow, Clinton was reinforced [Aug. 11] 
by nearly three thousand troops from Europe ; and 
intelligence came from Do Grasse that he could not 
give his co-operation. Thus foiled, Washington turned his thoughts to Vir- 
ginia ; and wlien, a few days afterward, he learned from De Barras,^ at New- 
port, that De Grasse was about to sail for the Chesapeake, he resolved to 
march southward. 

19. Washington wrote deceptive letters to General 
Greene in New Jersey, and sent them so as to be in- 
tercepted by Sir Henry Clmton. He thus blinded the 
British commander to his real intentions ; and it was 
not until the allied armies had crossed the Hudson, 
passed through New Jersey, and Avere marching from 
the Delaware toward the head of Chesapeake Bay,* 
that Clinton was convinced that an attack upon the 
city of New York was not the object of Washington's 
movements. It was then too late for successful pur- 
suit, and he endeavored to recall the Americans by 
sending Arnold to desolate the New England coast. Although there was a 
terrible massacre perpetrated by the marauders at Fort Griswold,^ [Sept. 6, 



COUNT DE nOCHAMBEAr. 




COtTNT DE GRABSE. 



1. ITe-e he wns attacked by Wayne, who. nfter striking the British a severe biow. hastily retreated, with 
bnt little loss, back to the main nrmy, two miles distant. 

2. Born at Vendome, in France, in 1725. He was a distinguished officer in the French army, and alter 
his return from Ameiica, was made a field marshal by his king. He was pensioned by Bonaparte, and 
died in Wfi. 

3. The successor of Admiral de Ternav, in the command of the French fleet. Ternav died at Newport. 

\. This is generally called, in the letters and histories of the time, "Head of Elk,"' the i ariow, upptr part 
of the Chesapeiike beirg called Elk river. There stands the village of F.lkton. 

f>. .\rnold landed at the mouth of the Thames, and proceeded to attack Fort Trumbull, near New London. 
The garrison evacuated it, and the village was liurned. Another division of the expedition went up on the 

QuF.STioNS. — \9,. What did the allied armies do? Wli.at did thev attempt? Whv was the scheme aban- 
doned? '!>. IIdw did Washington mislead Clinton? What did the allied aimies do? What did Clinton at- 
tempt ? and how ? What can you tell of Arnold's expeditioD to Connecticut ? What naval battle occurred f 



256 



THE REVOLUTION". 



Naval battle. 



Siege of Yorktown. 



1781], and New London, opposite, almost in sight of the traitor's birth-place,* 
■was burned, it did not check the progress of Washington. Nor did reinforce- 
ments sent by Avater to aid Cornwallis, cDToct their object, for when Admiral 
Graves arrived off the Capes [Sept. 5], De Grasse was there to guard the 
entrance to the Chesapeake." lie v/cnt out to fight Graves, but after a par- 
tial action both withdrew, and the French anchored [Sept. 10] within the 
Capes.' 

20. The allied armies, about twelve thousand strong,^ arrived before York- 
town on the 28th of September, 1781, and after compelling the British to 
abandon their outworks, commenced a regular siege. They opened a heavy 
cannonade upon the town and the British works on the evening of the 9th 
of October. They hurled red-hot balls among the English shipping in front 
of the town, and burned several vessels. Disasters were gathering a fearful 
web of difficulty around Cornwallis. Despairing of aid from CUnton, and 
perceiving his strong fortifications crumbling, one by one, under the terrible 
storm of iron from a hundred heavy cannons, he attempted to escape on the 
night of the 16th, by crossing to Gloucester, breaking through the French 
troops stationed there, and making forced marches toward New York. 

When the van of his troops em- 
barked, the waters of the Yoiic 
river were perfectly calm, al- 
tliough dark clouds were gath- 
ering on the horizon. Then a 
storm arose as sudden and as 
fearful as a summer tornado, dis- 
persed the boats, compelled many 
"J'S^y to put back, and the attempt was 
'/ abandoned. Hope now faded, and 
on the 19th, Cornwallis surren- 
dered the posts at Yorktown and 
Gloucester, with almost seven 
thousand British soldiers, and his 
shipping and seamen, into the 
hands of Washington and De 
Grasso.^ Clinton appeared at the 




BIEQE OF TOHKTOWN. 



iswold at Groton, and afte' Colonel Ledyard had surrendered it, 
: cruelly murdered, or badly wounded. There is a monuraetit to 



east side of the Thames, attacked Fort Or 
he and almost every man iu the fort wen 
their memory, at Groton. 

1. At Norwich, at the head of the Thames, a few miles north of New London. See note 1, pape '"4fi. 

2. Graves intended to intercept a French squadron which was on its wav with heavv cannons and military 
stores for the armies at Yorktown. He wns not aware that De Gi asse had left the West Indies. 

3. The place of anchorapre was in Lvnn Haven I!av. The hostile fleets were in sight of each other for five 
Bucc^sive days, hit neither party was anxious to renew the combat. 

4. The whole of the American and French forces, employed in the sieee, amounted to a little over si-<- 
teen thnnsand men. Of the Americans, about seven thousand were rcpnlnr troops, and four thousand mi- 
litia. The French troops numbered about five thousand, includinp: those brought by De Grasse from the 
West Indies. 

6. The British lost one hundred and fifty-six killed, three hundred and twentv-six wounded and seventy 
missing. The combined armies lost, in killed and wounded, about three hundred. Among the spoils were 

Questions.— 2n. What can you tell of the siese of Yorktown? What was the result? 



CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAU FOR INDEPENDENCE. 2."7 



Purrcndcr of Cornwallif. Effects of that event. 

"entrance to Chesapeake Bay a few days afterward, with seven thousand troop5!, 
but it was too late. The final blow which smote down British power in 
America had been struck, and the victory was complete. Clinton returned to 
New York, amazed and disheartened. 

21. From every family altar where a love of freedom dwelt — from pulpits, 
lepfislativc halls, the army, and from Congress' [October 24], went up a shout 
of thanksgiving and praise to the Lord God Omnipotent, for the success of 
I'.ie allied troops, and these Avere mingled with universal eulogies of the Great 
Leader and his companions in arms. The clouds which had lowered for seven 
long years appeared to be breaking, and the splendors of the dawn of peace 
burst forth, like the light of a clear morning after a dismal night of tempest. 
And the desire for peace, wliich had long burned in the bosom of the British 
people, now found such potential expression, as to be heeded by tlie British 
ministry. The intelligence of the fate of Cornwallis and his party, fell with 
all the destructive energy of a bomb-shell in the midst of the war-party^ in 
Parhament ; and the stoutest declaimers in favor of bayonets and gunpowder, 
Indians and German mercenaries,' as fit instruments for enslaving a free peo- 
ple, began to talk of the expediency of peace. Lord Nortli^ and liis adminis- 
tration, who had misled the nation for twelve years, gave way under tlie 
pressure of the peace sentiment, and retired [March 20, 1782] from ofiice. 
The advocates of peace then came into power, and early in the following 
Jfay, Sir Guy Carleton arrived in New York, with propositions for a recon- 
ciliation. 



SECTION IX. 

CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [] 782-1 VSO.] 

1. Intelligence of the capture of Cornwallis^ reached General Greene on the 
30th of October, 1781, and that day was spent by the army as one of jubilee. 
The event seemed to be a guaranty for the future security of the Republicans 
in the South, and Governor Rutledge" soon called a Legislative Assembly, to 

Ecventy-Cve brrips, and one hundred and sixty iron cannons ; seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-four 
muskets ; twenty-eipht regimental standards ; a large quantity of musket and cannon-balls, and nearly 
eleven thousand dollars in specie in the military chest. The army was sunendeied to Washington, and the 
shipping and seamen to De Grasse. The latter soon afterward left the Chesapeake and went to the West 
Indies. Rochambeau remained with his troops in Virginia during the winter, and the main body of the 
American aimy marched norlh, and went into winter quarters on the Hudson. A strong detachment under 
General St. Clair [verse 18, p. 219] was sent south to diive the British f.om Wilmington, and reinforce the 
array of Ge:-eral Greene, then lying near Charleston. 

1. A messenger, with a dispatch from Washington, reached Philadelphia at midnight. Before dawn tho 
exulting people filled the st'-eets ; and at nn carlv hour, Secretary Thomson [ver^e "5. p. U'.''l rend that 
cheering letter to the as'cmblpH Congress. Then that aurust body went in procession (o a temple of (he 
living God l(>ctnber 2tth, 17811, and there .ioired in public thnnksg'vings to tho King of kings, for the 
great victory. Thev also resolved that a marlde colunri should b- erec'ed at Yorktown. to commemorate 
the event : and tlirt two stands of colors should be ore eiited to Washington, and (wo pieces of cannon to 
each of the French commanders. Rochambeau and Pe Grasse. 

2. liord Geo'tre Germaine said that Lord North received the intelligence, as he would have done a can- 
non-ball in bis breast." He paced the room, and throwing his arms wildly about, kent exclaiming, " O, 
God 1 it is nil over, it is all over !" 3. Verse 2, page 19^. ■<. Verse: 9, page 182. 

5. Vcise : 0, page 256. 6. Verse ?, page 2.S<>. 

QrrSTiONS.— 21. What effect did the victory at Yorktown have? What was done by the Bri'ith Pailia- 
ment? What poli'ical charges took place? 



258 THE REVOLUTION. 



Vigilance of Uie Americans. Proceedings i:i Parliament. Treaty of peace. 

meet at Jacksonborough, to re-establish civil authority. An offer of pardon 
for penitents, brought hundreds of Tories from the British lines at Charleston, 
to accept the clemency. Yet the vigilance of the Americans was not allowed 
to slumber, for a wary foe yet occupied the capitals of South Carolina and 
Georgia. Marion and his men kept " watch and ward" over the region ber 
tween the Cooper and the Santee, while Greene's main army lay near the 
Edisto ; and Wayne kept the enemy as close within his intrenchments at 
Savannah. Alarmed by the approach of St. Clair,' the British fled from Wil- 
mington, and took post on St^ John's Island, just below Charleston. Wash- 
ington, at the same time, was keeping Clinton and liis army close prisoners in 
New York." 

2. On the 4tli of March, 17S2, the British House of Commons^ resolved to 
end the war. Orders for a cessation of hostilities speedily went forth to the 
British commanders in America. On the 11th of July [1782], the British 
evacuated Savannah, and on the 14th of December following, they also de- 
parted from Charleston.* They remained in New York almost a year longer 
[Xov. 25, 1783], under the command of Sir Guy Carleton,^ who had succeeded 
Sir Henry Clinton, because the final negotiations for peace were not com- 
pleted, by ratification, until near that time. 

3. Five commissioners" were appointed by the United States to conclude a 
treaty of peace with Great Britain. They met two Euirlish commissioners, 
for that purpose, at Paris, and there, on the 30th of November, 1782, they 
signed a preliminary treaty. French and English commissioners also signed a 
treaty of peace on the 20 th of January following. Congress ratified the action 
of its commissioners in April, 1783, yet negotiations were in progress until 
September fallowing, when a definitive treaty was signed' [Sept. 3, 1783] 
at Paris. At the same time, definitive treaties between England, France, 
Spain, and Holland, were signed by their respective comniissioners, and the 
United States became an acknowledged power among the nations of the 
earth. 

4. The joy of the American people, in view of returning peace and prosper- 
ity, was mingled with many gloomy apprehensions of evil. The army, wliich, 
through the most terrible sufferings, had remained faithful, and become coiy 

1. No*e5, raRe2oG. 2. Verse IS, page 2:5. 3. Note 7, pnge 177. 

4. During the preceding summer, (feneral I-eslie, llie Ilrilish commander at Cliarleston, made several at- 
tempts to penetrate the conntry for the purpose of seizing: provisions for In's army. Late in August, he at- 
tempted to ascend the Combahee [verse 20, pnge 331, for that pni-pose, when lie was opposed hy the Amer- 
icans under (ieneral Gist, of the Maryland line. Colonel John I.aurens (note 6, page 248) volunteered iii tlia 
service : and in a skirmish at daybreak, on the 2rth of August, he was killed. The last blood rf ihc Kcyo- 
lution was shed at Stono Ferrv (verse 7, page 233] in September following, when Captain VVilmot was killed 
in a skirmish with a British foraging party. 5. Verse I'J, page lan 

f>. This number was appointed in order that different sections of the Tnion might he represented. lt:0> 
commissioners were John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. Jet 
ferson did not serve. . . j- 

7. England acknowledged the independence of the rioted States ; allowed ample boundaries, extending 
northward to the grent lakes, and westward to the Mi.ssissippi, and an unlimited right of fishing on the banks 
of Newfoundland. The two Floridas were restored to Spain. 

Questions.— 1. How did the intelligerce of the capture of Comwallis affect the American army and the 
people? What occurred in the vicinity of Charleston? ?. What was done in the Rritish nnuse of Commons? 
Whit was done bv the British army in Vmerica? 3. What was done toward the establishment of peace) 
What can yon tell of negotiations aiid their results? What treaties were agreed to? 



CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 259 
Discontentsof the army. Provisions made by Congress. Washington resigns his commission. 

queror, was soon to be disbanded ; and thousands, many of them made inva- 
Uds by the hard service in Avhich they had been engaged, would bo compelled 
to seek a livelihood in the midst of the desolation which war had produced. 
For a long time the public treasury had been empty, and neither officers nor 
soldiers had received any pay for their services. A resolution of Congress, 
passed in 1780 [Oct. 21], to alloAV the officers half pay for life, was ineffective, 
because funds were wanting. Already the gloomy prospect had created 
wide-spread murmuring in the army; and on the 11th of March, 1783, a well- 
Avritten address was circulated through the American camp (then near New- 
burg), which advised the army to take matters into their own hands, make 
a demonstration that sliould arouse the fears of the people and of Congress, 
and thus obtain justice for themselves.' For this purpose, a meeting of oflicers 
was called, but the great influence of Washington prevented a response. He 
then summoned all the oflicers together, laid the matter before them [March 
15], anrl obtained from them a patriotic expression of their faith in the "just- 
ice of Congress and the country." In a few days the threatening cloud passed 
away. 

5. Soon after this event, Congress made arrangements for granting to the 
oflicers full pay for five years, instead of half pay for life ; and to the soldiers 
full pay for four months, in partial liquidation of their claims. On the eighth 
anniversary of the skirmish at Lexington [April 19, 1783], a cessation of hos- 
tilities was proclaimed in the army, and on the 3d of November following, the 
army was disbanded. That glorious band of patriots then quietly returned to 
their homes, to enjoy, for the remnant of their lives, the blessings of the hb- 
erty they had won, and the grateful benedictions of their countrj'men. Of 
the two hundred and thirty thousand Continental soldiers, f;n 1 the fifty-six. 
thousand militia who bore arms during the war, 
not more than five hundred now [1857] remain 
among us!" And the average age of these must 
be more than ninety years. 

6. Washington met his officers at New York, 
and there had an aftectionate parting with them^ 
[Dec. 4, 1783]. He then hastened to Annapolis, 
in Maryland, where the Congress was in session, 
and on the 23d of December, he resigned into 
its custody the commission which he received 
[June IG, 1775] from that body more than eight oEi^raa. mifflin. 

1. This address was anonymous, but if wns nf ei ward arknowledeed to be the production of John Arm- 
strong, then a major, and one of General Gates's aids. He was Secretary of War in 1814. See verse 13, 
page 28P. ' 

.-• Great Britain sent to America, during: llie war, o,ie hundred and twelve thousand five hundred and 
eishly-four troops for the land service, and more th:in twenty-two thousand seamen. Of all this host, not one 
IS known to be living. One of them (John IJattin) died iu the city of New York, in June, 1852, at the age of 
one hundved years and four months. 
3. On the 2d of November, he issued a Fareirell Aihhe.v to the Armies of the United Statex ; and on tho 
QtTF.STiONS. — 4. What was the condition of the Oontinental armv? Wliaf caused discontents? What hap- 
pened near Newburg? 5. What provi-ions di I Congres.i make for the officers and soldiers of the Revolu- 
tion 1 What military movement occurred ? What can yon (ell of the Revolutionary soldiers? 6. What did 
Washington now do? What interesting event occurred at Annapolis? 




2 GO 



THE REVOLUTION, 



Sociftty of the Cincinnati. 



Evacuation of New York. 



years before.' His address on that occasion was simple and touching, and 
the response of General Mifflin,^ the President, was equally affecting. The 
spectacle was one of great moral sublimity. Like Cincinnatus, Washington 
laid down the cares of State, and returned to his plow. Already the last 
hostile foot had departed^ [Nov. 25], and his country was free and inde- 
Dondent.* 

7. A little Avhile before the final disbanding of the army, many of the of- 
ficers, then at Newburg, on the Hudson,^ met [June 19, 
1783], an 1 formed an association, which they named the 
Society of the Cincinnati. The chief objects of the Society 
were to promote cordial friendship and indissoluble union 
among themselves ; to commemorate, by frequent re-unions, 
the great struggle they had just passed through ; to use their 
best endeavors for the promotion of human liberty ; to 
cherish good feeling between the respective States; and 

/ to extend benevolent aid to those of the Society whose 
circumstances might require it. They formed a General 
Society, and elected Washington its first President. They 
also made provision for the formation of auxiliary State So- 
cieties. The Order of the Society" consists of a gold eagle, 
suspended upon a ribbon, on the breast of which is a medal- 
lion Avith a device, representing Cincinnatus receiving the 
Eouian senators.' Several State Societies are yet [1857] in 
o;:i);:r_ existence. 

8. Allliough the war was ended and peace was guarantied, the people had 
much to do in the adjustment of public affairs, to secure the liberty and inde- 
pendence proclaimed and acknowledged. The country was burdened with 

14th of \\\^ Fame month, he made an arrangement with General Carle- 
ton r)r llie Uriiish evacuation of New York. 1. Verse 15, page 193. 

2. Thomas Mitllin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744. He was a 
Quaker [nolo 7, page 97], hut joined the patriot army in 17T5, and rap- 
idly rose to the rank of major-general. He was a member of Congiess 
after the war, and also Governor of Pennsylvania. He died in January, 
1800. 

3. The British evacuated New York on the 25th of November, and on 
that day, Oeneral ICnox, the etTiciont artillery commander durmg the 
war, entered the cily with a small remnant of the Continental army, and 
took possession. He was arcnnipanied bv Governor George Clinton, of 
New York, and all the State officials. Before evening, the last BrilitU 
soldier had departed from ibe Hav. Like Governors Trnrabnll [note : , 
page 2451 and Knlledge [verse 2, page 2S9], Clinton, in a civil capacity, 
was of immense service to the .\mcrican cause. He was horn in Ulster 
cniintv. New York, in 17S9. He was Governor about eighteen years, 
and died in 1H12, while Vice-President of the United States. See veise 
IS page 284. 

•'. .Tohn \damswas the first minister of the United States to Great 
Britain. He was politely received by King (Jeorge the Third, and that 
monarch was faithful to his promises 5. Verse 4, page 258. 

fi. An nr<lrr is a badge, or visible token of regard or distinction, con- 
ferred upon persons for meritorious services. On the breast of Baron 
Steuben, on page 230, is the order of Fidvliti/, presented to him by Fred- 
eric the Great of Prussia, for bis services in the army of that monaich. Some of tl e nn^i-s conferred by 
kings are very costly, being made of gold, and silver, and precious stones. The picture of the order of the 
Cincinnati, given above, is half the size of the original. 

7. Oincinn.atus was a noble Roman citizen. When the Romans were menaced with destrnction hv an 
enemy, the Senate appointed delegates to invite Cincinnatus to assume the chief magistracy of tiie ration. 

QnFSTiONS. — ". What society was formed? and by whom? What was its organization? and what its 
objects? What of its orf!«r ? 





GOVEENOTl CI.IXTON. 



CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 261 

Embarrassments of the government. The Federal Constitution. 

heavy debts, foreign and domestic,' and the Articles of Confederation^ gave 
Congress no power to discharge them, if it had possessed the abihty. On its 
recommendation, however, the individual States attempted to raise their re- 
spective quotas, by direct taxation.^ But all were impoverished by the war, 
and it was found to be impossible to provide means even to meet the arrears 
of pay due to the soldiers of the Revolution. Each State had its local obliga- 
tions to meet,* and Congress could not coerce compliance Avith its recom- 
mendations. 

9. It was now perceived that, while the Articles of Confederation formed a 
sufficient constitution of government during the progress of war, they were 
not adapted to the pubhc wants in the new condition of an independent sov- 
ereigntj", in which the people found themselves. There appeared a necessity 
for a greater centralization of power, by which the States would not only be 
drawn into a closer union, but the G-eneral Government could act more effi- 
ciently for the public gootl. A better system of commercial regulations was 
demanded; and in September, 1786, delegates from six States convened at 
Annapolis, in Maryland, to consider the matter. This Convention suggested 
the i)ropriety of holding another, for the purpose of revising the Articles of 
Confederation} For that labor, representatives from all the States but 
Ehode Island, met in the State House in Philadelphia," in May, 1787, and 
chose General Washington to preside. After long deliberation,'' and a clear 
perception of the utter inutility of the existing organic laAvs, the Convention 
cast aside the Articles of Confederation, and formed an entirely new instru- 
ment— the National Constitution under which we now live. 

10. The Constitution was submitted to Congress [Sept. 28, 1787], and that 

They fonnd him at his plow. He immedietely complied, raised nn army, subdued the enemy,-aiid after 
hearirR the ahnost imperial dipiiity fnr fourlct'ii dnys, he resigned his office, and returned to his plow. How 
like Cinciiinalus were AVashingtoii aiiil liis idmiiairiots nt' the War for Independence. 

1. According to an estimale ny.vh- liy the Refrisiur oT the Treasnry in l',90, the entire cost of the War for 
Independence, was at least one hinviinl ami thntij millionfs of dollars, exclnsiTe of vast snms lost hy indi- 
Tidnals and the several States. The Treasury pa\ nu'iils amounted to almost nineti/three miUioni', chiefly in 
Continental bills. The foreign debt amounted to e7'j/7i<nii7;ions of dollars ; and the domestic debt, due chiefly 
to the oHicevs and soldiers of the Revulalion, was uioie than thirty millions of dollais. 

2. .Vote X page 212. 

3. This eflbrt produced great excitement in many of the States; and in Jlassachusetts, in ]'87, the people 
openly rebelled. The insurrection became so forniidiible, that an armed force of several thousand men was 
reqniied to suppress it. The insurgents were led by Daniel Shav, and it is known in history as Shay's 
MeMlion. 

i. In the Convention which framed theNationalronstitution, no subject created more earnest debate than 
n proposition for the tleneral Government to assume the debts of the States contracted in providing nuars 
for carrying on the war. The debts of the several States were nnennal. Those of Massachusetts and South 
Carolina, amounted to more than ten millions and a half of dollars, while the debts of all the other Siaies 
did not extend, in the aggregate, to fifteen millions. This assumption was finally made, to the amount of 
$21,500,000. See verse 4, page ::fi5. .1. Verse 2, page 211. 6. Page 20:'. 

7. Such conflicting interests were represented in this Convention, that it was doubtful, for a lorgtime, 
whether the members would come to anv agreement ; and some proposed a final adjournment. At this mo- 
mentous cri.sis. Dr. Franklin arose, and said to the Piesident : " How has it hrppenid, sir, that while grop- 
ing so long in the dark, divided in nur opinions, and now ready to separate without accomplishing the great 
objects of our meeting, that we have "nt hitherto once thought of humbly applying to ihe Father of Lights to 
illuminate our understanding? In the beginning of the contest with Britain, when we were sensililo of 
danger, we had daily prayers in this room, for divine protection. Our prayers, sir, were heard, ana they were 
graciously answered." After a few more remarks, he moved that " henceforth, prayers, imploring the as- 
sistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before 
we proceed lo business." The resolution was not adopted, as the convention, except three or four persons, 
thought prayers unnecessary. Objections were also made, because there were no funds to defray the ex- 
penses of such clerical services. 



OtjESTiONS. 8. What was the general condition of the country? What was done for the common good I 

' >v>.nt defects were seen in the form of Government of the United Stales? What was done m improve it* 
What nstruncnt was form dj 



262 THE REVOLUTIOJSr. 



Expiration of the old Congress. Commencement of the new government. 

body sent copies of it to the several State Legislatures, in order that it might 
be considered in conventions of the people.' These were assembled, and the 
requisite number of States having ratified it," Congress fixed the time for 
choosin"- electors' for President and Vice-President ; the time for making choice 
of these officers, and the time and place when and where the government 
should commence operations under the new Constitution. On the 4th of 
March, 1789, the old Continental Congress expired,andtheNATioxALCoNSTi- 
TUTiON became the organic law of the new Republic. Thus was consum- 
mated the last act in the War for Independence.^ Then the United States 
OF America commenced their glorious career.^ 

1. The new Constitution found many and able opponents. Thorp was a reluctance on the part of the 
people of several Slates to resign any of their State sovereignty into ihc hands of aNationalor ceniial power. 
There were long and violent debates in the Slate conveniions ; and the newspapers were filled wiih discus- 
sions. The Constitution found the most efficient support in a series of essays called The Fedtiali-t, wriiieu 
by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. They had a powerful eflect upon the public mind, and accomplished much 
in bringing about a ratificatiou of the ('onslitution by .1 majority of the States. 

2. The conventions of the several States ratified the Constitution in the following order : — Delaware, Dec. 
7, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787 ; New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787 ; Georgia, Jan. :', 1788; Connecticut, Jan. 
9, 1788; Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788; Marvland, ApiilS, 1788; Souih Carolina, Mav 2."!, 17' 8; New Hamp- 
shire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June :6, 178S ; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789; 
Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. 

3. The first electors were to be chosen the first Wednesday in January. 17J"9, and they were to meet and 
choose a President and Vice-Prefiileiit of the United States, on the first Wednesday in February. The new 
government went into operation on the tirst Wednesday in March, 17?9, in the city of New York. The in- 
auguration of the first President [ver.se 1, p. 263] did not take ptr.ce until the .'0th of April following. 

4. During the first session of Congress under the!VationalCons ilution, sixteen amendments to that in.stni- 
ment were agreed to, ten of which were subsequently ratified by the States, and now form a part of the 
great compact. 

5. For details of the history, biographv, scenery, relics, and traditions of the War for Independence, see 
Lossing's Pictorial Field Bool; of the Revolution. 

QUESTIOSS. — 1 >. What was done with theNationali^onstitution? What important acts were done accord- 
ing to its provisions? What was the crowning act of the War for ludepeudeuce? 





lUAUGtrEATIOV or \\ABniNrTON 

CHAPTEU VI. 

THE NATIOX. 

SECTION I. 

Washington's ADJiiNisTKATroN. 
1789—1797. 

1. When the Consiituiioji' hail 
received the approval of the people 
and was made the supreme law of 
the Republic, all minds and hearts 
were turned toward Washington as 
the best man to perform the responsible duties of chief magistrate of the na- 
tion. He Avas chosen [April 6, 1789] President of the United States by the 
unanimous vote of the electors," and John Adams was made Vice-President. 



GOirVEKNF.UI! MORKIS. 



1. This instnimeiit, in InriKiiape and peneral arrangemcrt, is the work of Gouvemeur Morris, into ^^hose 
fcanils the convention of l'»' placed the crude materials which liad been adopted nt various times i-:i:n'K 
the ses!<ion. Gouverneur Morris was born near New York, in 1752. He was a lawyer, and active in public 
life. In 179^ he was appointed minister to France, and after his return he was a legislator for many yeuis. 
He died in 1S16. 

2. These are men elected by the people in the various States, to meet and choose a President and Vice- 
President of the United States. Their number is eiiual to the whole number of Senators and Represeria- 
tives to which the several States arc entitled. So the people do not vote directly for the Chief Miipi-traie. 
Formerly, the man who received the hifrhest number of votes was declared to be President, and he who re- 

What can you tcU of the Crst Pres- 



QoESTiONS. — 1. What was done when the Constitution was adopted? 
ideut, and his icauguiation? 



264 



THK NATION. 



Election and inauguration of Washington. 



Organization of the governmeul. 



Washington came from Mount Vernon, and was greeted with ovations by 
the people throughout his whole journey. On the 30th of April, he appeared 
upon the street-gallery of the old City Hall' in New York, and there, in the 
presence of an immense concourse of people, the oath of office was adminis- 
tered to him by Chancellor Livingston." Af- 
ter delivering an impressive address to the 
members of both Houses of Congress, the 
President and the representatives of the peo- 
ple went in solemn procession to St. Paul's 
Church, and there invoked the blessings of 
iS the Supreme Euler upon the new govern- 
ment just inaugurated. 

2. Never were men called upon to per- 




\. I '* form duties of greater responsibility 
'^tC those which demanded the consideratic 



than 
ration of 
Washington and his compeers. The first 
session' was chiefly occupied in the organ- 
ization of the new government, and in the 
elaborating of schemes for the future pros- 
perity of the Republic. The first eflbrts of 
Congress were directed to the arrangement 
of a system of revenue?,* to adjust and reg- 
I ulate the wretched financial affairs of the 
3 country. Three executive departments — 
|j\>^ Treasury, War, and Foreign Affairs — were 
created, the heads of which were to be 
styled secretaries, instead of ministers, as in 
Europe. These the President might ap- 
point or dismiss with the concurrence of the 
Senate. They were to constitute a cabinet 
council, always ready for consultation with 
(he President, on public affairs, and bound to give him their opinions in 
writing Avhcn required. 

3. A national judiciary was established, consisting of a Supreme Court, 



WASIIINGTOX, AND UI8 KEBIDENCE. 



ceived the next highest number was proclaimed Vice-President. Now these are voted for as distinct can. 
didates for separate ollices. „,„.,,, , » , . 

1. It stood on the site of the present Custom House, corner of Wall and Broad-streets. In the picture on 
the preceding page, a correct represtiitalion of its street-gallery is given. 

2. One of the committee [verse 10, p. 20 1 to draft the Declaration of Independence. He was born in New 
York in 1747, became a lawyer, and was always an active public man. He was minister to France in ISOl, 
when he purchased I.oiii.-iana for the United States. See verse 2, page 273. He died in 181.3. 

?. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to seats for two years, and they hold two sessions 
or .sittings during that time. Each full term is called a CmigreKC. Senators an elected by the State Legis- 
latures to serve six years. 

4. Tonnage duties were levied, and also a tariff, or duties upon foreign goods. These duties were made 
favorable to American shipping. 



QnESTTON«. — 2. Wliat responsibilities were laid upon onr first federal officers? What was done by the 
first National Congress? .■<. WliHt cnn you tell of a national Judiciary? What was doue with the Constitu- 
tion t Wlial appointments did Wi-.hington make? 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



265 



The judiciary and revenue systems. 



Admission of Vermont. 




ALEXAKDEK HAMILTON. 



having one chief justice' and five associate justices;" and also Circuit and Dis- 
trict Courts, which had jurisdiction over certain 
specified cases. After a session of ahiiost six 
months, Congress adjourned [Sept. 29, 1789], and 
"Washington, having appointed his cabinet council," 
made a brief tour through the northern and eastcin 
States to make himself better acquainted with the 
people and their resources. 

4. The second session of the first Congress com- 
menced in January, 1790, when Hamilton" made 
some of those able financial reports, wliich estab- 
lished the general line of national policy for more 
than twenty years. On his recommendation, the general government as- 
sumed the pubhc foreign and domestic debt, incurred by the late war, and 
also the State debts contracted during that period.^ A system of revenue 
from imposts and internal excise, proposed by Plamilton, was adopted ; and 
an act was passed making the District of Columbia" the permanent seat of 
the Federal government, after the lapse of ten years from that date. 

5. A third session commenced in December, 1790, and before its close, 
measures were adopted which laid the foundations of public credit and 
national prosperity deep and abiding. North Carolina [Nov. 21, 1789], and 
Rhode Island [May 29, 1790], had already become members of the con- 
federacy, by adopting the Constitution ;'' and during this session, Vermont* 
was admitted [Feb. 18, 1791] as a sister State. Settlements were now 



1. John Jay [verse 1"?, p. 268] of New York, one of the raost active and acute lawyers in the conntry, was 
appoinled tlie lirst chief jiisl ice of the United States, and Edmund 
Randolph, of ViiRinia, was made attorney-general. Randolph snc- 
ceeded Patrick Henry as Governor of Virginia in 178(;, and was 
very active in the Convention of 1,87. Verse 9, page 161. He suc- 
ceeded Jefferson as Secretary of Slate, and died in IS 3. 

2. John RutledKC [verse 2. p. 239) of S. C. ; James Wilson of 
Penn. ; William eiishing of Mass. ; Robert 11. Haivisou of Md. ; 
and John Hlair of Va. 

8. Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Trcasnry ; 
Henry Knox, Secretary of War ; and Thomas JeSerson, Secretary 
of Foreign .Vffairs. Jefferson was then United States minister at 
the conn of France, and did not enter upon his duties until March, 
179'J. The oihoe of Secretary of the Navy was not created until the 
presidency of Mr. Adams. Naval affairs were under the control of 
l4ie Sccretiivy of War. General Knox was one of tlie most efficient 
orticers of the Revolution, having, from the he^'inning, the chief 
command of the arlillerv. He was born in Boston in 1,50, entered 
the army as captain of arlillerv, and lose to the rank of mnjor- 
gjneral. He resigned his secretaryship in 1794, and died in Maine 
in 1-06. 

•t. AIe^n"''er ITamilton was ho-n in ihe i=:land of Nevis, ore of 
the British West I idic«, in 1757. He joined the people of New York 
in their revolutionary movements, while yet a student of King's (now Columbin) college. He was Wash- 
ington's secretary, and was alwavs distinguished as a fi"e writer and accomplished soldier. He was truly 
one of the great men of our historv. He was forced into a personal combat with Aaron Burr, which cost 
him his life, in July, ISM. His widow, daughter of General Schuvler, died on the 9tli of November, 1?54, 
at the age of ninety-seven years. 

5. Verse 8, page 26 ). Government assumed the payment of State debts to the amount of Sl,rOI\nnn. 

6. Verse 6, page . 7- Verse 9, pace -61. 
V Yt"'^'"*'"'.^'^** originally called the Kew Hampshirf. Granta. and was claimed by both New York ai 
iSew Hampshire. In 1777. the people met in convention, and proclaimed the f errito-ies" an independent Stal 
After purchasing the claims of New Y'ork for SiO,!™, it was admitted into the Union. 




GENERAL KNOX. 



; State. 



Questions. — ♦. What financial arraneemc'its were made? What in reference to the future seat of gov- 
ernment? a. What three Stales were added to the Union ? What settlements and territorial organizations 
were made ? 

12 



2G6 THE NATION. 



The North- West Territory. United States Bank. Indian wars. 

rapidly spreading beyond the Alleghanies,' and the subject of territorial or- 
ganizations was pressed upon the consideration of Congress. Already the 
North- Western Territory, embracing the present States of Ohio, Indiana, II- 
Unois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, had been established [July, 1787], an I Ten- 
nessee had been constituted [March 2G, 1790] the Territory South- Wed of the 
Ohio. 

G. Pursuant to the recommendation of Hamilton, a national financial agent, 
called the Bank of the United States," was incorporated, and provision was 
made for the estabUshment of a mint^ for national comage. 

7. For several years after the peace of 1783,* the British held possession of 
western posts belonging to the United States, and the fact that they were 
continually exciting the Indians against the American people, caused a preva- 
lent belief that the British government yet hoped for an opportunity to bring 
the new Republic back to colonial dependence. In the Summer of 1790, the 
Indians continued hostilities, and General Harmer was sent into the country 
north of the present Cincinnati, with quite a strong force, to desolate their 
villages and crops as Sullivan did those of the Senecas in 1779.^ In this he 
succeeded, but in two battles [Oct. 17 and 22, 1790], near the present village 
of Fort Wayne, in Indiana, he was defeated, with considerable loss. A year 
afterward. General St. Clair," then governor of the North- West Territory, 
marched into the Indian country, with two thousand men. While in camp 
near the northern line of Darke county, Oliio, on the boi;der of Indiana, he 
was surprised and defeated [Nov. 4, 1791] by the Indians, with a loss of about 
six hundred men. 

8. General Wayne' was appointed to succeed St. Clair in military command, 
and he marched into the Indian country in the Autumn of 1793. He spent 
the Winter near the place of St. Clair's defeat, where he built Fort Eecovery, 
and the following Summer [1794] he pushed forward to the Maumee river, 
and built Fort Defiance.* He went down that stream with three thousand 
men, and not far from the present Maumee City,'' he fought and defeated [Aug. 
20] the Indians.'" He then laid waste their country; and the following year 
the chiefs of the Western tribes met [Aug. 3, 1795] commissioners of the 
United States, at Greenville," made a treaty pf peace, ''^ and ceded to the 

1 The first census, or enumeration of the inhabitants of (he United States, was completed in. 1791. The 
number of all sexes and color was 3,9l!9,()(XI. The number of slaves was C95,'ii 

'.'. At that time ihe whole banking capital in the United Stales was only S:!,0IX),OnO, invested in the Dank 
of North Amerira at I'hilarielphia (verse 3, page 248], the Bank nf New York, in New Yorl« city, and Iho 
Bankof Maxsachnfetls, in 15ostoii. The Bank of the United States began its operations in corporate form, 
in February, ]7<i-l, with a capital of 810,000,000. 

3. The first mint went into operation in 179.', in Pliiladelphia, and remained the sole issuer of coin, i^i (he 
United States, until 1:35, when a branch was established in each of the States of Georgia, North Carolina, 
and Ijouisiana. 

4. Verse ?, pape 25-'. 5. Verse 1 1, page 2'6. 0. Verse IP, page 219 7. Verse 11, page 2.'i4. 
8. At the junction of the Au Ohiize w.th the Maumee river, in the southeast part of Williams county, 

Ohio. 
9 In the town of Waynesfiold. The British then occupied a fort at the Maumee rapids, near by. 

10. Verse 13, page 15. 

11. In Darke county, Ohio. There Wayne built a fort in 1793. 12. Verse 9, page 1!. 



QcESTiOJis.— fi. What can yon tell of a hank and mint? 7. What causerl ill-feeling toward the Briti.'ihf 
How were Indians influcn'ed, nnd what dirl they do? Wlmt battles and defeats occurred? 8 What can 
you tell of Wayne's oxpoditiou into the Indian country ? Wliat was the result f 



Washington's administration. 267 



Federalists and Republicans. French Revolution. Troubles with the French minister. 

latter a large tract of land in the present States of Michigan' and Indiana. 
After that, the United States had very little trouble with the Western In- 
dians, until just before the breaking out of the war of 1812-15.- 

9. During the second session of the second Congress, part}'' spirit became 
rampant among the people, as well as in the national legislature. Hamilton 
and Jefterson, the heads of distinct departments' in Washington's cabinet, 
differed materially concerning important public measures, and then were drawn 
those lines of party distinction, known as Federalist and Republican,^ which 
continued for a quarter of a century. During the Summer of 1792, very lit- 
tle of public interest occurred, except the admission [June 1, 1792] of Ken- 
tucky^ into the Union, but tlie marshaling of forces for the presidential 
election. In the Autumn, Washington and Adams were re-elected by large 
majorities, yet the Republican party were daily gaining strength. A bloody 
revolution was in progress in France. The people there had abolished mon- 
archy, and murdered their king, and the new Republic in name (a political 
chaos in reality), sent M. Genet as its minister to the United States, to obtain 
the co-operation of the American people. The French Republic had declared 
war against England, Spain, and Holland, and needed transatlantic assistance. 
Remembering the recent alliance," and sympathizing with all efforts for popu- 
lar freedom, the Republican party here, and many of the Federalists, received 
Genet' with open arms, and espoused his cause. 

10. Genet's zeal outstripped his prudence, and defeated his plans. Without 
waiting for an expression of opinions or intentions from the government of 
the United States, he began to fit out privateers* in our ports, to depredate 
upon English, Dutch, and Spanish property f and when Washington pru- 
dently issued [May 9, 1793J a proclamation, declaring it to be the duty and 
the interest of the pcojijle of the United States to preserve a strict neutrality 
toward the contending powers of Europe, Genet persisted, and tried to excite 
hostility between our j^eople and their government. Washington finally re- 
quested [July], and obtained his recall, and Fouchct, Avho succeeded him 
[1794], was instructed to assure the President that the French government 
disapproved of Genet's'" conduct. 

1. The British h^M possession of Detroit, and nearly all Micliigan, until 1796. See verse 12, page 2P8. 

2. Verso S, pape 280. 3. Verfe 2, page '.64. 

4. The Fnlenili.'tx were Ihose who favored the concentration of great power in the Federal Goverument. 
The /?f/)///;^/ra/i.f were fnr dilfnf-itip power among the people. 

5. Kentucky, which had h en settled chiefly by Virginians, and was claimed as a part of the territory of 
that State, was now erecleil into an eiual memher of the Repulilic. Its first sctllemeiit was at Boones- 
boro, by Daniel Boone, in 1775. He and Clarke Iverse l-f, pat'e -.235] were co-workers against the British 
and Indians, during the Revohiiinn, and liy extraordinary exertions, they redeemed a gieat portion of Ken- 
tucky from savage rule. Vet Bnnre died in 1 '20. at almost ninety yea: s of age (note ■', page •J.'-.'i], without 
owning suBicieTit land for a but ial place in all Kertuckv. The legislature tif Missouri gave him ten thou 
sand acres of wild land. " 6. Verse 26, page 223. 

7. He arrived at Charleston in April, 1793, and then prepared for fnture operation.s. 

8. Note 4, page \9!*. 

9. These cruisers brought captured vessels into onr ports, and French consuls actually held courts of 
admiralty, and authoiized the sale of the prizes ; and all this was done before Genet was recognized as a 
minister, by the * merican gorevnment. 

10 Edward Charles Genet was the son of a distinguished public man in France. He married a daughter 
of Governor George Clinton [note 3, page 260], and remained in the United States. He died at Greenbush, 



Qhestions.— 9. What can yon tell of party spirit' What special occurrence tool? place in 179'^? What 
of the revolution i'l France, and its influence in Ameica? What happened? 10. What can you tell of iha 
FrcDch minister. Genet? What did his conduct lead to? 



268 



THE NATION. 



Whisky Insurrection. 



Jay's treaty. 



11. A law passed in 1791, which imposed duties on domestic distilled liquors, 
was very unpopular ; and when, in 1794, officers were sent to enforce it among 
the Dutch inhabitants of western Pennsylvania, they were resisted by the 
people in arms.' After issuing two proclamations [Aug. 7, Sept. 25] without 
effect, the President sent [Oct.] a large body of iniliLia, under General Henry 
Lee," to enforce obeilience. This last argument was effectual. Tliis event is 
known in history as the Whisky Insurrection. 

12. While these internal commotions were disturbing the public tranquillity^ 
a bitter feeling was growing up between the American and British govern- 
ments. Each accused the other of infractions of the treaty of 1783,^ and the 

disputes daily assuming a more bitter tone, threat- 
ened to involve the two nations in another war. 
John Jay* was appointed [April 19, 1794] an en- 
voy extraordinary* to the British court, to adjust 
all matters in dispute. The Americans complained 
that no indemnification had been made for negroes 
carried away at the close of the Revolution;" that 
;: the British held military posts on their frontiers, 
contrary to the treaty ;'' that British emissaries 
had excited the hostility of the Indians,^ and that 
to retaliate on France, the English had captured 
our neutral vessels, and impressed our seamen" 
The British complained that stipulations concerning 

the property of Loyalists,'" and also in relation to debts contracted in England 

before the close of the war, had not been complied with. 

13. Mr. Jay negotiated a treaty which was not very satisfactory. It pro- 
vided for the collection of debts here, by British creditors, which had been 
contracted before the Revolution, but it procured no redress for those who 
had lost negroes. It secured indemnity for unlawful captures on the seas, and 
the evacuation of the forts on the frontiers, by the 1st of June, 1796. The 
treaty gave rise to violent debates in Congress, and in State legislatures, but 




:«#. 



.lOri^i JA.Y. 



into the British service. 



near Albany, in 1S34. aged seventy-two years. He left a large quantity of valuable papers, which might, 
if published. mal<e a valuable addition to history 

1. The insurrection became peneral in all the western counties, and in the vicinity of Pittsburg many 
outrages were committed. Buildinps were burned, mails were robbed, and government officers were in- 
sulted and abused. It was estimated that at one lime the insurgents numbered teven thousand. 

2. No:e 3, page 2Jl. 3. Verse 3, page e5«. 

4. >Joli 1 Jay was a descendant of a ITuguenot family [verso 12, page.^.S), and was born in the cily of New 
York in 1745. He was earlv in the ranks of active patriots, and rendered very important services durivg 
the Revoliilion. He retired from public life in 1^01, and died in 182.i, at the age of e'.ghty-four years. His 
residence was at Bedford, Westchester county, New York. 

5. A minister appointed for a .special purpose. 

6. lluiing he list two years of the war in the Carolinas and Georgia, and at the final evacuation, the 
British plundered many plautations, and sold the negroes in the West Indies. 

7. Verse 3, page 2-8. ?■ Verse 7, page ;'66. 

9. This practice was one of the causes which finally produced a war between the two nations, in 1812. 

10. The Loyalists endeavored to regain their confi.scated estates, and also indemnity for their losses during 
the war. The IJritish government paid to these sull'erers more than S1,'),IWO,000. 



QUESTIONS. — 11. What law was unpopular? What occurred in western Pennsylvania? 1?. Wliat caused 
anini'isity between the governments of Great Hriiain and the United States? What was done to remove 
the feeling? What were the complaints? 1.3. Wliat treaty was negotiated ? What terms were agreed to! 
How was it received by the Americans? What other treaty was negotiated? 



Washington's administiiation. 269 

Algerine pirates. Close of Washington's administration. Election of Adams. 

was ratified by the Senate on the 24th of June, 1795.' In October follow- 
ing, a treaty was concluded with Spain, by which boundaries between the 
Spanish territories of Louisiana and Florida, and the United States, were 
defined. 

14. American commerce now began to find its way into the Mediterranean, 
but was there met by Algerine pirates, who seized the merchandise, and held 
the seamen in captivity, in order to procure ransom money. These depreda- 
tions gave rise to efforts to organize a navy; and in 1794, Congress appro- 
priated almost seven hundred thousand dollars for the purpose. But the 
United States were compelled to make a treaty [Nov. 28, 1795] of peace with 
the Dey of Algiers, by which an annual tribute was given for the redemption 
of captives, in accordance with the long-established usage of European nations.'' 

15. The administration of Washington now drew to a close. It had been 
one of vast importance and incessant action. All disputes with foreign 
nations, except France,' had been adjusted ; government credit was estab- 
lished, and the nation was highly prosperous.* The last year of his adminis- 
tration was signalized by the admissron [June, 1796] of Tennessee into the 
Union of States, making the number of confederated republics, sixteen. 

16. And now came the first great struggle for ascendancy, between the 
Federalists and the Republicans.^ The only man on whom the nation could 
unite was about to retire from public life. The Federalists nominated John 
Adams, and the Republicans, Thomas Jefferson, for the Presidency. The con- 
test Avas fit-rce, and resulted in the election of Adams, with Jefferson for 
Vice-President. It was a victory to both parties. On the 4th of ]\Iarch fol- 
lowing [1797], Mr. Adams was inaugurated, and Washington, who had already 
issued [Sept., 1796], a Farewell Address to his countrymen, full of wisdom 
and patriotism, retired to the quietude of Mount Vernon, from which he was 
never again enticed to the performance of public duties. 

1. Great excitement succeede'i. In several cities mobs threatened personal violence to the pnpportcrs of 
the treaty. Mr. Jay was bin nod in effigy (note 5, page 176], Mr. Hamilton was stoned at a public meeting, 
and the Biitish minisier in Pliiladelphia was insulted. But the treaty resulted in gmd. 

2. Between the years 1785 and 1793, the Algerine pirates captured and carried into Algiers, fifteen Amer- 
ican vessels used tlie properly, and made one hundred and cightv officers and seamen, slaves of the most 
revolting kind. In 1,95, the United States agreed, by treaty, io pay S8U0,(I()0 for captives, then alive, and 
in addition, to malte the dey, or governor, a present of a "frigate, worth $;00,0 0. An annual tribute of 
S ,S,IJ00, in maritime stores, was also to be paid. This was complied with until the breaking out of the war 
of 1812. 

3. The French government was highly displeased because of the treaty made with England by Mr. Jay, 
and even adopted hostile measures toward the United .Slates. 

4. Commerce had wonderfully e.xpanded. The exports had, in five years, increased from $19,000,000 to 
more ihati $36,01)0,000, and theimports in about the same ratio. 5. Note 4, page 2J7. 



QuKSTiONS. — 14. What can yon tell of Ameican commerce and Algerine pirates? 15. What wns the 
eonditionof the United States iu 1,96? 16. What signal political event now occurred? What did Wash- 
ington do ? 



270 



THE NATION. 



Troubles with France. 



American ministers in France, 



SECTION II. 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, [1*797-1801.] 

1. President Adams' adopted the national 
cabinet council left by Washington,* as his 
own. The unpleasant relations existing be- 
tween France and the United States received 
the earliest and most earnest attention of the 
new administration, and by proclamation the 
Pi-esident convened an extraordinary Con- 
gress on the 15th of May, 1797. In the 
mean time, our government had been in- 
sulted by the French minister here, and by 
the French Directory.' The American min- 
ister, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, had been 
order&tl to leave Fi-ancc, and that government 
had authorized depredations upon our com- 
merce. 

2. Congress appointed [July] three envoys,* 
i I with Pinckney at their head, to proceed to 
; ' France, and adjust all difficulties. They were 

refused an audience [October] with the Di- 
rectorj'-, unless they should first pay a large 
sum of money into the French treasury. 
The demand was indignantly refused.^ The 
two Federalist envoys (Marshall and Pinck- 
ney) were ordered out of the country, wliile 
Mr. Gerry, Avho was a Republican, and 
whose party sympathized with the measures 
of France, was allowed to remain. 
3. Perceiving the futility of further attempts at negotiation, Congress, 




ADAMS, AND HIS KESIDENCE. 



1. John \ flams was horn in Massachusetts in ITS."), and, wilh Hancock and others, early took p.irt in the 
popular ninvement at Houston. Ifc was a MV'iicr i T tlic Uecliiriilion (jf Independence, and for a long lime a 
representative <.f the United Stales in Env..,ie. He died on the llh of .Inly (verse 4. pape 31fiJ. 1.^26. 

2. Timothy Pickering, Secretary of St.tte ■ Oliver Wolcot, Secretary of the Treasury ; James M 'Henry, 
Secreuiry of War ; and Charles I,ee, Attorney General. Washington's first cabijiet had all resigned dining 
the early pait of liis second teim of olfice (he President is elected for four years), and the above named 
gentlemen were appointed diirirg HO.') and 170'. 

X The Republican government of France was administered by n council called the Directory. It was 
composed of live members, and ruled in connection with two representative bodies, called, respeciively, the 
Coiinril of Aiirii:,ili<,a.ui\\ha Council o/ Fire Jliindrcd. The Directory was the head, or executive power of 
the gnv,.'rnmcnt. 

4. (". <;. Pinckney, Klbridge Oerry, and John Marshall. Pinckney was an active patiiot in South Caro- 
lina during the Revolution ; Oerry was oreoflhe signersof the Declaration of Independence ; and J'arthall 
had been an active patriot and soldier. The latter was afterward Chief-Justice of the United Slates, and ad- 
ministered the oath to seveiai Presidents. 

r-. These overtures were mad' by unnfScial agents employed by the French Directory. It was on this oc- 
casion that Pinckney uttered that noble .'■eniimcnt — ">IiIlions for riefenfo, but not one cent for tribute." 



QUE.STIONS. — 1. What can you tell of the beginrirg of P- evident Adams's administration? What were 
the relations between France and the United States? 2. AVhat occurred between the Goverament of (ho 
United States end France? How weie United States ministers treated? 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 271 



Preparations for war with Franco. Toace. Death of Washington. 

during its next session,* and the country generally began to prepare for war. 
Quite a large standing army was authorized [May, 1798], and as Washington 
approved of the measure, he was appointed [July] its commander-in-chief.^ 
A naval armament, and the capture of French vesselsofwar were authorized; 
and a naval department, with Benjamin Stoddart of Maryland, at its head, 
was created. Hostilities even commenced on the ocean, and a vessel of each 
nation suffered capture,' but the army was not summoned to the field. 

4. The dignified and decided measures* adopted by the United State?, 
humbled the proud tone of the French Directory, and that body made over- 
tures for a peaceful adjustment of difficulties. President Adams immediately 
appointed [Feb. 26, 1799] three envoys^ to proceed to France and negotiate 
for peace, but when they arrived the weak Directory was no more. The 
government was in the hands of Napoleon. Bonaparte [Nov., 1799], as First 
Consul,^ whose audacity and energy now saved France from anarchy and 
utter ruin. He promptly received the United States embassadors, concluded 
a treaty [Sept. 30, 1800], and gave such assurances of friendly feelings, that, 
on the return of the ministers, the provisional army of the United States was 
disbanded. Its illustrious commander-in-chief had already been removed by 
death. 

5. Washington died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of December, 1799, when 
almost sixty-eight years of age. No event, since the foundation of the govern- 
ment, had niade such an impression on the public mind. The national grief 
was sincere, and party spirit was hushed into silence at his grave. AH 
hearts united in homage to the memory of him who was properly regarded 
as the Father of his Country. Impressive funeral ceremonies were observed 
by Congress, and throughout the country. General Henry Lee,' of Virginia, 
delivered [Dec. 26, 1799] an eloquent funeral oration before the national 
Legislature, and the recommendation of that body for the people of the United 
States to wear crape on their left arms for thirty days, was generally complied 
with.* The whole nation put on tokens of mourning. The deatli of Wash- 

1. Convened in November, 171". 

'l^ Genera] \lexaM*ler ITannlton was appointed his lieutenant, and was the immediaie and active com- 
mandor-in-chi.f. It wns hanily experte.i that Washinsrtnn would en(ra(re in actual sei viee. 

.'. The United States (nsaii CimftelhiHon, capinicd the French fiiaafc L' In-^urgentf, in Ftbinarv, 17r9. 
Thut fiigale had already taken Ihe Ameiiian Sf hooner TtetnKation. On the 1st of February, 1,^0(1, the €on- 
HteJl/tlioti had an action with the French frigate La Venrj'iince, but escaped capture after a loss of one hun- 
dred aid sixty men, killed and wounded. 

4. Two unpopular domestic measures wee adopted in Ihe snmmerof 179S, known as the ^^"en and SeiHtion 
laws. The first au'horized ihe President (o cxptl from ih3 co\intry any alien (not a ciiizen) who should be 
suspected of conspiiins aarqinst the republic It was computed that (here were mo'e than thirty thousand 
I renchm >n in the United States. The Sedtiion law authoiiz.od ihe suppression of pnblicallons calculated to 
weiken the authiritv of the p-overnment. These were unpopular, because they mipht lead to erent abuses. 

.5. W. v. Murray, Oliver EUsw rih, and Patrick Henry. Mr. Henry declined, and William E. Davie 
(note 2, pn.ie m], of North Carolina. too\- his place. 

I'. Bonapirte. Cimbnceres, and the ' bb^ S'oves, became (he rulinp prrp-er of Fmncc, with (he title of 
Consuls, after (he nrst had overthrown th» niiectorv. Bonapaite was the Fir't Cnnstil, and was, in fact, an 
autoc-at, or one who rules by his own will. 7. \-e,^cs9, pacre '^.M, and 11, page 268. 

8. ConjT-ess also resolved to erect a man^oleum, or monument, at Washintrton city, to his memory, but the 
resolution has never been ca-ried into effect. A great obelUk is now in course of erection there, to be 
paid for by individual subscriptions. 



Qnr.STiON-s. — ?. What did Onrq-ress do? What preparntjons for war were made? 4. What effect did 
th'jse measures have? What was done by Oonfrrcs-! ? What changes hid ocentred in France? and what 
r»stl;s followed ? r> What can you tell of the death of Washinctonf What public honors were awarded f 
What of public feelinc? 



272 



THE NATION. 



Seat of government at Washington city. 



Election of Jefferson. 



ington made a profound impression in Europe, also. To tlio people there, 
Tvho were aspiring for freedom, it seemed as if a bright star had disappeared 
from the firmament of their hopes. 

6. Very httle of general interest occurred during the remainder of Mr. 
Adams's administration, except the removal of the seat of the Federal Gov- 
ernment to the District of Columbia,' during the summer of 1800; the admis- 
sion []May, 1800] of the country between the western frontier of Georgia and 
the Mi3sissip2?i river, into the Union, as the Mississippi Territory^ and the elec- 
tion of a new President of the United States. Now, again, came a severe 

struggle between the Federalists and Repub- 
licans, for political power. The former nom- 
inated Mr. Adams and Charles Cotesworth 
Pinckney,^ for President; the latter nom- 
inated Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr,' 
for the same office. In consequence of dis- 
sensions among Federalist leaders, and the 
rapid development of ultra-democratic ideas 
among the people, the Republican party was 
successful. Jefferson and Burr had the same 
number of votes. The former was afterward 
elected Pi-esident by the House of Represent- 
atives.* 




'P J^\ 



jr.FrrusoN, a>'i> ms nnsiDENCE. 



SECTION III. 

Jefferson's administkatiox. 
[1801-1809.] 

1. Mr. Jefferson^ was inaugurated [March 
4, 1801] in the new capitol, at Washington 
city. The official oath was administered by 
his revolutionary compatriot, John Marshall, 
then Chief-Justice of the United States. He 
retained, for a short time, Mr. Adams's Sec- 
retaries of the Treasury and Navy,*^ but called 



1. Verse 4, page 2"5. A tract ten miles Rouarp, on each side of the Potomac, and cerle-I 1o the United 
States bv Maivlaiid and Virginia, in 1790 The city of Washinpton was laid out there in \'i^\, and the erec- 
tion of the (^ipilol was commenced in Vi<:?,. 2. Verse 1, page 270. .''. Verse G, page 27.'5. 

•1. When the electors cnnntcfl the votes, Jefferson and Burr had an cqnal nnmber. The choice was there- 
fore transfeired to the ITonseof Reprcseiilativcs, according to the provisions of the Constitntion. Thechoico 
finally fell upon '*'r. Jefferson, after Ihirly-fivp ballnlings ; and >'r. Hnrr was proclaimed Vice-President. 
P'lripg 1 00, another epiinieratinn of the inhatiitants of the I'nion was made. The pop"'"''"" was then 
.">,.",! 0,7';2, nil iTicreaep of 1,40 1,000 in ten years. The reven\ie, which amounted to$4,771,iirOin 1790, amounted 
to almost Pl.S,' ()0.(» in ISOO. 

5. Thomas JelTiTson was born in Virginia in 174.''. lie was a signer of the D"cIaralion of Independence 
fverse 10, page t'021. Governor of Virginia, and a foreign minister. He retired from pnblic life in Ift 9, and 
died on the 4th of July 1 verse 4, page 306], 18 6. (3. Samuel Dexter, and Henjamin Stoddart. 

OtiESTiONS. — '"'. What public events occurred during the year 1800? 1. What of Jederson's inaugura- 
tion ? What of his af pointments to ctficef 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



273 



PurehaEe of Louisiana. 



War with TripolL 



Republicans to fill the other seats in his cabinet.' Mr. Jeflersou made many 
removals from official stations. 

2. Jefferson's administration was signalized, at the beginning, by the repeal 
of the act imposing internal duties," and other obnoxious and unpopular laws. 
Vigor and enlightened views marked his course ; a'ld even his political op- 
ponents confessed his forecast and wisdom in many things. Dui-ing his first 
term, one State and two Territories were added to the confederao}''. A 
part of the North-western Territory^ became a State, under the name of Ohio,* 
in the autumn of 1S02; and in the spring of 1803, Louisiana was purchased 
[April, 1S03] of France,^ for fifteen millions of dollars. Out of it two Teni- 
tories were formed, called, respectively, the Territory of New Orleans^ and the 
District of Louisiana. 

3. The insolence of the piratical powers on 
the southern shores of the Mediterranean" became 
unendurable ;' and the United States government 

now determined to 
cease paying tribute 
to them. The Ba- 
shaw of TripoU de- 
clared war [June 10, 
1801] against the 
United States; and 
Captain Baihbridge 

was ordered to cruise in the Mediterranean 
to protect American commerce. In 1803, 
Commodore Preble was sent thither to hum- 
ble the pirates. After bringing the Emperor 





BNITCD STATES FEIGATE. 



coMMonor.n uviNi.EtDGr. 



1. James Madison, Secretary of Slate ; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War ; Levi Lincoln, Attorney-Gen- 
eral. Liefore the meeting: of Congres;!, in December, he appoiniei! Albert Gallalin, Secretary of the Tre'asury, 
and Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy. They were both Republicans. 

2. Verse 11, pafre :tJ8. 3. Verse 5, p.nge :6?. 

4. No section of the Ur.;on had increased, in population and resources, so rapidly as Ohio. It was es- 
timated that, during the year L88, full twenty thousand men, women, and children, had passed down the 
Ohio river, to become settlers in the North-western Territory. When Ohio was admitted as a State, it con- 
tained a population of about 7 ',OIJO. When, in 180 l, Ohio was formed into a Terri:ory, the residue of iho 
Northwest Ton ilory remained as one uutil 180'.', when the two Teriitoiies of Indxma and lUiiiois yscie 
formed. 

5. In viola'ion of a treaty made in the year 1793, the Spanish Oovernor of Loui^iana closed the port of 
New Orleans in 18 2. G:eat excitement prevailed throughout thj western settlements ; and apioposilion was 
made lu Congress, to take forcible j.osses> ion of the territory. It was a«ceilaircd lliat, by a secret treaty, 
the country had been ceded to France, by Spain. Negotiations for its purchase were immediately opened 
with Napoleon, and the bargain was consimimated in Apiil, 1R)3. The Tnited States took peaceable pos- 
session in the anlinnn of that year. It contained about 85,(11) i mixed inhabitants, and about -^tyOOnegio 
slaves. When this bnrgain was consummated, Napoleon said, p?opheticalIy. " This accession of territory 
strengthens forever the power of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maritime rival that 
Will sooner or la'er humble her pride." 

C Morocco, >lgiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, in Africa. Thev are known ns the P,arhary Fmrem. 

7- In September, 18l)ll, Ciiptaiir liainbiidge arrived st Altriers, in the frigate Cmrge Kothivylon, with the 
animal tiibnte money f verse 14, page 2i}9]. The dey, or governor, demanded the use of his vessel to raiiy 
an enibassador to Constanlinople. Hainbridge remonstrated, when the dey haiighii!y observed, " You pay 
me tribute, by which you become my slaves, and therefore I have a right to order you, as I think prf pei.'' 
IJainbridge was obliged to comply, for the casile guns would not allow him to pass out of the haibor. Ila 
had the honor of first displaying the .American fl;rg before the ancient city of Constantinople. The Sul im 
regarded it as a favorableomen of future friendship, because iris flag bore a cretcent or new-moon, and .he 
American, a group of stars. 

OfESTlONS.— 2. What signalized .Teflerson's administration? What additions were made to the Union? 
?. What occurred in relation to the pirates of the Me litorraDean ? What can you tell of an expedition against 



12^ 



274 



THE NATION. 



r.jcapturo of the Philadelphia. 



Expedition under Eaton and Hamct. 




LIEtJTENANT DECATUE. 



of Morocco to terms, he appeared before Tripoli, with his squadron. One of 
his vessels (tlic PInladeljyhia), commanled by IJainbriilije," struck on a rock 
ill the harbor, Avhilo reconnoitering, and was captured [Oct. 31, 1803] by the 
Tnpolitans. The officers were treated as jirisoners of war, but the crew were 
made slaves. 

4. Early the following year. Lieutenant Decatur,* 
"\^•iLh only seventy-six men, sailed into the harbor in 
the evening [Feb. 16, 1804]; and running alongside 
the Philadelphia (which lay moored near the castle, 
and guarded by a large number of Tripolitans), boarded 
her, killed or drove into the sea all of her turbaned de- 
fenders, set her on fire, and under cover of a heavy 
cannonade from the American squadron, escaped with- 
out losing a man.^ This bold act humbled and alarmed 
the bashaw;^ yet his capital withstood a heavy bom- 
bardment, and his gun-boats gallantly sustained a se- 
vere action [Aug. 3] with the American vessels. 
5. Through the aid of Hamet Caramelli, brother of the reigning bashaw 
(or governor) of Tripoli, favorable terms of peace were secured the following 
year. The bashaw was a usurper, and Ilamet, the rightful, heir to the throne,^ 
v/a? an exile in Egypt. He readily concerted with Captain 
William Eaton, American consul at Tunis, in a plan for 
humbling the bashaw, and obtaining his own restoration 
to rightful authority. Early in March, 1805, Eaton left 
Alexandria, with seventy United States seamen, accompan- 
ied by Ilamet and hh followers, and a few Egyptian 
troops. They made a j )r.i'uoy of a thousand miles across 
the Barcan desert, anJ on the 27th of April, captured 
Derne, a Tripolitan city on the Mediterranean. Three 
We'cks later [May IS], they had a successful battle with 
Tripolitan troops ; and on the 18th of June they again 
defeated the forces of the bashaw, and pressed forward to- 
ward Tripoli. The terrified ruler had made terms of peace 
[June 4, 1805] with Colonel Tobias Lear, American consul-general" in the 

I. William Rainb;i'ij^3 wjis bnrn in Xew JorRcy. in I'T-l. Ho was captain of a merchant vcR?el at (lie are 
of uinutee 1 years, nud entered the naval service in 1 9S. lie was dibtinguished duiing the second War for 
I.i lepjn lenee fverse ti, papc 2"0| and died in 18.^ . 

". Stephen Decatur was born in Maryland, in 1779. lie enteied the navy at the age of nineteen years. 
Afier his last rniise in the Mediterranean, he snpeiintendcd the bnildinp of V'i"-'ioats lie rose to the rank 
of commodore, and dnrinp: the second War for Independence fverse G, pape "FOl he was dislingnished for 
his skill and bravorv. He afierward humbled the HarbMy Powers [note C, page H'] ; and aflei' returning 
hamj, he was killel in a duel with Commodore Uarron, iii March, ^20. 

'^. This act g.-eiitly enraged the Tiipolitans, and the American prisoners were treated with the utmost 
severity. 

•I. 15 ish.iw, or P icha f as-shawj is the title of the governor of a province, or town, in the dominions of 
the Sultan Cnr emperor) of Turkey. The^e Barbary Stales are all under the Sullan's rule. 

5. Tlic hashnw, who was a third son, had murdered his fiMie- an 1 i bier brother, and compelled Harael 
to fly for his life. Wi'h quite a large number of followers he fled into Egypt. 

6- A consul ii an oSeer appointed by a government to reside in a foreign port, to have a general super- 

QuP.STir)^?. — I. What bold act was perfo-med in the harbor of Tiipoli? What were its eifectsf 5. What 
remarkable expedition was undertaken? Wh.at did it accomplish? 




MOnAMMEPAN 
SOLIiIEll. 



JEFFETISON S ADMINISTRATIOjSr. 



275 



Aaron Burr in the West. 



Uis military Bchemc. 



Trial for treason, and acquittal. 



and the 




^^ \f 



^AGON liUUiI 



Mediterranean, and thus disappointed the laudable ambition cf Eaton, and 
the hopes of Hamet* 

6. The great West was now rapidly filling with adventurers, 
materials for new States were gathering. Michi- 
gan v.-as erected into a Territory [1805], anl all 
along the Mississippi, extensive settlements were 
commencing. Taking advantag(! of the restless 
fpirit of these settlers, and the general imi)ression 
that the Spanish population of Louisiana woul 1 
not quietly submit to the jurisdiction of the Unite 1 
States," Aaron Burr sought to make them subserv- 
ient to his own ambitions piu-poses. His murder 
[July 12, 1804] of Hamilton in a duel,^ made him 
everywhere detested ; and being superseded in the 
office of Vice-President of the United States by 
George Clinton,^ he sought a new field for achiev- 
ing personal aggrandizement. In the Summer of 180(5, he was active in the 
organization of a military exped tion in the West, and the secrecy with which 
it was carried on, excited the su picious of the general government. He was 
suspected of a design to dismember the Union, and to establish an independ- 
ent empire west of the Alleghanies, with him- 
^1 If at the head. He was arrested in the Missis- 
sippi Territory* in February, 1807, tried at 
Kichmond, in Virginia, on a charge of treason, 
. ud acquitted. The testimony showed that his 
pi obablo design was an invasion of Mexican prov- 
mces, and there to establish an independent gov- 

7. The year 1807, is remarlcable in American 
history, as the era of the commencement of suc- 
cessful steamboat navigation. Experiments in 




eo;;ekt fulton'. 



vision of llic romniercial interests of his country there. In some cases they have powers almost erinal to ;i 
rainisler. Rurh ii ;he case with consuls within the ports of Mohammedan countries. The word lon'-ul was 
applie 1 to Napolem [vjrse !, papo 27iJ in the ancient Roman sense. It was the title of the chief magis- 
trate of Rome durirg: the Republic. 

1. Hamet af.erward came lo the United StateF, and applied to Congress for a remuneration for his serv- 
ices in favor of Ihe Americans. During 185! a descendant of Ilamet was hcie on the same errand. Bo:h 
Avere unsuccessful. 2. A'erse 2, page 27.S. 

?>. A political quarrel led to fatal results. Burr had been informed of some remarks made by Hamilton, 
in public, demsato y lo his character, and he demanded a relrac'.iou. Uamillon considered his demand un- 
reasonable, and refused cnmpliarce. I?urr challenged him to fight, and Ilamilion relnctanlly met him on 
Ihe west side of the Hudson, near Ilnboken, where Ibey Inuglit w'lh pistols. Hamilton discharged his 
■weapon iu the air, bnt Burr look falal aim, and his antagonist f.dl. H:uniUoTi die<l llienext day. 

4. .TefTe-son's second eleclinn took place in (he Autumn of 1?05, and (teorge (Clinton, of New Yotk, "Was 
chosen Vice-President in (he place of Bur. 

5. He wns arrested by Lieutenant (arfei ward major-general) ( taine.=, near Fort Sloddart, on Ihe Tombigbee 
river, iu the presei;t Plate of ;^labamfl. 

n. .\aron But was born in New-Jersey, in 17'^. In his Iwertielh year be .joined (he conlinental armv, 
and accoip^aNied Arnold [verse 21, page 19'1 in his expedition against Quebec. Ill heallb compelled him 
to leave the army in 1779, and he became a distinguished lawyer and active public man. He died on Slatcn 
Island, near New York, in 1836. 



Ocf^STioNs. — fi. Wh"* can yon tell of settlements west of the Alleghanies? What notable movement was 
made in Ihe Mississippi Valley? Who was at Ihe head of it? and what was the result? 



276 



THE NATION. 



Fulton and steam navigation. 



Condition of Europe. 



Orders and decrees.. 



that direction had been made in this country many years before, but it was 
reserved for Robert Fulton to bear the honor of success. He spent many 
years in Fnince, in tlie study of the subject, and through the influence and 
pecuniary aid of Robert R. Livingston,' he was enabled to construct a steam- 
boat, and to make a voyage on the Hudson, from New York to Albany, " against 
Avind and tide," in thirty-six hours." He took out his first patent in 1809. 
AVithin a little more than forty years, the vast operations connected with 
I ,r- steamboat navigation have been brought into ex- 

istence. 

8. The progress of events in Eui'ope now be- 
gan to disturb the amicable relations which had 
subsisted between the two governments of the 
United States and Great Britain, since the ratifi- 
cation of Jay's treaty.^ Napoleon Bonaparte was 
upon the throne of France as emperor, and in 
of Italy, and his three brothers were made rulinn:monarchs. 




KUi.TO>i 8 steam;;oat. 



1806 he was kinc 

Although England had joined the continental powers against him [1803], in 
order to crush the democratic revolution commenced in Fi-ance, all Europe 
was yet trembling in his piescnce. But the United States, by maintaining a 
strict neutrality, neither coveted his favors nor feared his power; at the same 
time American shipping being allowed ^vac intercourse between the English 
and French ports, enjoyed the vast advantages of a profitable carrying trade 
between thein. 

9. But the belligerents, in their anxiety to damage each other, adopted 
measures at once destructive to American commerce, and in violation of the 
most sacred rights of the United St'ites. In this matter, Great Britain took 
the lead. By an order in council,'' that government declared [May IG, 180G] 
the whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe in Germa- 
ny, to Brest, in France, to be in a state of blockade. 
Napoleon retaliated by issuing [Nov. 21] a decree at 
Berlin, which declared all the ports of the British 
islands to be in a state of blockade.^ Great Britain, 
by another order [Jan. 7, 1807] prohibited all coatt 
trade with France, and thus the gamesters played 
with the world's peace and prosperity. American 
vessels were seized by both English and French 




A I'-ELUCCA GUN-l:OAT. 



1. Note 2, pnRe 264. 

2. Robprt Fulton was bmn in Pennsylvaiiin, and was a student oT West, the great painter, for several 
years. He lind more penins for mechanics, than for the line arts, and he inrned his efforlsin that direction. 
He died in 1 l.i, soon afier 'annching a steamship of war, at the iice of fifty years. .S. Verse \'2, page '?.' 8 

4. The H' ilish privy council consists of an indefinite number of gentlemen, chosen by the sovereign, and 
having no diicct connection with the cabinet ministers. Tlie soveicign may, under the advice of this coun- 
cil, i>sne orders of proclamation which, if not contrary to existing laws, are binding njpon »he subjects. 
These are for temporary purposes, aiid are called Ordfrsin Cn>inrih 

5. Napoleon intended this as a blow against Kngland's maritime superiority, and it was the beginning of 
what he termed the Continental Si/slem, the chief object of which was the ruin of Great Britain. 

QnESTiONS.— 7. For what was the year 180" remarkable? What can you tell of steam navigation? 
P. What of the progress of events in Knropc? What can yon tell of Napoleon Bonaparte? How did 
events in Knropc ndeet Am^iiean commerce? 0. What evil did the warring parlies do? What European 
measnves aOeetud the commerce of the United .States? What was the position cf rtie United States? 



jeffekson's administuation". 277 

Excitement against the Britisli. The Leopard anJ Clicsapcake. Embargo act. 

cruisers, and American commerce dwindled to a domestic coast trade.' 
Tlio United States lacked a navy to protect her commerce on the ocean, and 
the swarms of gun-boats," which Congress had authorized as a substitute, 
were quite inefficient, even as a coast-guard. 

10. The American mercliants, and all in tlieir interest, so deeply injured by 
the " orders" and " decrees"^ of the warring monarchs, demanded redress of 
grievances. Great excitement prevailed throughout the country, and the 
most bitter feeling was beginning to be felt against Great Britain. This was 
increased by her haughty assertion and offensive practice of the doctrine th^^t 
she had tlie right to search American vessels for suspected deserters from the 
British navy,'' and to carry away the suspected without hiuderance. This 
right was strenuously denied, and its policy vehemently condeumed, because 
American seamen might be thus forced into the British service, under the 
pretense that they were deserters. Indeed, this had already happened.^ 

11. A crisis approached. Four seamen on board the United States frigate 
Chesapeake^ were claimed as deserters from the British armed ship Melampus.^ 
They were demanded, but CominoLiore Birron, of the Chesapeake, refused to 
give them up. The Chesapeake left the coast of Virginia on a cruise on the 
22 J of June, 1807, and on the same day she was chased and attacked by the 
British frigate Leopard. Unsuspicious of danger and unprepared for an 
attack, Barron surrendered his vessel, after losing three men killed and 
eighteen wounded. The four men were then taken on board the Leopard, 
and the Chesapeake returned to Hampton roads.'' Investigation proved that 
three of the seamen (colored men) were native Americans, and that the fourth 
had been impressed into the British service, and had deserted. 

12. This outrage aroused the nation and provoked retaliatory measures. 
The President issued a proclamation in July [1807], ordering all British armed 
vessels to leave the waters of the United States, immediately, and forbiilding 
any to enter, until full satisfaction for the recent insult, and security against 
future aggressions shouM be made.* In the meantime France and England 

1. In May, 1806, James .Monroe [verse !, page 301] and William Pincknev, were appointed to assist in the 
nesoiiationof a treaty with Great Hritain, concerning the rights of neutrals, the imprisonment of seamen, 
rij,'ht of search, etc. A treaty was finally signed, bnt as it did not offer security to American vessels against 
tlie aggressions of British ships in searching them and carrying off seamen, Mr". Jefferson refused to submit 
it to ihd Senate, and rejected it. The Federalists condemned the course of the President, but subsequent 
events proved his wisdom. 

•>. These were small sailing vessels, having a cannon at the bow and stern, and manned bv full armed 
men for tlie purpose of boarding other vessels. 3. Verse 9. pnge 276. 

_ J. Kngltind maintains the doctrine that a British subject can never become an alien. At (he time in qucs- 
tioji, shj held iliat she had a right to take her native born subjects wherever found, and place them in the 
army or navy, even though, by legal process, they had become citizens of another nation. Our laws give 
eiiual proecion to native and adopted citiisens, and would not allow iJreat Britain to exercise her asserted 
privile;re towaid a Brito?i who had become a citizen of the I'nited States. 

5. 1) iiiug nine months in the years IT'.'G and 1797, Mr. King, the American minister in London, had made 
application lor the release of 271 seainen (a greater portion of whom were Americans), who had been seized 
on the lalso charge of being deserters, and pressed into the British service. 

6. A sinall British squadron, of which the MeJampuK was one, was Iving in Linn Haren bay, at the 
mouth of the Chesapeake bay, at this time. It was commanded bv Admiral Berkelev. 

7. Note 1, pagei34. 

t*. The ['resident forwarded instructions to Mr. Monroe, our minister in England, to demand immedi- 
ate satisfaction for the outrage, and security against similar events in future. (Ireat Britain Iherenpon 
dispatched an euToy extraordinary to the United States, to settle the difficultv in question. The envoy 
would not enter into negotiations until the President should withdraw his proclamation, and so th-^ matter 

QoKSTio.vs.— 11. What caused public excitement in the United Slates? What British doct;i::e was pro- 
mulijated and opposed/ li. What hostile events occurred in L07? 



278 THE NATION. 



The " orders" and " decrees." Repeal of Embargo act. Election and inauguration of Madisoi. 

continued to play their desperate commercial game, unmindful of the interests 
of other nations, or the obligations of international law. A British order in 
council' was issued on the llthof jSToveraber, 1807, forbidding neutral nations 
to trade with France or her aUies, excepting upon payment of a tribute to Great 
Britain. Napoleon retaliated by issuing [Dec. 17] a decree at Milan, forbid- .j. 
ding all trade with England or her colonies; and authorizing the confiscation 
of any vessel found in his port^, which had submitted to English search, or 
paid the exacted tribute. When the American Congress met [Dec. 22], that 
body decreed an embargo, wliieh detained all vessels, American and foreign, a 
in our ports; and ordered American vessels abroad to return home immedi- -■ 
ately, that the seamen might be trained for the inevital)lc war. Thus the 
chief commerce of the world was brought to a full stop. 

13. The embargo was a very unpopular measure with the commercial people 
of the United States, for it spread ruin throughout the shipping interest. As 
it failed to obtain from England and France any acknowledgment of Amer- 
ican rights, it was repealed on the 1st of ilarch, 1809, three days before Mr. 
Jefi'erson retired from office. Congress, at the same time, passed [March 1, 
1809] a law which forbade all commercial intercourse with France and En- 
gland, until Ihe "orders in council" and the "decrees"" should be repealed. 

14. Mr. Jefferson having served his country as chief magistrate for eight 
consecutive years, noAV retired to private life ; and James Madison, who had 
been elected to succeed him, in the previous Autumn, entered upon his duties 
[March 4], with George Clinton" as Vice-President. 



SECTION IV. 

Madison's administration. [1809-1817.] 

1. No man appeared better fitted for the office of chief magistrate of the 
Republic at that time of general commotion, than Mr. Madison." He had been 
Secretary of State during the whole administration of Mr. Jeflferson, and was 
familiar with every event which had contributed to produce the existing hos- 
tile relations between the United States ami Great Britain. His cabinet^ was 
composed of able men ; and in the eleventh Congress," which convened on 
the 22d of May, 1809, in consequence of the critical state of affairs, there 

ftood until November, 1811 (more than fiuir years), when Ihe British Rovernmpnt fleclare'l the nftaelc on 
the C7(e.'a;j''aZ*e to have been nnanJhoii/ed, and promised peenniarv aid to the families of those who were 
killed, at that time. But Britain wnidd not relinquish tlie rieht of search, .lud so a ca"se for rinarrcl re- 
mained. 1. Note 4, pace 271. ". Verse ?, pnpe 27f>. 3. Note S, pape 'B". 

4. James Madison was born in Vi pinia, in IT.M. He was a member of the Continental Conpress and one 
of tlie chief supporters [note 1. pape 2'21 of tlii'.NationalConsiitnlinn. He was a vi,porous and voluminous 
political writer. He retired fiom public life in IS'7, and died in Ifv^fi. 

.''■. Robert Sm-ili, Secretary of Slnte ; \ Ibert G ill at in. Secretary of I he Treasury ; William Eustis, Secretary 
of War ; Paul Hamilton, Secret.Trv of the Navy ; Cicsar Rodney, Attorney-tieneral. 

6. Its session lasted only about five weeks, because peace seemed probable. 

Questions.— 12. What did the pnvcrnment of the United .States do? What did diplomacy do? What 
Tneasiires susoprder) the commerce of the world? 13. How was the embarpo repardcil? What was done by 
Conpress? 14. What povernme-.t clianpe took place? 1. What can von say of Madi on? What of Iiis cab- 
inet ? What of the eleventli Congres-; ? 



MA1)IS0:N S ADMINISTRATION. 



271) 



Ki'skine's assurances fallacious. 



Injurious measures of Napoleon. 



■was a majority of liis political friend?. Yet 
tliere was a powerful party in the country 
(the Federalist:?) hostile' to his political creed, 
and opposed to a war with England, which 
now seemed i^robable. 

2. Light beamed upon tlie future at the 
beginning of Aladison's administration, bat it 
proved deceitful. Mr. Erslvine, the British 
minister, assured the President that a special 
envoy would soon arrive to settle all matters 
in dispute between the two governments. 
Supposing the minister to be authorized to 
make these assurances, the President issued a 
proclamation [April 19, 1809], permitting a re- 
newal of commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain, on that day. But the government 'p, 
disavoAved Erskine's act, and the President ^>'' 
again proclaimed [Aug. 10] non-intercourse ^' 
This event caused great excitement in th( ^ 
public mind; and had the President then r j t n 
declared war against Great Britain, it would ^-^^ 
doubtless have been very popular. IVC" 

3. Causes for irritation between the t^wo i;^^\^^„.^> 
governments continually increased, and, for a '^^^^^ 
time, political intercourse was suspended. ^ "St^s. 
France, too, continued its aggressions. On madisox, and iiib eebicenje. 
the 23d of March, 1810, Bonaparte issued a decree at Rambouillet, more 
destructive in its operations to American commerce than any measures 
hitherto employed." Three months later [Maj^, 1810], Congress offered to 
resume commercial intercourse with either France or England, or both, 
on condition that they should repeal their obnoxious orders and decrees, 
before the 3d of March, 1811.' The French emperor feigned compliance, and 
by giving assurance [August] that such repeal should take effect in November, 
caused the President to proclaim such resumption of intercourse. But Amer- 
ican vessels continued to be seized by French cruisers, and confiscated: and 
in IMarch, 1811, Napoleon declared the decrees of BerUn" and Milan'' to be the 
fundamental laws of his empire. 

1. Verse 9, p»fre2fl7. 

2. Itderla'B.l fiirfeit every American vessel TvhiVh had entered French ports since Srnrcli, IS'O, or liiat 
mifflit thereafter inter ; and authorized the sale of the same, topether with the carfoes, llie money to he 
placed in the French treasury. Under this decree miiny American vessels -n-crc lost, for vliich only partial 
remnneration has since heen'obtaiiied (note 2, p. 313], Boi-apririe justified this decree by the plea that it was 
made in retaliation for the American decree of non-irtercourse. Verse 12, pacre L"". 

3. The act provided that if either froveriiment should repeal its obnoxious acts, and if the other povcm- 
rnent shonid not do the same within three months (hereafter, then the first should enjoy commeicial inter- 
course with the United States, hut the other should not. 4. Verse 9, pape 276. 5. Verse IJ, pape 277. 

QCF^sTioNS —2. What pood omens appeared? What did the United St.ates pnveTment do? What disap- 
poinmeuls follow"d ? ?■. What were the relations between the United States, and Great Uritain and France, 
iu ISIO? How did Bonaparte act? 




280 THE NATION. 



Conduct of Great Britain. Indian hostilities. Battle of Tippecanoe. 

4. Great Britain acted more honorably, tliough wickedly. She continued 
her hostile orders, and sent ships of war to cruize near the principal ports of 
the United State?, to intercept American merchant vessels and send them to 
England as lawful prizes. While engaged in this nefarious business, the 
sloop of war,' Little Belt, Captain Bingham, was met [May IG, 1811] off the 
coast of Virginia by the American frigate President, Commodore Rogers." 
That ofTicer hailed the conimander of the sloop, and received a cannon-shot in 
reply. A brief action ensued, when Captain Bingham, after having eleven 
men killed ami twenty-one wounded, gave a satisfactory answer to Rogers. 
The conduct of both officers was apj^roved by their respective governments.'' 

5. During 1811, events occurred which led to a declaration of war against 
Great Britain by the United States.'' It had been evident, for a long time, 
that British emissaries were exciting the western Indians against the Amer- 
icans; and in the spring of 1811 it became certain that Tecumtha, iiShmcnoese 
chief, who possessed the qualities of a great leader, almost equal to those of 
Pontiac," was endeavoring to emulate that great Ottawa by confederating the 
ti'ibes of the north-west, in a war against the people of the United States. 
Daring the summer [1811] the frontier settlers became so alarmed, that Gen- 
eral Harrison,' then Governor of the Indiana Territory,* marched, with a 
considei-able force, toward the town of the Prophet, an influential brother of 
Tecumtha," situated at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers." 
The Prophet appeared and projjosed a conference, but Harrison, suspecting 
treachery, caused his soldiers to sleep on their arms [Nov. G, 1811] that night. 
At four o'clock the next morning [Xov. 7] the savages fell upon the Amer- 
ican camp, but after a bloody battle until dawn, the Indians were repulsed. 
The battle of Tippecanoe was one of the most desperate ever fought Avith the 
Indians, and tlie loss was heavy on both sides. 

6. Now, throughout the entire West, and in the middle and southern 
States, there was a desire for war. Yet tlic administration fully appreciated 
the deep responsibility involved in such a step ; and having almost the entire 
body of the New England people in opposition, they hesitated. The British 
orders in council were rigorously enforced ; insult after insult was offered to 
the American flag ; and the British press insolently boasted that the United 

1. Page 2KJ. 2. Died in the Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, in Awgust, 1838. 

3. Powerful as was the navy of Orent Biitain, and weak as was that of the United States, the latter was 
willing to avcept of war as an alternative for snbmiFsion, andtomeasnrc strenR.h nn the ocean. The 15 iii.^h 
navy consisted of almost M('ne/(i«i</;<!iZ vessels, with an MR'iregale of one hnndred and forly-fonr thousand men. 
The American vessels of war, of laige size, nnml)ere(i only twelvf., with an aggrepate of ahont llirec hnn- 
dred guns. Besides these, there were a great number of pnn-hoats [note :', p. L';]. It must be remembered, 
however, that the British navy was necessarily very much scattered, for that government had interests to 
protect in various parts of iho globe. 4. Verse li, page 2»S0. 

6. Verse 9, p. 14. 6. Verse 50, p. IfiS. 7. Verse 1, p. .H17. 8. Note 4, p. 273. 

9. He was 11 lieico and crnel warrior. In ISlKt Oenernl Harrison had negotia<ed a Irealy with the 3fi- 
amiei [verse 7, p. 14) and other tribes, by which they sohi to the United Stales a large tract of land on boih 
Bides of the Wabash. The Prophet was present and made no objection; bnt Tccimitha, who was absent, 
was greatly dissatisfied. The British emissaries took advantage of this dissati-faciion, to inllame him and 
his people against the Americans. 1 1. In the upper part of Tippecanoe county, Indiana. 



Qdestioms. — 1. What did Oreaf Britain do? What liostile event occurred? .5. What led to a declaration 
of war against (Ireat Britain? What can yoj tell of the Indians, and war with them?^ 6. What were the 
feelines of a majority of the American people? How was the admiuistration embarrassed? What of the 
declaration of war? 



Madison's ADMiNiSTRATioisr. 



281 



Declaration of war. 



Appointment of olticers. 



General Hull in the West. 



States " could not be kicked into a war." Forbearance became no longer a 
virtue, and on the 4th of April, 1812, Congress laid another embargo' upon 
vessels in American waters, for ninety days. In June, the President, by tlie 
authority of Congress,^ issued a proclamation wliich formally declared war 
against Great Britain.' This is known in liistory as The War of 1812 ; or 




GENEEAL DE.VKBOSX. 



THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

7. Congress passed an act which gave the President authority to enlist 
twenty-five thousand men, to accept fifty thou- 
sand volunteers, and to call out one hundred 
thousand militia for the defense of the sea-coast 
and frontiers. Henry Dearborn,^ an officer of the 
Revolution, was appointed major-general and com- 
mander-in-chief; and his principal brigadiers were 
James Wilkinson," Wade Hampton,' William 
Hull,* and Joseph Bloomfield, all of them es- 
teemed soldiers of the Revolution. 

8. General Hull was Governor of Michigan; 
and when war was declared, he was marching 
with two thousand troops from Ohio, to attempt 
the subjugation of the hostile Indians." Congress authorized him to invade 
Canada; and on the 12th of July, 1812, he crossed the Detroit river with his 
whole force, to attack Port Maiden. At Sandwich he encamped, and by a 
fatal delay, lost every advantage which an immediate attack might have se- 
cured. In the mean while, Port Mackinaw, one of the strongest posts of 
the United States in the north-west, was surprised and captured [July 17, 
1812] by an allied force of British and Indians ; and on the 5th of August, a 
detachment under Major Van Home, sent by Hull to escort an approaching 
supply-party to camp, were defeated by some British and Indians near 
Brownstown, on the Huron river.'" These events, and the reinforcement 

I. Verse 12, pape 277. 

1'. On llie 4ih of June, 181?, a bill, drawn up by Mr. Pinckney, and presented by Mr. Calbonn, declaring 
war to exisl between the United States and Great Biiiain, passed the Honse of Representatives by a vote 
of 79 to 411. On the 17th it passed the Senate by a vote of 19 to 13, and on (hat day received the signature of 
the Piesiflcnt. He issued his war manifesto two days afterward. 

'■': Tlie cliief causes for this act were the impressment ol" American seamen by the British ; the blockade 
of Krcnch ports without an adeciuate force to sustain the act ; and the \iii\\>.h Ordem in Council. The Fe- 
derllIi^tsin Conf;i ess presented an ably-written protest, which denied the i ccessitvor the expediency of war. 

4. This is an appropriate title, for, until the teimination of that war, the United States were only nomi- 
nally fiee. Blessed wiih prosperity, the people dreaded war, and submitted to many acts of tyranny and 
insult f;om Great Britain and France, ratlier than become involved in another conflict. Socially and com- 
mercially the United States were dependent upon Kurope, and especially upon England ; anil the latter was 
rapidly acquiring a dangerous political influence here, when the war broke out. The war hcgiMi in 177.'> 
was really only the first great slep towaid independeice ; the war begun in 1.C12 first Ihoronghly ac- 
complished it. Franklin once heard a piMsnn speaking of the Revolulion as the Bar of Inihpendtnri, and 
reproved him, saying, " Sir, you mean the Revolulion ; the war oi Independence is yet to come. It w as a 
war /or Independence, but not o/Indcp ■ndeni'c. " 

.">. Henry Dearborn was a native of New Hampshire, and a meritorious officer in the Continental army. 
He accompanied Arnold to Quebec, and was distinguished in the battles which mined Buigoyne [veise 2?-, 
page 222|. He held civil offices of trust after the Revolution. He returned to private life in 1815, and died 
at Roxburv near Boston, in 1829, at the age of seventy -eight veais. 

fi. Verse \?,, p. 289. 7. Note 5, p. 290. 8." Verse 9, p. :^82. 9. Verse .'5, p. TH), 

ID. On the Mb, Colonel Miller and several hundred men sent by Hull to accomplish the object of Van 

Questions. — 7. What preparation did Congress make for war? What military appointmerts were made ? 
8. Who had command in the north-west? What did Congress order? What military occurrences took place? 



282 THE NATION. 



1 1 nil's surrender. Opposition to the war. Invasion of Canada. 

of tlie garrison at Maiden by General Brock, the British commander-in-chief, 
caused Hull to recross [August 7] the river, abandon the expedition against 
Canada, and take post at Detroit, much to the disappointment of his troops. 

9. Brock followed [Aug. 9J, and crossed the river with seven hundred 
British troops and six hundred Indians. He demanded an instant surrender 
ot" Detroit, and threatened to give free rein to Indian cruelty, in the event of 
refusal. Hull's excessive prudence determined him to surrender ralhcr than 
expose his troops to the hatchet. He ordered his troops to retire within the 
fort, and hung a white flag upon its wall, in token of submission. The army, 
fort, stores, garrison, and Territory, were all surrendered [Aug. 16, 1812], to 
the astonishment of the victor himself, and the deep mortification of the 
American troops. Hull was afterward tried by a court-martial' [1814], on 
charges of treason and cowardice. He was found guilty of the latter, and 
sentenced to be shot, but was pardoned by the President on account of his 
revolutionary services. The whole country severely censured him ; but the 
sober judgment of this generation, guided by historic truth, must acquit him 
of all crime, and pity him as a victim of untoward circumstances.'' 

10. While these misfortunes were befalling the army of the north-west,^ 
the opponents of the war were casting obstacles in the way of the other 
divisions of the American troops operating in the State of New York. The 
British government declared the whole American cjast in a state of blockade, 
except that of the New England States, whose apparent sympathy with tlie 
enemies of their country, caused them to be regarded as ready to leave the 
Union, and become subject to the British crown. But there was sterling 
patriotism sufficient there to prevent such a catastrophe. 

11. During the summer of 1812, a plan was matured for invading Canada 
on the Niagara frontier. British troops were strongly posted on the heights 
of Queenstown, opposite Lewiston ; and on the morning of the 13th of Oc- 
tober, two hundred and twenty-five men, under Colonel Solomon Van Rens- 
selaer, crossed over to attack them. The commander was severely wounded, 
r.t the landing ; but his troops pressed forward, under Captains Wool^ and 
Ogilvie, successfully assaulted a battery near the summit of the hill, and 
gained possession of Queenstown Heights. 

Hnnie, met and defeated Tecumtha f verse 5, p. 2?0Jand his Indians, with a parly of Biilish, rear the scer.e 
of Home's failure. . , , , , ■ • , r> • ■ i .• 

1. He was tliei laken to Montreal a prisoner, and was afterward excharged for Ibirfy liiUiUi captives. 
He'was tried at Alliary, New York. „ , , . ,. ^ i i, „ ., 

■' In 1^48 his grandson piiblished a fnll and (horouph vindication of the character of Oereral UiiM, llie 
material for' which was drawn from official records. The freneral's thoroi'ph knowledge of Ihe cliaiacler 
of the foe who menaced him. and a hnmai c desire to spare his troops was, donblless, his tele leafon 'or snr- 
lenderii'R the post. .X pood and brave man has loo InPK siiffc cd the reproaches of hisloiy. H illi!;m Hijil 
was born in Connecticut in 17.5.'?. He rose to fho rank of maior in the t7oi-tinenlal aimy, and was dis- 
tipsruished for his bravcrv. He was appointed Goveiror of the Mirhipan Tcriiioiy, fveite fi, p. :75) in 
1805. Afier the close of his unfortunate campaign, he never appeared in public life, tie died ncai Koslon 

3. Tlie forces nnder General Hariison were called ihe Arnitj of the Knrth-rre't ; those under General 
Stephen Van Rensselaer, at I>ewiston, on Ihe Niapara river, the Aim;/ of the Center ; and those under (jcn- 
eral Deaihorn, at Greenbusb, near Albany, and near Plattbbnig, the Army o/the North. 

4. Now [1865] General Wool of the United States arm.v. See verse 15, pa?e 325. 

OnFSTTOSs — <> AVhat can yon tell of Hnll's snrrender of his army and Territory? How did it fiffcct his 
character? In. What events occurred in New England and on the Atlantic coast? 11. Wh.at invasion was 
planned? What mililaiy moven:ents were made? 



Madison's administration. 



283 



Battles on the Niagara. 



Exploits of the American navy. 



12. At the moment of victory, General Brock approached from Fort 
George, with six hundred men, and attempted to regain the battery.' The 
British Avcre repulsed, and Brock Avas killed." In the meantime, General 
Stephen Van Rensselaer, who had crossed over, returned to Lewiston, and 
was using his most earnest endeavors to send reinforcements; but only about 
one thousand troops, many of them quite undisciplined, could be induced to 
cross the river. These were attacked in the afternoon [Oct. 13, 1812] by fresh 
troops from Fort George, and were nearly all killed or made prisoners, while 
at least fifteen hundred of their companions-in-arms cowardly refused to cross 
to their aid. These excused their conduct by the plea that they considered 
it wrong to invade the enemy's country, the war being avowedly a defensive 
one. 

13. General Yan Rensselaer, disgusted with the inefficiency everywhere 
displayed, left the service, and was succeeded by General Alexander Smyth 
of Virginia. This oflBcer accomplished nothing of importance during the re- 
mainder of the season ; and when the troops went into winter quarters [Dec], 
there appeared to have been very few achievements made by the American 
army worthy of honorable mention in history. The little navj^, however, had 
acquitted itself nobly, and the national honor had been fully vindicated on the 
ocean. ^ 

14. On the 19th of August, 1812, the United States frigate Constitution^ 
Commodore Isaac Hull,^ fought the British frigate Guerricre^^ Captain Dacres, 
off the American coast, in the present track of ships to Great Britain. The 
contest continued about forty minutes, when Dacres surrendered;" an<l his 
vessel was such a complete wreck, that the victor burned her. The Constitu- 
tion, it is said, was so little damaged, that she was 
ready for action the following day. This victory had 
a powerful effect on the public mind in both coun- 
tries. 

15. On the 18th of October, 1812, the United 
States sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain Jones, captured 
the British brig Frolic, off the coast of North Caro- 
lina, aflef a very severe conflict for three quarters of 
an hour. The slaughter on board the Frolic was 
dreadful. Only three officers and one seaman, of a si-oor of-war. 




1. Note 2, page UO. 

2. Sir Isiiac Biock was a brave anri pcncrmis orficer. Tlioro is a fine monument erected to his memory on 
Queenstown Heishts, a short distance f om tlio NiaRiira rive-. 

3. At this time tlie Hritisli navy ruml.ered 1 ,tm vessels, wliile that of the United Slates, exclusive of p-nn- 
Doats Iverse 9, pajre irTfi], numbered only twenty. Two of these were uiiseaworthy, ar.d one was on Lake 

It'"' u'T '''' "'® American vessels wore of a class less than fripates. Verse S.'pasre 27". 
-■). Is.aac Hill was made a lieutenant in the navy in ITOS, and was soon distinciiished for skill and bravery. 

V'%\.^'' ifP'^rtant service to hi= country, and died in I'hiladelphia in February, 18;3. 

5. riiis vessel had been one of a British sqnnd- on which eavo the Con litiition a long and close chase about 
a month before, m which the nautical skill of Hull was most siRually displayed. 

Ij. beventy-nine killed and wounded. The Constitution lost seven killed and seven wounded. 



io^SrV''^'"^'^-~^^- ^^<^^ oan you tell of the hatlle oi Queenstown Heights? What of American miliHaf 
l.i. What change took place in leaders? What h-ii been accomplished? 14. What can you tell of the Con- 
siitulwii and Guerriere f 15. What can you ItU of the Wcup and FroHc? 



284 THE NATION. 



American victories. llc-election of Madison. Campaign of 1813. 

eighty-four, remained unhurt. The others Avere killed or badly wounded. 
The Wasp lost only ten men. Her term of victory was short, for the same 
afternoon, the British sliip Poidiers^ captured both vessels. 

16. A week afterward [Oct. 25], the frigate United States, Commodore 
Decatur, '^ fought the British frigate Macedonian, west of the Canary Islands, 
for almost two hours. After being greatly damaged, and losing more than 
one hundred men, in killed and wounded, the Macedonian surrendered. 
Decatur lost only five killed, and seven wounded; and his vessel was 
very little injured. A few weeks afterward [Dec. 29, 1812], the Constitu- 
tion, then commanded by Commodore Bainbridge,' became a victor, after 
combatting the British frigate Java, for almost three hours, off San Salvador, 
on the coast of Brazil. Tlie Java had four hundred men on board, of whom 
almost two hundred were killed or Avounded. The Constitution was agam* 
very little injured; but she made such havoc with the Java, that BainbriL;ge, 
finding her incapable of floating long, burned her [Jan. 1, 1813] three days 
after the action. 

17. These victories greatly elated the Americans, while the numerous pri- 
vateers* which now swarmed upon the ocean, were making prizes in every 
direction. It is estimated that during the year 1812, upward of fifty British 
armed vessels, and two hundred and fifty merchantmen, with an aggregate of 
more than three thousand prisoners, and a vast amount of booty, were cap- 
tured by the Americans. At the close of the year, naval armaments were in 
preparation on the lakes, to assist the army in an invasion of Canada. 

18. Mr. Madison was re-elected President of the United States in tlie 
autumn of 1812, with Elbridge Gerry'' as Vice-President, George Clinton' 
having dieil at Washington on the 12th of Api-il, of that year. The re-election 
of Madison was considered a token of approval of the war by a majority of the 
people of the United States. 



SECTION V. 

THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1813.] 

1. The campaign of 1813 opened Avith the year, and almost the entire 
northern frontier of the United States Avas the chief theater of operations. 
The army of the West,^ under General Harrison," Avas concentrating at the 
head of Lake Erie ; that of the Center, noAv under Dearborn, Avas on the 
banks of the Niagara river; and that of the North,^" under Hampton, Avas on 

1. She was n seveniy-foui- gim f^hip. 2. A'crse 4, pflpe ?74. 

•S. A'erse ■', pap-e '.TS. 4. Verse 1-1, page fSS. '5. Note 4. page 19S. fi. Note 4, pape 270. 

7. Verse 14, page 278. >^'. Note 3, page 282. 9. Versel, page 371- ID. Note 3, page 2S\ 

Questions. — 16. Whnt can yon tell of other naval battles? 17. What can you relate of privateprs and 
their achievements? What did the Americans accomplish on (he ocean? IH. A\''hat was tlie resnlt of nn 
election in 1812? 1. What military movements took place early in 1813? Whnt was the dispo.siiion of the 
troops f 




SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 285 

Gathering of volunteers. Harrison in the West. Battle on the livcr Kaisln. 

the bordcre of Luke Champlain. Sir George Prevost was the successor of 
Brock' in the command of the British army in Canada, assisted by General 
Proctor in the direction of Detroit,- and General Sheaffe in the vicinity of 
Montreal and the lower portions of Lake Champlain. 

2. Hostilities commenced in the West, where the greatest warlike enthu- 
siasm prevailed. Michigan had to be recovered, and 
^the stain of Hull's surrender^ obliterated. Volunteers 
fathered under local leaders, in every settlement.* 
Companies were formed and equipped in a single day, 
and were ready to march the next. Kentucky sent 
swarms of her young men, from every social rank, led 
by the veteran, Shelby f and the yeomanry of Ohio 
and its neighborhood hastened to the field." 

3. Harrison chose the west end of Lake Erie as his 
chief place of muster, having for his design the recov- 
ery of Llichigan and the forts west of it. Eaily in 

January [Jan. 10, 1813], General Winchester, on his way from the southward, 
with eight hundred young men, chiefly Kentuckians, reached the Maumee 
rapids.' There he was informed [Jan. 13, 1813] that a party of British and 
Indians had concentrated at Frenchtown, on the river Raisin,' twenty-five 
miles south of Detroit. He immediately sent a detachment, under Colonels 
Allen and Lewis, to protect the inhabitants in that direction. Finding French- 
town in the possession of the enemy, they successfully attacked [Jan. 18] and 
routed them, and held possession until the arrival of Winchester [Jan. 20], 
with almost three hundred men, three days afterward. 

4. Proctor, Avho was at ]\Ialden, eighteen miles distant, heard of the ad- 
vance of Winchester, and proceeded immediately and secretly, with a com- 
bined force of fifteen hundred British and Indians, to attack him. They fell 
upon the American camp at dawn, on the morning of the 22d of January. 
After a severe battle and heavy loss on both sides, Winchester,^ who had been 
made a prisoner by the Indians, surrendered his troops on the condition, 
agreed to by Proctor, that ample protection to all should be given. Proctor, 
fearing the approach of Harrison, who was then on the Lower Sandusky, im- 

1. Verse I?, page 2'"3. ?. Ver«e 0, pnpe r82. 3. Verse 9, pagre 282. 

4. Dining the autnmn of 1S12, the whole western oamitrv, incensed by Hull's surrender, seemed filled 
with the zeal of the old (^rnsnders [note fi, pape ■ fl]. The leaders fotnid volunteers every wheie, anxious to 
■find employment ag-ainst the fne. Thev were en(raped for manv weeks in driving the Indians fioni post to 
post, in the vicinity of ihe extreme western settlements, and in desolating: their villapes and plantations, 
after the manner of Sullivan [verse U, page 23 '1, in 1779. Fierce indipnalion was thus excited amoi.g the 
tiibes, and led to terrible retaliations under the stimulus of their white allies. 

r>. Isaac Shelby was bnrn in Maryland, in 17.50. He entered military life in r74. and went to Kcniuclcy 
RS a land-surveyor, in 1775. He enjrnped in the War of the Revolution", and was diMirpui-lied in the battle 
on King's Mountain fverse l'. paee 2441, in 1780, He was madi< Covernnr of Kentnrkv in V'.>'2. and snon 
afterward retired to private life, from which he was drawn in 1>13, to lead an army to the field against his 
old enemy. He died in 18'2fi. 

'">. So numerous were the volunteers, that General Harrison was compelled to is.sue an order against fur- 
ther enlistments. 7. Nn»e 9, p"ge, 266. 

8. Now Ihe flourishini; village of Monroe, Michigan, two or three miles from Lake Erie. The Raisiiv 
derived its name trom the tact, that in former years great Quantities of grapes clustered upon its hanks 

9. James Winchester was horn in Maryland in 17.56. He was made brigadier-general in 1812; resigned 
his commission in 181.5 ; and died in Tennessee in 18 6. 

Questions. — 2 When, and how, did hostilities commence? How was the warlike feeliiig exhibitei ir the 
West? 3. What movements were made by Harrison? and for what purpose? What did Winchester do? 



286 



THE NATION. 



March against Fort Sandusky. 



Scenes at Fort Meigs. 



mediately marched for Maiden, leaving the sick and wounded Americans be- 
hind, Avithout a guard. After following him some distance, the Indians turned 
back [Jan. 23], murdered and scalped' the Americans Avho were unable to 
travel, set fire to dwellings, took many prisoners to Detroit, in order to pro- 
cure exorbitant ransom prices, and i-eserved some of them for inhuman 
torture. Oftentimes after that, the war-cry of tlie Keutuckians was, " Ec- 
member the river Raisin!" 

5. General Harrison had advanced to the Maumee rapids^ when intelligence 
of the affair at Frenchtown reached him. Supposing Proctor 
would press forAvard to attack him, he fell back [Jan. 2o] 
1813] ; but on hearing of the march of the British tOAvard 
Maiden, he advanced [Feb. 1] to the rapids Avith tAvelve hun- 
dred men, established a fortified camp there, and called it Fort 
Meigs,^ in honor of the Governor of Ohio. There he Avas be- 
sieged by Proctor several Aveeks afterAvard [May 1], who Avas 
at the head of more than two thousand British and Indians. 
On the 5th day of the siege, General Clay arrived [May 5], 
Avith twelve hundred men, and dispersed the enem3\ A large 
portion of his troops, Avhile unAvisely pursuing the fugitives, 
were surrounded and captured ; and Proctor returned to the 
siege. The impatient Indians, refusing to listen to Tecumtha,' 
their leader, deserted the British on the eighth day [May 8] ; and tAventy- 
four hours afterAvard, Proctor abandoned the siege and returned to Maiden 
[May 9], to prepare for a more formidable invasion. 

G. Toward the close of July [July 21, 1813], about four thousand Britisli 
and Indians, under Proctor and Tccumtha, again appeared beibre Fort Meigs, 
then commanded by General Clay.'* Meeting Avith a A'ig- 
orous resistance. Proctor left Tecumseh to watch the fort, 
while he marched [July 23], Avitli five hundred regulars 
and eight hundred Indians, to attack Fort Stephenson, at 
Lower Sandusky," garrisoned by one hundred and fifty 
men, commanded by Major Croghan, a brave young sol- ^"-'"'^ bandusi^v. 
dier, only twenty-one years of age.'' Proctor's demand for surrender Avas 
accompanied by the usual menace of Indian massacre;' but it did not intimid- 




rORT MEIGS. 



„,.„„. ^=^'1 ;| 


|! 




(gjypi.iuj«i t; 1 



1. Note 1, page; 11. ?. NnteO, pape ""06. 

H. Koit Meigs was erccte-l on (Vic south firle of (he Mnmnee, nearly opposite the former British post Inota 
9, page 2i'6|, aufl a short distance from (he present villape of PcrrypburK. 4. A'erse R, page ;H'. 

5. (fretn Clay was born iu Virginia in 1757, was made a b;igadier of Kentucky volunteers early in 18i3, 
and died in October, 1^2". 

6. On the west hank of (he Sandusky rivoi-, about fifteen miles south from Pandnskvbay. The area wilhii 
(he pickets [note .'?, page IrOl was about an acre. The fort was made of regular embankments of earth and 
a di(ch, with hasdons and block-houses (no(e 4, p.agel57), and some rude log buildings within. 

7. Tlie greater portion of the garrison were very young men, and some of them were mere youths. 

8. Verse 9, page 282. 



Qcf:stiojis.— 4. AVhat did Proctor do? What can von loll cf events at the river naisin? What cruelties 
occii-red? .5. What movements were made by Harrison » Wherf and how was he bei-ifr'i'd ? How we^e 
Ibo Rri'ish repulsed T 6. How was Fort Meigs again mc.accd? What did Proctor do? AVhat can you (ell 
of the defense of Fort Saudusky ? 



SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



287 



Brave conduct of Major Croghan. 



Battle of Lake Erie. 




ate Croghan.^ After a severe cannonade" had made 
a breach, the besiegers attempted to rush in and take 
tlie place by assault [May 2, 1S13] ; but so terribly 
Avere they met by grape-shot^ from the only cannon 
in the fort, that they recoiled, panic-stricken, and the 
Avhole body fled in confusion, leaving one hundred 
and fifty of their number killed or wounded. The 
Americans lost only one man killed, and seven 
Avounded. This gallant defense was universally ap- 
plauded,^ and it had a powerful effect upon the 
Indians. major cno<;nAN. 

7. While these events were in progress, a new power appeared in the con- 
flict in the West and North. In the Autumn of 1812, Commodore Chauncey 
had fitted out a small naval armament at Sackett's Harbor, to dispute tho 
mastery on Lake Ontario, with several British armed vessels,* then afloat. 
And during the Summer of 1813, Commodore Perry had fitted out, on Lake 
Erie, an American squadron of nine vessels, mounting fifty-four guns, to co- 
operate with the army of the West." The Brit- 
ish had also prepared a small squadron of six ves- 
sels, carrying sixty-three guns, commanded by 
Commodore Barclay. The hostile fleets met near 
the western extremity of Lake Erie, on the morn- 
ing of the 10th of September, 1813, and a very 
severe battle ensued. The brave Perry managed 
with the skill of an old admiral and the courage 
\ of the proudest soldier.' At four o'clock in the 
y afternoon, every British vessel had surrendered to 
/ him ;° and before sunset, he had sent a messenger 
coMMODOBE PEKBY. to Grcneral Harrison with the famous dispatch, 




1. In reply to Proctor's demand and threat, he said, in substance, that when (he fort should bo takev, 
there would be none left to massacre, as it would not be given up while there was a man left to figlr. 
Georfie Croghan was nephew of (Jeorpe Rogers (Marke (verse 13, page '2.S5). He afterward rose to the rank 
of colonel, and held the otflee of inspector-general. He died at New Orleans in XfAH. 

'.'. The lirilish employed i-ix sixpounders and a howitzer in the siege. A howitzer is a piece of ordi'anca 
similar to a mortar, for hurling bombshells. Note 2, page 23 '. 3. Note 8, page l'J(i. 

•4. Major Croghan was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel ; and the ladies of Chillicothe gave him 
■ an elegant sword. 

5. Channcey's squadron consisted of six vessels, mounting thirty-two guns, in all. The British squadron 
consisted of the same number of vessels, but motmting more than a hundred guns, Notwithstandii'.g this 
I'isparily, (Jhauncey attacked them near Kingston [note t, page 148] early iu November, damaged Ihem a 
g.iod deal, and captured and carried into Sackett's Harbor, a schooner belonging to the enemy. He then 
captured another schooner, which had $12,000 iu specie on board, and the baggage of the di ccar-ed Gereial 
Urock. 0. Vc:fc 1, page 284. 

7. The Lmrrenrr. Perry's flag-ship, very ?oon became an unmanageable wreck, havirg :'ll her crew, ex- 
cept four or (ivo, killed "or wounded. Perry then left her. in an open boat, and hoisted h's ling on the 
Ningara. Willi this vessel he passed Ihrnugh the enemv's Iit'C, pnuiing broadsides, right and left, at half 
pistol-shot distance. The remainder of the squadron followed, with a fair wind, and the victory was soon 
decided. 

8. The carnage was very great, in proportion to the numbers engaged. The Americans lost twenty-spven 
killed, and ninetv-six wounded. The Uriiifh lost about two hundred in killed and wounded, and six hun- 
dred prisoner". Perry's treatment of liis prisoners received (he highest applause. Commodore Barclay 
declared Ibat his humane eondnct was sufficient to immortalize him. Oliver TT. Perry was born at New- 
port, Rhode Island, in 1758. lie entered the service as midshipman in 17r8. He continued in active serv- 

Ohfstiovs. — 7. What new power appeared? What was done on Lake Erie? What can you tell of the 
battle there? 



288 THE NATION. 



Battle on the Thames. Recovery of Michigan. Attack on Little Yoric 

" ire have met the enemy, and they are ours." This victory was hailed with 
unbounded demonstrations of joy. For a moment, party rancor was almost 
forgotten; and bonfires and illuminations lighted up the whole country. 

8. Tlie command of Lake Erie now being secured, and a reinforcement of 
four thousand Kentucky volunteers, under Governor Shelby, having arrived 
[Sept. 17, 1813], Harrison proceeded to attack Maiden and recover Detroit. 
The fleet conve3'ed a portion of the troops across the lake [S(>pt, 27], but on 
their arrival at Maiden, it had been deserted by Proctor, who was fleeing with 
Tecumtha and liis Indians, toward the Moravian village on the Thames. A 
body of Americans took possession of Detroit on the 29th of September, and 
on the 2d of October, Harrison, with thirty-five hundred men, started m pursuit 
of the enemy. They overtook him [Oct. 5] at the Moravian town, eighty 
miles from Detroit,' when a desperate battle ensued. Tecumtha was slain;" 
and then liis followers, who had fought furiously, broke and fled. Almost the 
whole of Proctor's command were killed or made prisoners,' and the general 
himself narrowly escaped with a few of his cavalry. 

9. By this victory, all that Hull had lost* was recovered ; the Indian con- 
federacy^ Avas completely broken up, and the war on the north-western bord- 
ers of the Union was terminated. General Harrison dismissed a greater 
portion of the volunteers, and leaving General Cass" with about a thousand 
regulars to garrison Detroit, proceeded [Oct. 23, 1813] to Niagara with the 
remainder of his troops to join the Army of the Center,' which had been 
making some endeavors to invade Canada. In the meantime, an Indian 
war had been kindled in the South f and on the ocean, the laurel wreaths of 
triumph won by the Americans during 1812,'' had been interwoven with gar- 
lands of cypress on account of reverses. Let us turn a moment to the 
operations of the Army of the North.'" 

10. Unable to aflx)rd assistance to exposed posts between Sackett's Harbor 
and Ogdensburg," General Dearborn resolved to attempt the capture of York 
(now Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, and the principal depository of 
British military stores for the supply of western garrisons. He embarked 
seventeen hundred troops on board the fleet of Commodore Cliauncey,'- at 
Sackett's Harbor, on the 25th of April; and two days afterward [April 27] 
they landed on the beach at York, about two miles west i'rom the British 

ice after the close of the Second War for Independence, and died of vellow fever in the Weft Ird-"a Feas, 
in 1819. 1. In the present town of Orford, Canada West. 

2. Verse .'5, page 28'I. He was only about 40 years of npe at this lime. 

3. Here ihc Americans recaptured ^ix brass field-pieces, whieli bad been surrendered by Hull, on two of 
which were engraved the words, " surrendered by liuvgoyne at Saratoga'' fvcrse 2.^. page 222]. 

4. Verse 9, page : 82. 5. Verse 5, page 2SU.' 6. Now I'SS"! Secretary of State. 
7. Verse 1, page 2)^-1. 8. Verse IR. pnge 29n. 9. Verre 17. pnge'JS-l. 10. Verpe 1. pngc 2f9. 

11. In February a detaohment of Brilish soldiers crossed the St. I.iiwrenoe on the ice from I'rescott to 
Ogdensburg, and under pretense of seeVing fnr deserters, committed robberies. M.njor Forsyth, then in 
command of riflemen there, retalialed. This was resented, in turn, by a large Hritish force which crossed 
on tlie21st of February, and nfter a cnnfliet of nn hour drove out Ihe few military defenders of Ogdens- 
burg, plundered and destroyed a large amount of property, and then returned to Canada. 

12. Verse 7, page 287. 

Ocp^STTONs — 8. llow wns the Army of the West strengthened? What militarv movements took place? 
Wbaf of Ibe battle of IbeTbames? 9'. What did the battle of tbe Thames effeet ? What did Hnrrison do? 
Wbat bad been done elsewhere? 10. What movements were made on Lake Ontario? Whut can you tell 
tf the biltle at York? 



SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 289 




Death of Pike. West end of Lake Ontario. British repulsed at Sackctt's Harbor. 

works, in the face of a galling fire from regulars and Indians, under General 
Sheafll'. These were soon driven back to their fortifications, and the Amer- 
icans, under General Pike,' were pressing forward 
Avlien the magazine of the fort blew up,'' and pro- 
duced gi-eat destruction of YiCo among the assailants. 
General Pike was mortally wounded, but he lived 
long enough to know that the enemy had fled, an 1 
that the American flag waved in triumph over the 
fort at York.'' 

11. Tlie fleet and troops returned to Sackett's 
Harbor, but soon afterward proceeded to attack 
Fort George, on the western shore of Niagara river, 
near its mouth. After a brief defense [May 27, oenebal pike. 
1P13] the garrison fle^l to BurUngton Heights,^ at the western extremity of 
Lake Ontario, thirty-five miles distant, closely pursued by a much larger force, 
under Generals Chandler^ and Winder." On the night of the 6th of June, 
the Britisli fell upon the American camp, but were repulsed. It was very 
dark, and in the confusion both of the American generals were made 
jarisoners.'' 

12. On the day [May 27] when the Americans attacked Fort George, a 
British squadron appeared before Sackett's Harbor ; and two days afterward 
[^lay 29] Sir George Prevost and a thousand soldiers landed in the face of a 
severe fire from some regulars' stationed there. General Brown, the com- 
mander, rallied the militia, and their rapid gathering near the landing-place so 
alarmed Prevost, lest they should cut off his retreat, that he liastily re- 
embarked, leaving almost the whole of his wounded behind. 

13. General Dearborn" withdrew from active service in June, on account 
of ill health, and was succeeded in command by General Wilkinson.'" Gen- 
eral Armstrong" then Secretary of War, had conceived another invasion of 
Canada, by the united forces of the armies of the Center and North.'" For 
this purpose a little more than seven thousand men concentrated at French 
Creek [Nov. 5, 1813], and went doAvn the St. Lawrence in boats, with the 

1. Dearborn had piven the command of this expedition to Brigradier-General Zebulon if. Pike, a brave 
and useful ofht^er, who had been at the head of an expedition, a few years earlier, to explore the country 
around the headwaters of the Missonii. He was hoin in 1779. He died onboard the flagship of Commo- 
dore ('hauncey, with the captured I-iri isli flap: under his head, nt the afre of tliirty-four years. 

2. The British had laid a train of wet powder communicating with the magazine, for the puipose, and 
when they retreated, they fired it. 

3. General Sheaffe escaped with the principal part of the troops, but lost all his baKfrnrc, booVs, papers, 
and a large amount of public property. 4. At the head of Burlington B.ar, in Canada. 

5. John Chandler was a native of Massachusetts. Some years after the war he was United Stales senntoi 
from Maine. He died at ,\ugusta, in that State, in 18 '1. R. Verse in. p.ige 296. 

7. This event was at Stony Creek, in the present Saltflept tnwnshin, Canada West. In this affair the 
Americans lost in killed, wounded, and missing, one hundred and lirty-foiir. 

8. Note 7, p<ige 15\ 9. Note ."i, pnge 281. 

10. Born in Maryland, in 17.^7, and studied me-^icine. He .inined the Continental srmv nt Cambridere, in 
1775. and continued in service during the war. He died near the city of Mexico, in 1^25, at the age of sixty- 
eight years. 

11. Note 1, piisre 2'9. Born in Pennsylvania in 175** , served in the war of the Revolution : was Secretary 
of the State of Pennsvlvania ; minister to France in 1804 ; Secretary of War in 181,S. and died in Dui-hess 
county. New York, in 18-43. 1 '• Note S, page 282. 

Ou'^STiONS.— 1''. What occurred at S'lckett's Harbor? 13. What of Oeneral Bearbo™? What can you 
tell of another invasion of Canada? What took place on the banks of the St. Lawrence? 

13 



290 THE NATION. 




liattle of Chrysler's Field. Villages burned. Indian war in the South. 

intention of co-operating with about four thousand troops under Hampton,' 
in an attack upon Montreal. Being annoyed by tlie British on shore, and by 
gun-boats" in his rear, Wilkinson landed Brown and a strong detachment to 
go forward and disperse quite a large force near Williamsburg, and cover the 
descent of the boats. A severe battle ensued [Nov. 11 J, in which the Amer- 
icans lost more than three hundred men in killed and wounded, and the Brit- 
ish about two hundred. This is known as the battle of Chrysler's Field.^ 

14. Wilkinson arrived at St. Regis^ the 
next day, with the main body, when he 
was informed that no troops from the 
Army of the North would join liim.^ He 
lierefore abandoned the expedition against 
Montreal and went into winter quarters 

FOItT NIAGAKA, 1S13. , T-i l -11J--11 <; i i • -l , n 

at J^rench Mills, "^ about nine miles east oi 
St. Regis. A little later, some stirring events occurred on the Niagara front- 
ier. General M'Clure, commanding at Fort George,' burnt tlie Canadian 
village of Newark on the 10th of December. Two days later [Dec. 12, 1813] 
he was compelled, by the British, to abandon Fort George. A strong force 
of British and Indians then suiprised and captured [Dec. 19] Fort Niagara;" 
and in retaliation for the burning of Newark, they laid Youngstown, Lewis- 
town, ^Manchester (now Niagara Falls) and the Tuscarora Indian village, in 
i^v'iagara county, in ashes. On the 30th, the httle villages of Black Rock and 
BafFalo were also consumed, and a large amount of pubhc and private prop- 
erty was flestroyed. Thus ended the campaign of 1813, in the North. 

15. In tlio Spring of 1813, Tecumtha" went among the southern tribes, to 
arouse them to wage war upon the white people. The powerful Creeks^" 
yielded to his persuasions, and late in August [Aug. 30, 1813], a large party 
of them surprised and captured Fort Miumis, on the Alabama river," and 
massacred about four hundred men, women, and children. This event 
aroused the Avhole South. General Andrew Jackson,'^ accompanied by Gen- 
eral CofF(?e, marched into the Creek country with twenty-five hundred 
Tennessee militia, and prosecuted a subjugating war against them, with great 
vigor. 

1 . Verse ", pnpe 2S1. 2. Note 2, pnge 277. 

3. On llie northorn shore of the St. Lawrence, about ninety miles above Montreal. 

4. Southern bank of the St. liawrence, tweuty-five miles southeast from Williamsburg. It was an early 
French settlement, 

f) There was enmity between Wilkinson and Hampton, and Armstrong resolved to command the ex- 
pedition himself, to prevent trouble on account of precedence. He joined the army at Sackett's Harbor, 
but soon returned (o WashinRlon, for he and Wilkinson could not agree. To the jealousies and bicker- 
ires of these old ofTieers, must the disasters of t!ie laud troojis be, in a preat desree, attiihnted. General 
Ihinipton did move forward toward Canada, but finallv returned to Plattshurp, and, leavinfr the command 
with General I/.ard, returned to South Carolina. He died at Columbia, South Carolina, in Iffl."!. aped eiphly- 
one years. 6. Now Fort Oovingrton, St. Lawrence county. 7. Verse 11, page 2S9. 

R. On the east side of the Niagara river. See verse '9, page 161. 

9. Verse 5, page 280. 10. Verse 2, p^pe 22. 

11. On the east tide, about ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee. 12. \erse I , page 1308. 



QrRSTTOV.s.— U. What can von tellof theinvadineexpedition? What toolc place on the Niagara fonfierf 
^B. What did Tecumseh do in'the Spring of l^i?.f What outrages were committed by the southern Indians? 
What preparations were made to subdue them ? 



SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 291 



Indian war in Alabama. Subjugation of the Indians. Naval engagements. 

16. General Coffee,' with nine hundred men, surrounded [Nov. 4] an Indian 
force at Tallushatchee" on the 3d of November, and killed two hundred of 
them. Not a warrior escaped. Within two weeks afterward, bloody battles 
were fought at Talladega' [Nov. 8] Autossee'' [Nov. 29], and Emucfau^ [Jan. 
22d, 1814,], and several skirmishes had also taken place. The Americans 
were always victorious, yet they lost many brave soldiers. At length the 
Creeks estabUshed a fortified camp at the Great Horseshoe Bend of the Tal- 
lapoosa river,^ and there a thousand warriors, with their women and children, 
determined to make a last defensive stand. The Americans surrounded them, 
and Jackson, with the main body of his army, attacked them on the 27th of 
March, 1814. The Indians fought desperately, for they saw no future for 
themselves, in the event of defeat. Almost six hundred warriors were slain, 
for they disdained to surrender. Only two or three were made prisoners, 
with about three hundred women and children. This battle crushed the 
power and spirit of the Creek nation, and soon afterward the chiefs of the 
remnant signified their submission.' 

17. There^were many and severe conflicts on the ocean between armed 
vessels of the United States and Great Britain, during the year 1813. To- 
ward the close of February, the United States sloop-of-war. Hornet, Captain 
Lawrence, fought [Feb. 24, 1813], the British brig. Peacock, off the mouth of 
Demarara river. South America. The Peacock sunendered after a fierce con- 
flict of fifteen minutes, and a few moments afterward she sunk, carrying down 
with her nine British seamen and tliree Americans. The loss of the Peacock, 
in killed and wounded, was thirty-seven ; of the Hornet only five. 

18. Captain Lawrence was promoted to the 
command of the frigate Chesapeake, on liis return 
to the United States; and on the 1st of June, 
1814, he sailed from Boston harbor, in search of 
the British frigate Shannon, wluch had recently 
appeared off the New England coast, and chal- 
lenged any vessel of equal size, to meet her. 
Lawrence found the boaster the same day, about 
thirty miles from Boston hght; and at five in the 
afternoo!!, a furious action began. It lasted only 
fifteen minutes ; but in that time the Chesapeake 

1 1 /• i. • 1 i 1 -11 1 1 • i • 1 i 11 CAPTAIN LAWRENCE. 

bad forty-eight killed and ninety-eight wounded ; 

1. .lohn Coffee was a native of Virginia. He did good service during the second war for independence, 
and in subsequent rampaiens. He died in 1834. 

2. Soiitli side of Talliishatehce Creek, near the village of Ja'"kfonville, in Kenton county, Alabama. 

3. A little east of the Coosa river, in the present Talladepa county 

4. On the bank of the Tallapoosa, twenty miles from its junction with the Coosn, in Macon county 

5. On the west bank of the Tallapoosa, at the mouth of Em;icfau Creek, in Tallapoosa county. 

6. Called Tohopeka by the Indians. Xoar the no-th-eJi^t corner of Tallapoosa county. 

7. Amone those who bowed in submission, was Weathersford. their ereatest leader lie (ippeared sud- 
denly before .Jackson, in his tent, and standing erect, he said, '' I am in your power ; do with me what you 
please. I have done the white people all the harm I could. I have fought Ihem, and fought tliem bravely. 

Questions. — Ifi. What battles took place in the Indian country? When and how were the Indians fi-ally 
crushed? 17. Whrit can vou tell of battles on the ocean earlv in 1813? 18 What can you tell of (he Chcsd- 
pealce and Shannon ? What distinguished men were killed ? 




-^^2 Tjjg NATION. 



Death of Captain Lawrence. Other naval engagements. Depredations on the coast. 

the Shannon, twenty-three killed and fifty-six wounded. Lawrence was 
among the slain/ and his body, with that of Ludlow, the second in command, 
was carried to Halifax, in the viotorious Shannon, and there buried with the 
honors of war.'^ This event caused great sadness in America, and unbounded 
joy in England. 

19. The loss of the Chesapeake was followed by that of the American brig 
Argus, Captain Allen, in August. The Argus had conveyed Mr. Crawford, 
United States minister, to France, ami for two months had greatly annoyed 
British shipping in the English Channel. Several vessels were sent out to 
capture her; and on the 14th of August, 1813, the sloop-of-war Pelican, after 
a brief, but severe action, defeated the Argus. In less than a month after- 
ward [Sept. 10], Perry gained his great victory on Lake Erie,' and the Brit- 
ish brig Boxer, Captain Blythe, had surrendered [Sept. 5, 1813] to the United 
States brig Enterprise, Lieutenant Burrows, after an engagement of forty 
minutes, off the coast of Maine. Both commanders were slain, and their 
bodies were buried in one grave at Portland, with military honors. 

20. During the Sj^ring and Summer of 1813, a small squadron, under Ad- 
miral Cockburn, carried on a distressing warfare upon the coast between 
Delaware Bay and Charleston, with the hopes of drawing the American 
troops from the northern frontier, to the defense of the seaboard. It was a 
sort of amphibious warfare — on lani and water — and was marked by many 
acts of unnecessary cruelty. The American shipping in the Delaware was 
destroyed in March, 1813, and Lewiston was cannonaded in April. In May, 
Frenchtown, Havre de Crace, Georgetown, and Frederictown, on the Chesa- 
peake, were plundered and burned ; and then the British fleet entered Hamp- 
ton Roads,* and menaced Norfolk. While attempting to go up to that city, 
the British were nobly repulsed [Jan. 22, 1813] by the Americans upon 
Craney Island,' under tlie command of Major Faulkner, assisted by naval 
officers. The enemy then fell upon Hampton [Jan. 25] ; and liaving surfeited 
themselves with plunder, withdrew. Cockburn" sailed down the North Caro- 
lina coast, plundering whenever opportunity offered, and carried away a large 
number of negroes and sold them in the West Indies. In pleasant contrast 
to this, was the deportment of Commodore Hardy, whose squadron was em- 

My warriors are all gone now, ami I can do no more. When (here was a chance for snccess I never asked 
for peace. There is none now, and I ask it for the remnant of my nation." 

1. Thj two vessels bei'ame entangled, whrn the British ho.ircleil the ChesiipmJ.e, and after a desperate 
hand-to-hand strugsle, hoisted tlie British fiiiR. Lawrence was mortally wonndel at the boKinninK of the 
action ; and when he was carried below, he issned those brave words, which Perry afterward displayed on 
his flagship on Lake Erie, " Don'tgh'e. up the nhip .'" Captain James Lawrence was a native of New .let; 
sey, and received a midshipman's warrant at the ape of fixteen years. He was with Deratnr at Tripoli 
[verse i, page ■S7-t]. He died four days after receiving the wound," at the age of thirty -one years. 

2. A beautiful monument was erected to his memory in Trinity church-vard. New York. 

3. Verse 7, page 287. " 4. Verse 9, page 2M. 

6. Craney Island is low and bare, and lies at the mouth of the Elizabeth river, about five miles below Nor- 
folk. At the time in question, there were sonne unfinished fortifications u|ion it, remains of which were 
Beei> when the Civil War broke out in 1861. 

6. Cockburn died in England in 1853, at an advanced age. 



O-'^STiONS — 19 What losses did the Americans hav oithoocean? What victory off the coast of M>ii"e? 
an.'wimt can' you tell of a ma- nnding warfaie on the coasts of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays ? Whit 
of lUo repulse of the B:i;ish at Oraney Island? 



SECOND WAIl FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



293 



Porter i the Pacific. 



Napoleon. 



Invasion of Canada. 



ployed, during the same season, in blockading the 
New England coast. 

21. The United States frigate Essex, Captain 
Porter, made a long and successful cruise in the 
Atlantic and Pacific,' during the same year, but 
was finally captured in the harbor of Valparaiso 
[March 28, 1814], on the western coast of South 
America, by the British frigate Phcebe, and sloop- 
of-war Cherub, after one of the most desperately 
fought battles of the war. The Ussex lost one 
hundred and fifty-four in killed and wounded. 
Captain Porter^ wrote to the Secretary of the 
Navy, " We have been unfortunate, but not dis- 
graced." 




CO.MilO„0-ii; 1'(.>ETEE. 



-^■->»- » ■ ■ » 



SECTION VI. 

SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDEXCE, CONTINUED, [1814, 1815.] 

1. Early in 1814, the victorious career of Napoleon, in Europe, was checked 
by tlie allied powers;^ British troops were witlidrawn from the continent, and 
fourteen thousand of Wellington's veterans were sent to Canada'' [1814] to 
operate against the United States. Considering the moral and material weak- 
ness of the American army, hitherto, the circumstance of the continual em- 
ployment of the British troops on the continent was highly favorable to the 
United States. Had Europe been at peace, the result of the second war for 
independence^ might have been quite different. 

2. The invasion of Canada'^ continued to be the pet project of the public 
authorities ; and to oppose it was the chief solicitude of the British officers on 
our northern frontiers. Toward the close of February, General Will'cinson 
broke up his camp at French Mills' and retired to Plattsburg ; and General 
Brown, with two thousand men, marched to Sackett's Harbor. Late in 
March, Wilkinson proceeded to erect a battery at Eouse's Point ; and at La 
Colle, three miles below, he had an unsuccessful engagement [March 30] with 
the British. In consequence of his repulse, he was tried by a court-martial. 



1. While in the Pacific, the Esi'ex caplurert twelve British whale-ships, with an aggregate of 302 men, and 
1 7 guns. The Ef^yex carried at her mast-head, the iiopnlar motto, " Free Trade and Sailors' Eir/hti." 

2. Commodore David Porter was among the most distinguished of the American naval commanders. lie 
was a resident minister of the United Slates in Tin key, and died near Constantinople in March, ISI '. 

3. Almost all continental Europe, wiih Kngland, had now combined to crnsh Napoleon, and sustain the 
sinking Unurhon dynasty. The allied armies, aiipvoaching from different directions, reached Paris at the 
close of March, 1S14, when the Hnssian and Prnssian emperors entered the city. Hoping to secure the 
crown to his son. Napoleon abdicated in his favor on the th of April, and retired to Elba. Believing peace 
to be securer!, England withdrew many of her troops from the continent. 

4. These were embarked at Bordeaux, in France, and sailed directly for the St. Lawrence. 

5. Note •), page 281. 6. Verse 8, page 281, and verse \?, page 289. 7- Vevse 14, page 299. 

QiTESTloss. — 21. What can you tell of Captain Porter in the .\t!antic and Pacific oceans? What of 
his misfortunes? 1. What can you tell of British troops on the continent of Europe? What was favorable 
to the .\mericans? 2. What chiefly occupied the attention of the contending parties? What military 
movements occurred? 



29^ 



THE NATION. 



Battles at Oswego. Battle of Chippewa. Battle of Niagara Falls. 



but acquitted, yet the chief command was taken from him and given to Gen- 
eral Izard. 

3. On the 5th of May, a British squadron, bearing about three thousand 
men, appeared before Oswego,' then defended by only about three hundred 
troops, under Colonel Mitchell, and a small flotilla under Captain Woolsey. 
The chief object of the expedition was to capture or destroy a large quantity 
of naval and military stores deposited at Oswego Falls i'^ but the gallant band 
of Americans at the harbor defeated the project. They withstood an attack 
by land and water for almost two days, before they yielded to a superior 
force. Afraid to penetrate the countiy toward the Falls, in the face of such 
determined opponents, the British withdrew on the morning of the 7th [May, 
1814], after losing two hundred and thirty-five men, in killed and wounded. 
The Americans lost sixty-nine. 

4. General Brown marched from Sackett's Harbor^ to the Niagara frontier; 
and on the morning of the 3d of July, Generals Scott and Ripley' crossed the 

river with a considerable force, and captured Fort 
Erie.^ The garrison withdrew to the intrenched 
camp of the British, General Riall, then at Chip- 
pewa,^ a few miles below. On the morning of 
tlie 4th [July, 1814], Brown advanced, and on the 
5th the two armies had a sanguinary battle in the 
open fields at Chippewa. The British were re- 
pulsed with a loss of about five hundred men, and 
retreated to Burlington Heights, where they were 
reinforced by troops under Lieutenant-General 
Drummond, who assumed the ciiief command. 
GENEEAL BEowN. Thc Amerjcaus lost about three hundred. 

5. Drummond's force was now about one third greater than that of Brown,' 
and he immediately advanced to meet the Americans. The latter had en- 
camped at Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls; and there, at the close of a sultry 
day, and within the sound of the great cataract's thunder, one of the most 
destructive battles of the war began.^ It commenced at sunset and ended at 
midnight [July 25, 1814], when the Americans had lost eight hundred and 
fifty-eight men, in killed and wounded, and the British twenty more than 
that. The Americans were left in quiet possession of the field, but were un- 




1 The fnrt on the east side of the river wns tlien in quite a dilapidated state, and formed but a feeble de- 
fense for the troops. It was strengthened after tliis attacl<. „ , , „ Vprsp T> me-p 2fiq 
2. At the present village of Fulton, about twelve miles fwm the harbor. . . Vers;e lA page My 
4. Winfield Scott, now fl865l a lieutenant general on the retired list of the army. Verse 18, page i^6. 
General Kipley (lied on the 2d of March, -849 . „, , „ i, 

5 On the Canada side of Niagara river, nearly opposite Black Rock. 

6 On the Canada shore, about two miles above Niagara Falls. .... . , . . ,.,_ _„j 

'TKl7o:^e.\fh::^Xftl^t '::L7.i ^2Z^::^$^^^^-n..rs Lane. This battle is.nown 
by the respective names of Brulgeicaler, Lundy'K Lane, an d Niagara i'aH^ 

a^J^^ST^nSJ'r^f^hii^^-V^ 



SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



295 



Successful Bortie at Fort Erie. 



British march oti Plattsburg. 




NI\OAK\ FEOKTIEB. 



went into winter 



able to carry away the heavy artillery which they had captured.' Brown 
and Scott being wounded," the coinniaud devolved on Ripley, and on the fol- 
lowing day [July 2G] he withdrew to Fort Erie, where General Gaines, a 
senior officer who arrived soon afterward, assumed the chief comiuaud. 

6. Drumniond again advanced with five thousand 
men, and on the 4th of August appeared before Fort 
Erie. He made an assault on the 15th, but was re- 
pulsed, with a loss of almost a thousand men. Very 
little was done by either party for nearly a month, 
when General Brown, who ha 1 assumed command 
again, ordered a sortie [Sept. 17] from the fort. It 
was successful; and the Americans pressed forward, 
destroyed the advanced works of the besiegers, and 
drove them toward Chippewa. Informed, soon after- 
ward, that General Izard^ was approaching with rein- 
forcements for Brown, Drummond retired to Fort 
George.* The Americans abandoned and destroyed 
Fort Erie in November [iSTov. 5], and crossing the rivei 
quarters at BuCfiilo, Black Rock, and Batavia. 

7. Very little of moment transpired in the vicinity of Lake Champlain until 
toward the close of summer, when General Izard^ marched [Aug., 1814] from 
Plattsburg, with five thousand men, to reinforce General Brown" on the 
Niagara frontier, leaving General Macomb' in command, with only fifteen 
hundred men. Taking advantage of this circumstance, General Prevost, with 
fourteen thousand men, chiefly Wellington's veterans, marched for Plattsburg. 
During the Spring and Summer, the British and Americans had each con- 
structed a small fleet on Lake Champlain, and these were now ready for oper- 
ations ; the formerSinder Commodore Downie, and the latter under Commo- 
dore M'Donough.^ 

8. Prevost arrived near Plattsburg on the 6th of September, when Ma- 
comb's little army, and quite a large body of militia, under General Mooers, 
retired to the south side of the Saranac, and prepared to dispute its passage, 

1. After the Americans had withdrawn, a parly of the Rritish returned and carriedoff their artillery. This 
event was so magriilied in the British account of the battle, as to make the victory appear on the side of the 
British. 

2. Drummond and Riall were also woundt'd. General Scott led the advance in the en^a^ement, and for 
an hour maintained a most despeiate conilict, when he was reinf>rced. It was quite daik, and Oene'.al 
Riall and his suite were made prisoners l.y the jjallant Major .lesMp. \ British battery [note 2, pap:e 110] 
upon an eminence did terrible execution, fu- it swept the whole field. This was assailed and captured by a 
party under Colonel Miller, who replied, when asked if he conld accomplish it, "I'll try, sir." Three times 
the British attempted lo recapture this battery ; in the last attempt Drummond was wounded. 

•S. Verse 7, page 295. 4 Verse 11, page r89. 

6. George Izard was born in South Carolina in 1777, and made military life his profession. After the war 
he left the army. Ho was (Jnvernor of Arkansas Territory in 1825, and died at Little Rock, Aik., in 1828. 

6. Verse 4, iiage ISI. 

7. Alexander .\tacomb was born at Detroit in 1782, and entered the army at the age of seventeen years. 
He was made a brisadier in 1814. In IS35 he was general in-chief of the armies of the ITniteii States, 
and died in IStl. 

8. Thomas M'Donough was a native of Delaware. He was twenty-eight years of age at the time of the 
engagement at Plattsburg. The State of New York gav.^ him one thousand acres of land on Plattsburg Bay, 
for his services. He died in 1825, at the age of thirty-nine years. 



QtjKSTiONS. — 6. What can yon tell of events at Fort Krie? Wliat did the Americans do? 7- Whatmovc- 
mjnts were made at Plattsburg? What hostile preparations had bean made on Lake Champlain r 



206 



THE NATION. 



Battles at Plattbburg. Troops on the sea-coast. The British in Maryland. 




by the invaders. On the morning of the 11th, the British fleet came around 
Cumberland Head, with a fair wind, and attacked 
JM'Douough's squadron in Plattsburg Bay. At 
the same time the British land troops opened a 
heavy cannonade upon the Americans. Alter a 
severe engagement of two hours and twenty min- 
utes, M'Donough became victor, and the whole 
British fleet was surrendered to him.' The land 
force fought until dark, and every attempt of the 
British to cross the Saranac was bravely resisted. 
During the evening, Prevost hastily retreated, 
leaving his sick and wounded, and a large quan- 
M'BONouon. tity of miUtary stores, behind him. The British 
loss, in killed, wounded, and deserted, from the Cth to the 11th, was about 
twenty-five hundred ; that of the Americans, one hundred and twenty-one. 
The victory was applauded with the greatest enthusiasm throughout the land, 
and gave emphasis to 'the eflect of another at Baltimore, which had been re- 
cently achieved.^ 

9. While the northern frontier Avas the scene of stirring military events, the 
sea-coast was not exempt from trouble. The principal ports, from New York 
to Maine, were blockaded by British war-vessels; and early in the Spring, a 
depredating warfare again^ commenced on the shores of the Chesapeake. 
These were but feebly defended by a small flotilla,^ under the veteran, Com- 
modore Barney;^ and when, about the middle of August, a British squadron, 
of almost sixty sail, arrived in the bay, with six thousand troops, under Gren- 
eral Ross, destined for the capture of Washington city, it proved of little 
value. 

10. Ross landed [Aug. 19, 1814] at Benedict, on the Patuxent," with five 
thousand men, and marched toward Washington city.' Barney's flotilla, 
lying higher up the stream, was abandoned and burned, and his marines 
joined the gathering land forces, under General Winder. Ross was one of 
Wellington's most active commanders, and Winder had only three thousand 
troops to oppose him, one half of whom were undisciplined militia. A sharp 
engagement took place [xiug. 24] at Bladensburg, a few miles from Washing- 
ton city, when the miUtia fled, and Barney, fighting gallantly at the head of 

y The Americans lost, in killed nnfl wonnrted, one hnndred and sixteen ; the British one hnndred and 
ninety-four. Among them was Commodore Downie, whose remains lie under a monument at Plattsburg. 

2. Verse 12, page :97. X Verse 20, page 2. 2. 

4. It consisted of a cutter (a vessel with one mast), two gunboats [verse 0, page 276], and nine barges, or 
boats propelled by oars. 

.*). Born in liallimore, 1759. He entered the naval service of the Revolution in 1775, and was active during 
the whole war. He tmre the American tlag to the French National (lonventiou in 1796, and entered tlio 
French service. He returned to America in 1800, took part in the war of 1812, and died at Pittsburg in 1818. 

6. .About twenty -five miles from its mouth. 

7. Another small division was sent up the Potomac, but effected little else than plunder. 



Question!". — 8. What occurred on land, at Plattsburg? What occurred on the lake ne.^r Plattsburg? 
What was the result of the b-ittle? P. What occurred on the sea-coast? What was done in Ohesapcako 
Bay? 10. What did the British under Kos.s do? What battle occurred? and what outrages were committed ? 



SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 297 

Washington city burned. Unsuccessful attack on Baltimore. Attack on Stonington. 



his seamen and marines, was made prisoner.' Eoss pushed forward to Wash- 
ington City the same day, burned [Aug. 24] the Capitol, President's house, 
and other public and private buildings, and then hastily retreated [Aug. 25] to 
his shipping. 

11. J^'luslied with success, Ro-ss proceeded to attack Baltimore, where the 
veteran, General Smith," was in command. He landed [Sept. 12, 1814] with 
almost eight thousand troops, at North Point, fourteen miles from the city, 
while a portion of the lleet went up the Patapsco to bombard Fort M'Henry, 
He immediately pressed forward, but was soon met by the advanced corps of 
General Strieker, and a slight skirmish ensued. Eoss was killed, and the 
command devolved on Colonel Brooke, who continued to advance. A severe 
battle now commenced, which continued an hour and a quarter, when the 
Americans fell back, in good order, toward the city. In this engagement 
the British lost about three hundred men ; the Americans one hundred and 
sixty-three. Both parties slept on their arms' that night; and the following 
morning [Sept. 13], the British advanced as if to attack" the city. 

12. The fleet, in the mean while, had opened its bombs and cannons upon 
the fort, whose garrison, under Major Armistead, made a most gallant de- 
fense. The bombardment continued most of the day and night, and no less 
than fifteen hundred bomb-shells were thrown. The people in the city felt in 
immediate danger of an attack from the land troops ; but toward the morning 
of the 14th, these silently embarked, and the disheartened and discomfited 
enemy withdrew.'' This defense was hailed as an important victory. 

13. During the Summer, the whole coast eastward from Sandy Hook' was 
greatly annoyed by small British squadrons, which captured many American 
coasting vessels, and sometimes menaced towns with bombardment. Finally, 
in August [1814], Commodore Hardy appeared before Stonington, and 
opened a terrible storm of bomb-shells and rockets' upon the town. The 
attack continued four successive days [Aug. 9-12], and several times land 
forces attempted to debark, but were always driven back by the militia. The 
object of this unprovoked attack seems to have been, to entice the American 
forces from New London, so that the British shipping might go up the 
Thames, and destroy some American frigates, then near Norwich. The ex- 
pedition signally failed. 



1. Until the latent moment, it was not known whether Washinplon or Baltimore was to tie attacked. 
Winder's troops, employed for the defense of both cities, were divided. The loss of the Hnlish, m kil eri 
wounded, and by desertion, was almost a thonsand men ; that of the \mericans was nbont a hundred K'Hed 
and wounded, and a hundred and twentv taken prisoners. The President and his cabinet were at JJla- 
densburp: when the British approached, but returned to the city when the conflict began, and narrowly 
escaped capture. 

2. Samuel Smith, the commander of Fort Mifflin fverse IG, page TIS] in 1777. Tie was horn ni Pennsyl- 
vania in 1752 ; entered the Revolutionary army in 1176 ; afterward represented Baltimore in Congress ; and 
died in April, lfv^9. ' ' S- Note ", pnge 227. 

■». General Smith estimated the entire loss of the British, in their attack upon Baltimore, at "betweeu six 
and .seven hundred." 

.1. Verse 5, page '.'(10. It is a low sandbank, stretching along the shore of New Jersey. 

6. Rockets used for setting fire to towns and shipping, are made similar to the common " skv-rockct," h: t 
filled with inflammable substances, which are scattered over buildings and the rigging of ships. 

OnrsTiox?.— 11. What occnrred near Baltimore? 12. What can you tell of a bombardment ? Row (:i J it 
leiminate? 13. What occurred on the New England coasts? 

13* 



298 THE XATION. 



Difficulties in Florida. Capture of Pensacola. British at New Orleans. 



14. We have already considered Jackson's successful warfare upon the 
Creek Indians.' In the course of the Summer of 1814, he wrung from them 
a treaty which completed their downlall as a nation," and the war at the 
South was considered ended. But the common enemy, lavored by the Span- 
iards at Pensacola, soon appeared. A British squadron, cruising in the Gulf 
of Mexico, took possession of the forts at Pensacola, by permission of the Span- 
ish authorities, and there fitted out an expedition against Fort Bower (now 
Fort Morgan), at the entrance to Mobile Bay,=' then commanded by Major 
Lawrence. Among the British land troops on the occasion, were two hun- 
dred Greek wai-riors. The attack was made on the aiternoon of the 15th of 
September. The British were repulsed, with the loss of a ship of war and 
many men. 

15. General Jackson held the Spanish governor of Florida responsible for 
sheltering the enemies of the United States. Failing to obtain any satisfac- 
tory guaranty for the future, Jackson marched from Mobile with about two 
thousand Tennessee militia and some Choctaw warriors, against Pensacola. 
He stormed [Nov. 7, 1814] the town, drove the British to their shipping, and 
finally from the harbor, and made the governor beg for mercy, and surrender 
Pensacola and all its military works, unconditionally. The British fleet disap- 
peared the next day [Nov. 8], and the victor retraced his steps [Nov. 9]. On 
liis arrival at Mobile, Jackson found messages from New Orleans, begging his 
immediate march thither, for the British in the Gulf of ^Mexico, reinforced by 
thousands of troops from England, were about to invade Louisiana. 

16. Jackson instantly obeyed the summons. He found the people of New 
Orleans in the greatest alarm [Dec. 2], but his presence soon restored quiet 
and confidence. He declared martial law, and soon placed the city in a state 
of comparative security;'' and when the British squadron, bearing General 
Packenham and about twelve thousand troops, many of them Wellington's 
veterans, entered Lake Borgne, he felt confident of success, even against such 
fearful odds. 

17. The British fleet captured a flotilla of American gun-boats in Lake 
Borgne^ [Dec. 14] ; and eight days afterward [Dec. 22], about twenty-four 
hundred of the enemy reached the Mississippi, nine miles below New Or- 
leans. An American detachment, led by Jackson in person, fell upon their 
camp the following night [Dec. 23, 1814], but withdrew, after killing or 

1. Verse 15, page 2.'0. 

2. They agreed to give up a large portion of their country as indemnity for the expenses of the war ; to 
allow the United States to make roads through the remainder ; and also, not to hold intercourse with any 
British or Spanish posts. 3. On the east side, about thirty miles south from Mobile. 

■1. .\ll the inlets, or bayous, were obstructed, and the banks of the Mississippi were so fortified as to pre- 
vent the ascent of vessels. A battery was erected on Chef Menteur, at the entrance to i,ake Ponchartrain. 

5. The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, about forty ; the British, about three humlred. The attack 
was made by the enemy in abont forty barges, conveying twelve hundred men. The American gun-boats 
were under the command of Lieutenant (late Commodore) Thomas Ap Catesby Jones. 



Qdestions.— 14. What can von tell of trouble with the British in Florida ? 1."). How did Jackson regard 
and treat the Spanislt authorities in Florida? What occurred at Pon'^acola? What caused Jack-on's hasty 
departure? Ifi. What caused alarm at New Orleans? Wliat measures did Jackson adopt? 17. Whatdidthj 
British do? What skirmish took place? and what was the result? 



SECOND WAK FOR IXDEPENDENCE. 291) 

Battle of New Orleans. 



Cavalry"" ^ ^'^'^.z:;:;^^, ^-^-r-^^^'^'" 

-.-TAR . X ■:"..■.'■' I 

Jackson's Line <r«.. ^l 




wounding four hundred of the British. The Americans lost about one hun- 
dre<l. 

18. Jackson now concentrated his troops (about three thousand in number, 
ami mostly militia) within a line of inti-enchments cast up four miles below 
the city,' where they were twice cannonaded by the British, but without 
nuich effect. Finally, on the morning of the 8:h of January, 1815, Paeken- 
ham advanced with his whole force, numbering more than twelve thousand 
men, to make a general assault. Reinforced by about three thousand mihtia 
(chiefly Kentuckians), Jack- 
son now had six thousand 
expert marksmen concealed 
behind his intrenchments, or 
stationed at the batteries on 
his extended liue. When the 
British had approached within 
reach of these batteries, the 
Americans opened a terrible 
cannonade. Yet the enemy 
continued to advance until 
within range of the American 
rifles. Volley after volley then poured a deadly storm of lead upon the invad- 
ers. The British column soon wavered, General Packcnhani fell, and the 
entire army fled in dismay, leaving seven hundred dead, and more than a 
thousand wounded, on the field. The fugitives hastened to their encamp- 
ment [Jan. 9], and finally to their ships [Jan. 18]. and escaped." The Amer- 
icans were so safely intrenched, that they lost only seven killed, and six 
wounded. It was the crowning victory,^ and last land battle of moment of 
the Second War for Independence.'' 

19. The victory at New Orleans made the country vocal with rejoicings, 
and soon afterward, the proclamation of peace [Feb. 18, 1815] spread a smile 
of happiness over the whole Union. As early as December, 1813, the British 
government had sent overtures of peace to that of the United States.* They 



'^^/T 



Br.Battebies Br^t^hi 



BATTLI5 OF NEW OELE.VNS. 



1. These intrenchments were a mile in length, extending from the river so far into (heswamp, as to be im- 
passRlile at the extrtmity. Along this line were eight distinct batteries, with heavy cannons; and on the 
opposite side'of the river was a battery with fifteen cannons. 

'Z. While these opera;ions werein progreis on lie Mississippi, the British fieet had not beer, inactive. Some 
vessels bombarded Fort St. Philip, below New Orleans, on the lllli of Jannaiy, and contiinied the attack for 
eight days without success. In the mean while, Admiral (Jockburu was pursuing his dclcslahle waifare 
along the Carolina and Georgia coasts, menacing Charleston and Savannah with destruction, and landing 
at obscure points to plunder the inhabitants. 

.'J. During 181 1 the war confir.ued on the ocean, yet there were no battles of great importance. The Pei- 
cnrk captured the British brig Eperrier, on the :9lb of April, off the coast of Floiida. The Wa>p, Captain 
Klakely, also made a successful cruise, but afier capturing her thirteenth prize, rlisappeared, and w.as never 
heard of again. Probably Inst in a storm. Th.^ Prrxirlent. C^nmmoilore Decatur, was captured off I.ong 
Island, on the 16th of .Tannary, ISl."), and on the :i)th of KelMuniy following, the Cnnstitution, Ccmmodore 
Stewart, had a severe ac-tion with the IJrilish frigate TT/rtw^, and slonp-of-war i/praj</, and captnied both. 
Soon afier this, the Rrilish brig Penguin was captured, but the pioclamation of peace now ended the war. 

4. Note 4, page 2^]. 

5. The British schooner Bramble arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, on (he 1st of .Tannary, ISl 1, bearing a 
flag of truce, and a proposition for peace. On the 6th, the President informed Congress of the fact. 



QuFSTiofjs. — 18. What preparations did Jackson make for attack ? What number of soldiers had cch 
armv ? \^"hat can yoi tell cf the battle of New Oi leans and its results? 19. What were the effects of the battle 
of New Orleans? What was done towa:d a treaty of peace? 



300 THE NATION. 



Treaty of Peace. Hartford Convention. War with Algiers. 

were promptly met by the latter in a conciliatory spirit, and commissioners 
were appointed by the two powers to negotiate a treaty.' They met in the 
city of Ghent, in Belgium, in the month of August, 1814, and on the 24th of 
December following, a treaty was signed, which both governments speedily 
ratified. 

20. During these negotiations, the war, as we have seen, was vigorously 
prosecuted, and the opposition of the Federalists grew more intense. It 
reached its culmination in December, when delegates, appointed by several 
New England legislatures, met [Dec. 15, 1814] in convention at Hartford, for 
the purpose of considering the grievances of the people, caused by a state of 
war, and to devise speedy measures for its termination. This convention, 
whose sessions were secret, was denounced as treasonable, but patriotism ap- 
pears to have prevailed in its councils, whatever may have been the designs 
of some. Its plans for disunion or secession, if any were formed, were ren- 
dered abortive soon afler its adjournment, for, on the 18th of February, 1815, 
peace was proclaimed by the President, and then a day of national thanks- 
giving to the Almighty, for the blessed event, was observed throughout the 
Union. 

21. The contest with England had but just ended, when the United States 
was compelled to engage in a brief 

WAR WITH ALGIERS. 

As we have observed," the United States had paid tribute to Algiers since 
1795. Every year, as his strength increased, the ruler of that Barbary State 
became more insolent,^ and finally, believing that the United States navy had 
been almost annihilated by the British, he made a pretense for renewing dep- 
redations upon American commci-ce, in violation of the treaty. Our govern- 
ment, determined to pay tribute no longer, accepted the challenge, and in 
May, 1815, Commodore Decatur^ proceeded with a squadron to the Mediter- 
ranean, to humble the pirate. 

22. Fortunately, the Algerine fleet was cruising in the Mediterranean, in 
search of American vessels. On the 17th of June [1815], Decatur met and 
captured the frigate of the Algerine admiral, and another vessel with almost 
six hundred men, and then sailed for the bay of Algiers. He immediately 
demanded [June 28] the instant surrender of all American prisoners, full in- 
demnification for all property destroyed, and absolute relinquishment of all 
claims to tribute from the United States, in future. Informed of the fate of 



1. The United States comraissiorerB were John Qnincv Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan 
Rnssel, and Albert Oallatin (note 1, pape 27S1. Those of Oreat Britain were Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry 
rionlbourn and William Adams. T'hese commissioners are all dead. Mr. Clay, who died in 1&52, was the 
last survivor. '-'• Verse It, page 269. 

:<. Verse 3, pace 27s. In 1S12, the Pev rompelled Mr. I.ear, the American consnl [verse .S papc 274], to 
pay him 92^,000, for the safely of himself, family, and a few Americans, under the penalty of all beinp made 
Blavos. ■*• ■^'"'^■'■e ■<> pnee 174. 

QuFSTiONS.— ?0. What did the Federalists do? What can yon tell of a secret convention ? What of peace? 
21 What other war did the United States enpape in? What can you tell of the relations between the United 
States and Alpicrs? What dirt the former resolve to do? 22. What can you tell of Commodore Decatur's 
exploits in the Mediterranean? What did he accomplish? 



Monroe's admixisthation. 801 

Decatur in the Mediterranean. Election and inauguration of Monioe. 

a part of his fleet, the Dry" yielded to the humiliating terms, and signed a 
treaty [June 30] to that effect. 

23. Decatur then sailed for Tunis," and demanded and received [July, 1815] 
from the bashaw^ forty-six thousand dollars, in payment for American vessels 
which he had allowed the English to capture in his harbor. The same de- 
mand, on the same account, was made upon the bashaw of Tripoli,^ and De- 
catur received [August] twenty-five thousand dollars from him, and the re- 
storation of prisoners. This cruise to the Mediterranean gave full security to 
American commerce in those seas, and greatly elevated the character of the 
government of the United States in the opinion of Europe. Now was ac- 
complished, in a single cruise, what the combined powers of Europe dared not 
to attempt. 

24. The eventful administration of Mr. Madison now drew to a close, and 
very little of general interest occurred, except the chartering of a new United 
States Bank,^ and the admission of Indiana [Dec, 1816] into the Union of 
States. In the autumn of 1816, James Monroe of Virginia, who was Mad- 
ison's Secretary of War for a few months, was elected President of the United 
States, and Daniel D. Tompkins," of New York, Vice-President.' 



SECTION VIT. 

Monroe's administration. [1817-1825.1 

1. Mr. Monroe* was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817, at Congress 
Hall, in -Washington city, the Capitol having been partially rebuilt.' He 
selected his cabinet from the RepuWicjm party ;'" and never, since the 
formation of the government, had a President been surrounded with abler 
counselors." Monroe was a judicious and reliable man; and when we reflect 
upon the condition of the country at that time — in a transition state from war 

I. Verse 14, page 269. 2. Verse .3, page 273. 3. Verse 5, page 274. 4. Verse 5. page 274. 
5. The first, as we have observed fverse 6, page i6Ci], was chartered in 17i'X. The charter expired in 1811. 

A project for a new bank was presented to the consideration of Congress, at the session of 18I.'i-16, and on 
the litih of April, 181(5, a charter for twenty years, wi;h a capital of $35,000,000, was granted. The existence 
of the bank expired with this charter in lA.Sii. 

f>. ISorn in 1774. lie was a prominent Damocrat when Jefferson was elected fverse 6, page 572] Preside'! 
of the United States. He was Chief- Justice of New York, and also Governor of the State. He died on 
Staten Island, in 1825. 

7. Mr. Monroe's election was by an almost unanimous vote. Only one vo'e (in New Il.impshire) was cast 
ngiinst him. 

8. .lames .Monroe was born in Virginia in 17.59. He entered the patriot army in 1776, and rose to the rank 
of captain. He was a member of Congress in 1783, of the 11. S. Senate in 179 i, Governor of Virginia in U 99, 
an 1 miTiister to France and England in 180.3. He died in New York on the 4tli of Julv, 183'. 

9. Verse 10, page 296. 10. Verse 9, page 267. 

II. John CJuincy Adams, Secretary of State ; William H Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John f". 
Calhoun, Secretary of War ; Bi'n.iamin Crowninshield, Secretary of the Xavy; and William Wirt, Attorney- 
General. He offered the War Department to the vonerab e tJiivernor Shelby, of Kentucky fverse S, page 
288|. who declined it. I'alhoim was appointed in December. 1817. Crownin'shield, who was in Madison's 
cabinet, continued in office until the clo^e of November, 1818, when Smith Thompson, of New York, was ap- 
pointed in his place. 

QcKSTloss. — ?3. What did Dectur accomplish at Timis and Tripoli ? What did Iii= cruise effect ? 24. 
What notable events occurred during the remainder of Madison's administration? 1. When and where was 
X'mroe inaugurated President of the ITuited States? Why there? What was the character of his cabinet? 
What was the condition of the country? 



302 



THE NATION. 



Emigration to the West. 



Buccaneers in the Gulf of Mexico. 



and confusion to peace and order — his ele- 
vation to tlie presidency seems to have been 
a national blessing. 

2. During- the war, a large number of 
manufacturing establishments had been nur- 
tured into vigorous life by great demands 
and high prices; but vi-hen peace returned, 
and Ein-opean manufactures flooded the 
country at very low prices, wide-spread 
ruin ensued, and thousands of men were 
compelled to seek other cmp!o3'ments. The 
apparent misfortune was a mercy in disguise, 
for the nation. Beyond the Alleghanies, 
millions of fertile acres, possessing real 
wealth, were awaiting the tiller's industry 
and skill.' Agriculture beckoned the bank- 
rupts to her fields. Homes in the East were 

A deserted ; emigration flooded over the mount- 
ains in a broad and vigorous stream ; and be- 
fore the close of Monroe's administration, 
four flourishing States had started into 
'/J being^ from the wilderness of the great 
West, and one in the East.^ 

3. The first year of Monroe's adminis- 
tration was chiefly distinguished by the 
admission [Dec, 1817] of a portion of the 
Mississippi Territory into the Union, as a 

State,^ and the suppi'cssion of two piratical and slave dealing establish- 
ments near the southern and south-western borders of the republic. One 
of them was at the mouth of the St. Mary, Florida, and the other at 
Galveston, Texas. In addition to a clandestine trade in slaves, these buc- 
caneers,^ under pretense of authority from one of the Spanish republics of 
South America," were endeavoring to liberate the Floridas from the dominion 
of Spain.' In November, 1817, United States troops proceeded to take pos- 




r^v. 



MONKOE, AND UiS E: SIDENOE. 



1. The progress of the States and Territories west of (he Alleghanies fnoteT, pape U] in wealth and pop- 
ulation, is ti uly wonderful. Fifty years ago, those immense lake^, Ontario, Ki ie, Michican, Huron, and Sn- 
perior, were entirely without commerce, and an Indian's cai oe was almost the only craft seen upon them. 
In I860, the vtilue of traffic upon these waters and the navigable rivers, was estimated at $800,000,000. 
And ne.er wa.s the g owth of the ^reat West more rapid than at the present. 

'J. Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri. 3. Maine. 

4. The Territory was divided. The western portion was made a State, and the eastern was erected into a 
Territory, named Alabama, after its principal river. It included a portion of (ieorgia, given for a consider- 
ation. See note 4. page Sol. . ^ .^. Note .'^ pace 119. 

6. nining the first quarter of the present century, nearlv nil of the countries in Central and South Amer- 
ica, which, since the conquests of Corte/, [verse Z"?, page S?,] and Pi*arro (note 5, page ,■^41, had been under 
the Spanish voke, rebelled, and forming republics, became independent of Spam. It was the policy of our 
povernment "to encourage these republics, hy preventing the re-establishment of monarchical power on the 
American continent. This is known as "The Monroe Doctrine." 7. Verse 18, page 3?. 

Questions. — ?. What caused wide-spread commercial ruin? What good ensued? 3. What events dis- 
tinguished the first year of Monroe's administration ? Can you relate the circumstances? 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 303 



Indian War at the South. Pensacola again seized. Cession of Florida. 

session of Amelia Island, the rendezvous of the pirates on the Florida coast, 
and the Galveston establishment soon disappeared for want of support. 

4. Another difficulty arose at about the same time. A motley host, com- 
posed chiefly of Seminole Indians,' Creeks dissatisfied with the treaty of 1814,^ 
and runaway negroes, commenced murderous depredations upon the frontier 
settlements of Georgia and the Alabama Territory, toward the close of 1817. 
General Gaines' was sent to suppress these outrages, and to remove every 
Indian from the Territory which the Creeks had ceded to the United States in 
1814. His presence aroused the fiercest ire of the Indians, who, it was ascer- 
tained, were incited to hostilities by British subjects protected by the Spanish 
authorities in Florida. Gaines was placed in a perilous position, when Gen- 
eral Jackson, with a thousand mounted Tennessee volunteers, hastened [Dec, 
1817] to his aid. 

5. Jackson marched [March, 1818] into Florida, took possession [Apiil] of 
the weak Spanish post of St. Mark, at the head of Appaliachee Bay,* and sent 
the civil authorities and troops to Pensacola.^ At St. Mark he secured the 
persons of Alexander Arbuthnot and Kobert C. Ambristei-," who, on being 
tried [April 20] by a court-martial, were found guilty of being the principal 
emissaries among the southern Indians, incitmg them to hostilities. They 
were both executed on the 30th of the same month. Jackson afterward 
seized Pensacola [May 24], captured the fortress of Barancas [May 27] at the 
entrance to Pensacola Bay, and sent the Spanish authorities and troops to 
Havana. 

6. General Jackson was much censured at first for this invasion of the Ter- 
ritory of a friendly power, and his summary proceedings there. But he was 
sustained by the government and the mnjority of the people. These measures 
also led to the important treaty' at Washington, in Fcbruarj', 1819, by which 
Spain ceded to the United States the whole of the Floridas and the adjacent 
islands, and that country was erected into a Territory in February, 1821. 
General Jackson was appointed [March, 1821] the first governor of the newly- 
acquired domain. 

7. AYhile the treaty concerning Florida was pending, the southern portion 
of a vast region of the remaining Territory of Louisiana, extending westward 
of that State to the Pacific ocean, which was erected into the " Missouri Ter- 

1. Verse 4, papre 22. ?. Verse 14, pape 208. 

,S. Edmund P. Caines was born in Virginia, in 1777- He entered the army in 1799, and rose Kiadually 
niilil lie was made major-general for bis {lallantry at Fort Erie [verse 5, page 294], in 1814. He remained in 
the army until his death, in 1849. 4. Verse 24, pape 34. 5. Verse 14, page 298. 

6. Arl)uthnot was a Scotch trader from New Providence, one of the Bahama Islands. He bad a stare on 
the Suwaney river, where many of the hostile Indians and negroes congregated. Ambristcr was an Kn- 
glishman, about twenty -one years of age, who had tiorne a lieutenant's commission in the British service. 
He was also at the Suwaney settlements, and put himself at the bead of the Indians and negroes. 

7. Made by John Quincy .Adams for the United States, and Don Onis, the Spanish embassador at Wash- 
ington. Hitherto, the United States had claimed a large portion of Texas, as a part of Louisiana. By this 
treaty, Te.xas was retained by the Spaniards. The cession was made as an equivalent for all claims against 
Spain for injury done the American commerce to an amount not exceeding $j,OlO,000. This tieaty was not 
finally ratified until February, 18'21. 



QtlESTions. — I. What can you tell of border warfare at the South? What was done to suppress it? 5. 
What did Jackson do in Florida? Who caused trouble there? What rigorous measuics were carried ont ? 
6. How were Jackson's proceedings regarded? What was his plea? What was the ;e5ult7 



304 THE NATION. 



Admission of new States. Missouri Compromise. Pirates in the West Indies. 

ritory" in 1812, was formed into a government [1819], and called Arkansas. 
In December, the same year, Alabama was admitted into the Union ; and at 
the same time, Missouri and Maine were making overtures for a similar po- 
sition. Maine was admitted in March, 1820,' but the entranceof Missouri was 
delayed until August, 1821, by a violent and protracted debate \vhich sprung 
up between the North and the South on the subject of the admission of sla- 
very, into that state. 

8. During the session of 1818-19, a bill was introduced into Congress, 
which contained a provision forbidding the introduction of slavery or involun- 
tary servitude into the new State of Missouri, when admitted. Violent de- 
bates arose, and the subject was postponed until another session. The whole 
country was agitated by disputes on the subject; and when it was again 
brought before Congress [Nov. 23, 1820], angry disputes and long discussions 
ensued. A compromise was finally agreed to [Feb. 28, 1821], by which 
slavery should be allowed in Missouri and in all territory south of thirty-six 
degrees and thirty minutes north latitude (southern boundary of Missouri), 
and prohibited in all the territory northerly and westerly of these limits. This 
is known as The Missouri Comjvornise.- Under this compromise Missouri 
was admitted [Aug. 21, 1821], and the excitement on the subject ceased. The 
confederation was now composed of twenty-four sovereign States.^ 

9. During the pendency of the Missouri question, Mr. Monroe was re- 
elected President [1820], and Mr. Tompkins* Vice-President, by an almost 
unanimous vote, the old Federal party,' as an organization, being nearly ex- 
tinct. His administration had been very popular, and the country was blessed 
with general prosperity. Two other measures, besides those already noticed, 
received the warmest approbation of the people. One made provision, in some 
degree, for the surviving officers and soldiers of the Revolution, and their fam- 
ilies ; the other was an arrangement made with Great Britain [Oct., 1818], by 
which American citizens were allowed to share with those of that realm, in 
the valuable Newfoundland fisheries." 

10. Very little of general importance, aside from the rapid progress of the 
country, occurred during the remainder of Monroe's administration, except the 
suppression of piracy among the West India Islands, and the visit of General 
La Fayette' to the United States, as the nation's guest. In 1822, a small 
American squadron destroyed more than twenty piratical vessels on the coast 
of Cuba, and the following year the work was completed, by a larger force, 
under Commodore Porter.' 

11. La Fayette arrived at New York, from France, in August, 1824, and 

1. Verse .'51, page 102. 2. Verse 8, page 347. 

3. Illinois was admiited as a State in necember, 1818. 

4. Verse :'4, page :5()1. 5. Verse 9, pape 2"7- 
6. Verse 15, page 3-10. At the same time, the northern boundary of the United States, from the Lake of 

the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, was defined. 7. Verse 12, page 216. 8. Verse 21, page i93. 



Questions. — 7. What new Territorv was formed? and how? What new States sought admission into the 
Unior ? What cunsed agitation? 8. Whit can you tell about the admission of Missouri into the Union? What 
compromise was made ? and what did it efTert? 9. What political changes occurred ? What was the chnr- 
nctercf Monroe's administration? What measures were popular? 10. What was done to suppress piracy ? 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 



305 



Visit of La Fayette. 



Election and inauguration of J. Q. Adams. 



during about eleven succeeding months, he made a tour of over five thousand 
iTiiles, throughout the United States. He was everywhere greeted with the 
warmest enthusiasm, and was otten met by men who had served under him 
in the first War for Independence. When he was prepared to return, an 
American frigate, named Brandywine, in coniphment to him,' was sent by 
Ihe United States government to convey him back to France. 

12. In the Autumn of 1824, the people were called upon to select a suc- 
cessor to Mr. Monroe. Four candidates, ^ j. ,„^^:::>=^■^xu^»i' 
representing the different sections of the 
Union,- were put in nomination. The result 
was, that the choice devolved upon the 
House of Representatives, for the second 
time.' That body chose John Quincy Adams, 
President. John C. Callioun had been chosen 
Vice-President by the people. The election 
and final choice produced great excitement 
throughout the country, and engendered po- 
litical rancor equal to that which prevailed 
during the administration of the elder Adams.* 



SECTION" VIII. 

ADAMs's AD M INISTK ATI O N . 

[1825-1829.] 

1. John Quincy Adams* was inaugurated 
on the 4th of March, 1825. The Senate 
being in session, he immediately nominated 
his cabinet officers, and all but one were 
confirmed by a unanimous vote of that 
body.* 

2. The political views of Mr. Adams were 
consonant with those of Mr. Monroe, and 




J. Q. ADAMS, AMD III8 EE8IKENCI?. 



1. His first battle for freedom in America, was that on the Brandywine, in September, 1717, where he was 
wounded in the leg:. Note 4, pape '.17. 

2. .lolin Quincy Adams in the Ea>^t, William H. Crawford in the South, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay 
in the West. 3. Note 4, pnpe 27-. 4. Ver?e 6, papre 272. 

5. .lohn Quincy Adams, son of President John \dams, was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767, and 
at the time of his death, his home residence was in the old fnmily m.insion, so Ions occupied by his father. 
He was in public life in the service of his country, from his youth, as legisLitor at home, and minister 
abroad. He was a fine scholar and sound statesman, and a wat m-hearted philanthropist. He died at Wat-h- 
inglon city, in 1S48, while a member of the House of Representatives. 

6. Henry ('lay. Secretary of State ; Richard Rush, Secretary of Ihe Treasury : James Barbour, Secretary 
of War ; Samuel L. .•southard (continued in olfii-e). Secretary of the Navy ; and William Wirt (continued), At- 
torney-General. There was considerable opposition in the Senate to the confirmation of Henry Clay's nom- 
ination. He had been charged with defeating the election of General .Tnckson, by eiving his influence to 
Mr. \dams, on condition that he should be appointed his Secretary of State. This, however, was only a 
bubble on tlie surface of political strife, and had no (rnthrnl substance. In the Senate, there were twenty- 
seven votes in favor, and fourteen against confirming the nomination of Mr. Clay. 

QuESTioN.s. — 11. What distinguished man visited the TTnited States? How was he received? and how 
sent homo? 12. Wliat occurred in the .\utumn of 1,S24? Wha' wi. ihe result of the election of Presidentf 
1. What of Mr, Adams's inauguration and appointments' 



306 THE NATION. 



Adams's administration. Singular coincidence. Brie Canal. 



the foreign and domestic policy of his administration was generally con- 
formable to those views. The amity which existed between the United States 
and foreign governments, and the absence of serious domestic troubles, made 
the administration of Mr. Adams a remarkably quiet one. Tiioroughly ac- 
quainted with all the public interests, and as thoroughly skilled in every art 
of diplomacy and jurisprudence, he managed the alfairs of State with a 
fidelity and sagacity which command our warmest approbation. 

3. The most exciting topic, at the beginning of Adams's administration 
[1825], was a controversy between the National goverament and the chief 
magistrate of Georgia, concerning the lands of the Creek Indians, and the re- 
moval of those aboriginals from the territory of that State. Governor Troup, 
impatient at the tardiness of the United States in extinguishing Indian titles 
and removing the remnants of the tribes, according to stipulation,' assumed 
the right to do it himself. The United States took the attitude of defender 
of the Indians, and, fur a time, the matter bore a serious aspect. The diffi- 
culties were finally settled, and the Creeks' and Cherokees^ gradually removed 
to the rich wilderness beyond the Mississippi.* 

4. The fitlieth anniversary of American Independence, which occurred on 
the 4th of July, 182G, was distinguished by a most remarkable coincidence. 
On that day, and almost at the same hour, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 
expired. They were both members of the committee who had framed the 
Declaration ol Independence,^ both signed it,'' both had been foreign ministers,' 
both had been Vice-Presidents, and then Presidents of the United Spates, and 
both had lived to a great age.* These coincidences, and the manner and time 
of their death, produced a profound impression upon the public mind. 

1. When GeoiEia relinc(Tiislied her claims to portions of the Mississippi Territory [note 4, page 302], the 
Federal grovernuiont atcieud to puichase, tor that Slate, the Indian lands -wiUiin its holders, " whenever it 
could be peaeeably done npon reasonable terms." The Creeb^^ wlio, with their neighbors, the Cheroht^s, 
were beginning lo practice the arts of civilized life, refused to sell their lands. The Governor of Georgia 
demanded the immediate fnllilment of ihe contract. He caused a survey of the lands to be made, and pre- 
pared to disUibiite them by loiiery, to the citizens of that State. The Federal goveinment interfered in be- 
half of the Indians, and a civil war was menaced. 2. Verse 2, page 22. X Verse 1, page 10. 

4. The great Erie canal, in the State of New York, was completed 
in 1825. It was the most important and stupendous public improve- 
ment ever undertaken in the United Stales. Its earliest advocate wa? 
Jesse Hawley, who, in a series of articles publiflied in ISi? and U08, 
signed Hercii'les, set forth the feasibility and great importance of siuh 
a connection of the waters of Lake K.ie and the Hudson river. His 
views were warmly seconded by Gouverneur Moriis (page :.6.3|, Dcwill 
Clinton, and a few others, and its final accoraplisliment was the lestilt, 
chiefly, of the untiring efforts, piivalely and officially, of the lalter 
gentleman, while a member of the Legislature, and (5overnor of ill's 
State. It is three hundred and sixty-three miles in length, and the 
first estimate of its cost was $5.0tl0,0 0. Portions of it have since been 
enlarged, to meet the increasing demands of its commerce ; and in 
1863, the people of the State decided, by a general vote, to have it en- 
larged its entile length. Dewitt Clinton, its chief patron, was a son 
of General James Clinton, of Orange county. New York. He way 
born in March, 17(i9. He was Mayor of New York ten years, and 
was elected Governor of the Stale in 1817, and again in 18.0 and 1826. 
He died suddenly while in that office, in February, 1828. 

5. Verse 10, page 20:'. , .... 
fi. Jefferson was it author, and Adams its principal supporter in the 

Continental Congress. 
TiFwiTT CLiNTo.w. 7. NotB 4, page ■ f)0, and note 3, page 2P5. 

DEWiTT oLiKru.^i. g ^j^ Adams died at Quincy, Massachusetts, at the age of almost 

ninety-one years. Mr. Jefferson died at Monticcllo, Virginia, at the age of almost eighty-lhree yeans 

Questions —" What was the eharacterof his administration? and what did he accomplish? .3. What 
f prions difficulty occurred in I82.'>? How was it settled? 4. What occurred on the fiftieth anniversary of the 
Independence of the United Stales? 




ADAMS's ADMINISTRATION". 



307 



The American Systpm. 



Anti-Masons. 



Congress at Panama. 

5. So peaceful and prosperous were the remaining years of Mr. Adams's 
administration, that pubUc affairs present very lew topics for the pen of the 
general historian.' The most important movement in foreign pohcy, was the 
appoinment, early in 1826, of commissioners'- to attend a congress of represent- 
atives of the South American republics,' held at Panama [June, 1826], on the 
Pacific coast. This appointment produced much discussion in Congress, 
chiefly on party grounds. The result of the congress at Panama was compar- 
atively unimportant, so far as the United States were concerned, and appears 
to have had very little influence on the affairs of South America. 

6. It was during the administration of Mr. Adams that the policy of pro- 
tecting home manufactures, by imposing a heavy duty upon foreign articles of 
the same kind, assumed the shape of a settled national policy, and the founda- 
tions of the Amerizaa System* as that policy is 
called, were then laid. It was very popular 
with the manufacturers of the North ; but the 
cotton-growing States, which found a ready 
market for the raw material in England, op- 
posed it. A tariff law, passed in 1828 [May 15], 
was very obnoxious to the Southern people.^ 
They denounced it as oppressive and uncon- 
stitutional, and it led to menaces of serious evils 
in 1831 and 1832." 

7. Another presidential election was held in 
the Autumn of 1828, and resulted in the elec- 
tion of Andrew Jackson for Presidimt, and 
John C. Calhoun' (re-elected) Vice-President, joiin c. oalhoun. 




1. An event occuned in 1826 which produced great excitement throuphnnt llie country, and led to the 
formation of a new, and, for a time, quite a powerful political party. William Morgan, of western New 
York, announced his intention to publish a book, in which the secrets of Fee Vasonrv were to be disclosed. 
He w;is suddenly seized at Canandaigua one evening, place 1 in a carriage, and nn^ never heard of after- 
ward. Some Free Masons were charged with his murder, and the report of an investigating committee, ap- 
pointed by the Njw York Stale Legislature, confirmed iha suspicion. The public mind was greaty agitated, 
and there w.is adisposition to exclude Free Masons from oirice. An Anii .Masonic party was firmed, and its 
organization spread over several States. In 18,S1, a national Anti-Masonic convention was held at Phila- 
delphia, and William Wirt, of Virginia, was nominated for the office of President of the United States. Al- 
though the party polled a considerable vote, it soon afterward disarpeared. 

2. R. C, Addison, and John Sargemt, commissioners, and William 13. Rochester of New York their 
Becretary. , . , . 3. Note C, page .'Oi. 

*'o^r® Illiberal commercial policy of Oreat Britain caused taviT liw<! to be enacted by Congress as early 
as i816, as retaliatory measures. In 1824, imposts were laid on fo c ign fabrics, with a view to encourlge 
American mmufactures. In July, 1S7, a national convention was held at Harrisbnrg, in Pennsylvania, to 
discuss the subject of protective tariffs. Onlv four of the slave Stuffs .sent delegates. The result of ibe 
convention was a memorial to Congress, asking a-i anpmontation of duties on several articles then mannO.c- 
tured in the United States. The Secretarv of the Trcasnrv cnlled aitcntion to the subject in his Report in 
December 1827. Congress took up the matter, and a Tirifi' Kill becnme a law in May followinir. 

5. 1 he chief articles on which heavy protective duties were Inid, were woolen ard cotton fabrics, .^tth-t 
tim ■ the value of annual imports of cotton goods fnm Q^■c■^\ Britain, was about $8,(¥)0,Unn ; that of woolen 
goods about ths same. The exports to (Jreat Rritain, of cotton, rice, and tobacco, alone (the chief products 
oi the southern States), were about $24,00 1,rOi) a-inmilly. These producers feared a great diminution of their 
exports, by a tariff that should almost wholly prohibit the importation of three million of dollars' worth of 
British cotton and woolen fabrics, annually. 6. Verse fi, page '10. 

7. John q. Calhoun was born in South Oarnlinn, in \-?.l. He first appeared in Congress in 1S11. and was 
always distinguished for his consistency, especially in his support of the institution of slavery, and the doc- 
trine of State supremacy. He was an able debater ami subtle logician. He died at Washington city, 
while a member of the United States Senate, in .March, 1850. 



• 9L''f7"^Ii?-T^- '^l}at important movement fooij nlace in 182fi? 6. What national policy was established 
in 182^? What was thought of a tariff law? 7. What can you tell of a presidential election in 1S28? What 
pleasing aspect was presentedt 



308 



THE NATION. 



Election and inauguration of Jackson. 



His character. 



by large majorities. During the contest the people appeared to be on the 
verge of civil w^ar, so violent was the party strife, and so malignant were the 
denunciations of the candidates. When it was over, perfect tranquillity pre- 
vailed, the people cheerfully acquiesced in the result, and our system of 
government was nobly vindicated before the world. 

8. President Adams left to his successor a legacy of unexampled national 
prosperity, peaceful relations with all the world, a greatly diminished national 
debt, and a surplus of more than five millions of dollars in the public Treasury. 
During his administration, more than five millions of dollars had been distri- 
buted amouGf the surviving soldiers of the Revolution.' 




JACKSOX, A>m niB RESIDENOE. 



SECTION IX. 

Jackson's ad ministration. 
[1829-1837.] 

1. General Jackson^ was surrounded by 
several surviving officers and soldiers of the 
Revolution when, on the 4th of March, 1829, 
he was inaugurated President of the United 
States. The whole of President Adams's 
cabinet officers having resigned, Jackson im- 
mediately nominated his political friends for 
his counselors, and the Senate confirmed his 
choice.^ 

2. Jackson was possessed of strong pas- 
sions, an uncorrupt heart, and an iron will. 
Honest and inexorable, he seized the helm of 
the ship of state with a patriot's hand, re- 
solved to steer it according to his own con- 
ceptions of the meaning of his guiding chart, 
Tlie Constitution,* unmindful of the interfer- 
ence of friends or foes. His audacity amazed 
his friends, and alarmed his opponents ; and 
no middle men existed. He was either thor- 
oughly loved or thoroughly hated; and for 
eight years he braved the fierce tempests of 



1. Verse 9, papre 304. 

2. Andrew Jackson wns born of Protestnnt Irish parents, in North Carolina, in 1767- He loolc part in the 
War of the Revolulion while yet a lad, and was always distinguished for his bravery and patriotism. The 
chief events in his military life have been given in preceding pnges. On Icavinp (lie presidency, ho retired 
to p'ivate life on his estate, near Nashville, Tennessee, where lie died in June, lSt.5. 

?. Martin Van Bnren, Secretary of Slate ; Samnel D. Inghpm. Peeretarv of llie Trcasnry : John IT. Katon, 
Secretary of War ; John liranoh, Secretary of the Navy ; and John McPlierson Berrian, Atlorney-rieneval. 
It hflvins: been determined to make the Postmaster-General a cabinet officer, William T. Harry wns ap- 
pointed to that station. 4. Pago 2GI. 

QuF.STlONR.— S. Wliat legneies did President Adams leave? 1. What can you tell of Jackson's inaugura- 
tion and appointments f 2. What was Jackson's character ? How did he manage public affairs ? 



Jackson's administkation, 809 



Troubles with the Indians. Tlie United States Banlc. 

party strife,' domestic perplexities," and foreign arrogance,' ■with a skill and 
courage which demand the admiration of his countrymen, however much they 
may have differed with him in matters of national polic}'. 

3. The claims of Georgia* to lands held by the powerful Cherohee tribe^ of 
Indians, lying within the limits of that State, were among the first subjects 
of general interest which occupied the attention of the President. Jackson 
favored the vieAVS of the Grcorgia authorities, and the white people proceeded 
to take possession of the Indians' land. Trouble ensued, and civil war was 
again menaced. In March [March 30, 1832], the Supreme Court of the 
United States decided against the claims of Georgia ; but that State, favored 
by the President, resisted the decision. The difficulty was finally adjusted ; 
and in 1838, General Scott" was sent thither, with several tliousand troops, to 
remove the Cherokees,'' forcibly, if necessary, beyond the Mississippi. Through 
the kindness and conciliation of Scott, they were induced to migi'ate peace- 
fully. 

4. Another cause for public agitation appeared in 1832. In his first annual 
message [Dec, 1829], Jackson took strong ground against the rencAval of the 
charter of the United States Bank,* as not authorized by the Constitution. 
Congress decided that such an act would be both constitutional and expedient ; 
and at the close of 1831, the proper officers of the bank petitioned for a re- 
newal of its charter. Long debates ensued ; and, finally, a biff for re-charter- 
ing the bank passed both Houses of Congress." Jackson vetoed'" it [July 10, 
1832] ; and as it failed to receive the sujDport of two thirds of the members 
of both Houses, the Bank Charter expired, by Hmitation, in 183G. The com- 
mercial community, regarding a nt^tional bank as essential to their prosperity, 
Avere alarmed ; and prophecies of panics and business revulsions, everywhere 
uttered, helped to accomplish their own speedy fulfilment. 

5. During the Spring of 1832, portions of some of the western tribes," re- 
siding in Wisconsin,'-' led by Black Hawk,'^ a fiery Sac chief, commenced 

1. Following the precedent of Jefferson fverse 1, page 2721. he filled a l.ar{re number of (he public offices 
with his political friends, after removing (lie incumbents. These removals were for all causes ; and during 
his administration, they amounted to six hundred and ninety out of several thousands, who were removable. 
The entire number of removals made by all the preceding presidents, from 1790 to 1829, was seventy-four. 

2. Verse 3, page : 01', and verse 7, page 310. ;-<. Note 2, page 313. 4. Verse 3, page 306. 
5. Verse 1, page 10. 6. Note 2, page 295. and verse 18, page 32fi. 

7. The Cherohees were involved in the difficullies of their Creek neighbors. They were defended against 
the encroachments of the Georgians during Adams's administration, but in December, 18 9, they were 
crushed, as a nation, by an act of Congress. The Clierokefn were more advanced in the arts of civilized life 
than the Creeks. They had churches, schools, and a printing-press, and were becoming succej-sfnl agiicnl- 
turisls. It appeared cruel in the extreme to remove (hem from their fertile lands and (he graves of their 
fathers, to the wilderness ; yet it wa«, doubtless, a proper measure for insuiing tbo p:Ofpei)(y of both races. 
But now, again, ihe tide of" civilijjilion is beating against their borders. Will they not he borne upon its 
powerful wave, further into the wilderness? 8. Verse 24, page £01. 

9. The Senate, on (he 11th of June, by twenty-eight against twenty votes ; and by the House of Repiesent- 
atives, on the .3d of July, by one hundred and .seven acninst eightv-five. 

10. That is, refused (o sign it ; and returned it to Congress with his reasons, for reconsideration by th.at 
body. The Constitution gives the President this power, and when exercised, a hill can rot become law with 
out his sienature, imless it shall, on recnnsideraiioii, receive the votes of two thirds of the members of both 
Houses of Congress. See ariicle I., section 7, of the Constitntinn, page 362. 

11. Snra, Foies. and Winrte'iapnfa. See Chap. I.. Sec. II . page 1". 

12. This was not made a Territory until four years after (his event. 13. Verse .'^, page II. _ 



Q(TF.STIONS. — 3. What can yon tell of the claims of Georgia (o Indian lands? How were (he diflicnilies ad- 
.1us(ed? 4. What other event caused public agitation f What can you tell of the T'>n'ted Slates Bank and 
its rela(ion to the business of the country? 6. What border war occurred in 1832? What of its progress and 
results? 



SlU THE NATION. 



Black Hawk war. Nullification. Jackson's proclamation. 

[April, 1832] warfare upon the frontier settlements of Illinois. After several 
skirmishes with United States troops and Illinois militia, under General At- 
kinson/ the Indians were driven beyond the Mississippi. Black Hawk was 
captured [Aug., 1S32J, and taken to Washington city ; and then, to impress 
his mind with the strength of the nation he had foolishly made war with, he 
was conducted through several of the eastern cities. This brief strife, which 
appeared quite alarming at one time, is known as the " Black Hawk war."^ 

6. The discontents of the cotton-growing States, produced by the tariff act 
of 1828/ assumed a serious aspect in South Carolina, toward the close of 
1832. An act of Congress, imposing additional duties upon foreign goods, 
passed in the Spring of 1832, led to a State convention in South Carolina, in 
November following. That assembly declared the tariff acts unconstitutional, 
and, therefore, null and void. It resolved that duties should not be paid ; and 
proclaimed that any attempt to enforce the collection of duties in the port of 
Charleston, by the general government, would be resisted by arms, and would 
produce the withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union. To support tliis 
determination, military preparations were immediately made, and civil war 
appeared inevitable. 

7. The crisis was promptly met by President 
Jackson, in a proclamation [Dec. 10], which denied 
the right of a State to nullify any act of the Federal 
government ; and warned those who were engaged 
in fomenting a rebellion, that the laws of the United 
States would be strictly enforced by military power, 
if necessary. This proclamation met the hearty 
[^V response of every friend of the Union, of whatever 
party, and greatly increased that majority of the 
President's supporters, who had just re-elected 
him to the chief magistracy of the rcnublic.^ The 

HENEY CLAY. li- • ^ ^ ^ , '1-^ 

nulhners' of South Carolina, tliough led by such 
able men as Calhoun" and Hayne,' were obliged to yield for the moment; yet 
their zeal and determination in the cause of State riglits, were not abated. 
Every day the tempest-cloud of civil commotion grew darker and darker ; 




taLrt in M,.^«A^?v?r, r/ ""'"'^ "^ ^""""^ f^a^lina. and r-,tercd the n-mvas captnin, in IS S. Hewasre- 
Se- o the^i\n,^nH''l•^^''w'^ 7" I"' In.lenenrience, wa. niarte a-l,v-tn„t-peneral, and was finally ap- 

2 iViVpV H.wk ^^ "'^"'^ Westein Army. He died at .TefTorsnn l.arMir-Us, in Jnne 1842. 
Hedied in Oc'to^jer llT i"" '"\T'eopIe, hnt was, will, diffi^nllv. reslnrod lo his former dipnity of rlnef. 

4 JaclJion WIS •;. ..ll^J ","',' '^"^ ^'"■"^'' "" ""■ ^'"^'-"' ^^ ""^ Mi-i^^ippi. S. Vrr.e 6, pace SOT. 

5. Thoi-e who fav 




sJr fn^lh^Q^' V'^^Tfi'^T? "r/e.'!"^ "•''"•"" "•" r^'*''^'" statesmen. The debate between Harne and Web- 
tW ivor ^"""^e "f "'e P"i'ed States, is regarded as one of the most eminent, for sagacity and eloquence, 
inai ever marked the proceedings of that body. = .- hi 



Qdestiovs.— 0. What oansed discontents in the South ? What did thcv lead io^ 7 What d'd the Presi- 
dent do? What effect did his proclamation have? What measure allayed the excitemcut 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



311 



A compromise. 



Removal of deposits from United States Bank. 



until, at length, Henry Clay,' a warm friend of the American system,* 
came forwarel, in Congress [Feb. 12, 1833], with a bill, which provided for 
a gradual reduction of the obnoxious duties, during the succeeding ten years. 
This compromise measure was accepted by both parties. It became a law 
[March 3], and discord between the North and South soon ceased, but only 
lor a season. 

8. In his annual message to Congress, in December, 1832, Jackson recom- 
mended the removal of the pubhc funds from the custody of the Bank of the 
United States.^ Congress, by a decided vote, refused to authorize the mea- 
sure ; but after its adjournment, the President assumed the responsibility of 
the act, and directed the Secretary of the Treasury to withdraw the govern- 
ment funds (then almost $10,000,000), and deposit them in certain State 
banks. The Secretary refused compliance, and was dismissed from office. 
His successor obeyed the President;'' and in October, 1833, the act was ac- 
complished. The effect produced was sudden and wide-spread commercial 
distress. The business of the country was plunged from the height of pros- 
perity to the depths of adversity, because its intimate connection with the na-. 
tional Bank rendered any paralysis of the operations of that institution Hital 
to commercial activity. This fact confirmed the President in his opinion of 
the danger of such an enormous moneyed institution. 

9. Intense excitement now prevailed throughout the count"y 
Presi:!ent, supported by the House of Rep- 
resentatives, persevered and triumphed. Tlie 
State deposit banks loaned freely, confidence 
was gradually restored, and apparent general 
prosperity^ returned. The wisdom and fore- 
cast of General Jackson, in this matter, ap- 
pear to be universally acknowledged. The 
necessity for such an institution is no longer 
admitted, and its dangerous power, if wickedly 
exercised, may be plainly seen. 

10. Toward the close of 1835, the Sem- 
inole Indians, guided by their head sachem, 
Micanopy, and led by their principal chief, 

Osceola,^ commenced a distressing warfare upon the frontier settlements of 
Florida. The cause of the outbreak was an attempt to remove them to the 
wilderness beyond the Mississippi.' It was a sanguinary war, and almost 



yet the 




1. TTenry riav was how in V' 
lie established himself in 1 



>i, in 1775. He became a lawyer Kt Ilichnioiul, and at (heagcof (wentv- 
nfession at Lcxinplon, Ky. lie first appeared in Conrrcss, as senator, 



wl: 



ISOfi and fvnm that period his life was chiefly devoted to the public service. He died nt Washinsr'nn city, 
,)ile U. S. Senator. i„ 1.8.51. 2. Verse fi, pajre ." 7- 

S. Rv the law of 1816. for charterinK the hant, the fnr.rts of the United States were to be deposited with 

that irstitution, ai)d to be withdrawn only hv the Secretary of ihe Treasury. 
A. The dismissed Secrelnry u ;is AV'illlanfi J nu.-ine ; thi- newly-appointed one was Uoj-'er B Taney, latfc 

Chii-I .liisli It' Ihi- Pnited Stales. 5 Vfr~-i> 2 paire .■i|5 R Vimxc r,. riaire I'.IS 

7. In his annual message in December, IP.'SO, President Jackson recommended the devotion of a l.irpe tract 
OnESTTONS. — .8. What ca" you tell of .Tnck^on's course toward the United States BnnV ? What were the 

eTect.s of h''s measure? 9. How was (he President and a-eneral business ^ustniT-ed ? ITow rn-e his measures 

now regarded? 10. What war commenced in 1835? What can you tell of earlier events cf the war? 



812 



THE NATION. 



The Seminole war. 




four years elapsed before it was "wholly terminated. Osceola, with all the 
cunning of a Tecumtha/ and the heroism of a Philip,^ was so successful in 
stratagem, and brave in conflict, that he baffled the skill and courage of the 
United States troops for a long time. He had agreed to fulfill treaty stipu- 
lations^ in December [1835J, but instead of compliance, he was then at the 
head of a war party, murdering the unsuspecting inhabitants on the" borders 
of the everglarle haunts of the savages. 

11. General Chnch w-as stationed at Fort Dranc,* in the interior of Florida, 
at tills time, and Major Dade was dispatched from Fort Brooke, at the head 
of Tampa Bay, with more than a hundred men, for his relief. That young 
commander,^ and all but four of his detachment were massacred [Dec. 28, 

1835], near Wahoo swamp.° On the same 
day, and only a few hours before, Osceola, and 
a small war party, killed and scalped General 
Thompson, and five of his friends, who were 
dining at a store a few yards from Fort King.' 
The assailants disappeared in the forest before 
the deed was known in the fort. Two days 
afterward [Dec. 31], General Clinch and his 
troops had a battle with the Semmoles on the 
Withlacoochee ; and in Februaiy [Feb. 29, 
183G], General Gaines' was assailed near the 
SEAT OF SEMINOLE wAK samc placc,^ and several of his men Avere killed. 

The battle-ground is about fifty miles from the mouth of the river. 

12. In May, 1836, the Creelcs aided their brethren in Florida, by attacking 
the settlers within their domain. Success made them bold, and they attacked 
mail-carriers, stages, steamboats, and finally villages, in Georgia and Alabama, 

of land west of the Mississippi, to the use of the Inflian trihos j-ct remaining east of (hat stream, forever. 
Congress passed laws in iiccordance wilh (lie proposiiion, and the woik of removal eomnienced, first by (he 
CMclsaaaws a,m\\\\e Choctawn. We have seen that trouble ensued wilh (he CrceA-.i and fVicjoAee/! [verse 4, 
page ,S03, and verse 3, page 206], and the fieminoles in east Florida were not disposed to leave their ancient 
domain. Some of the chiefs in eonncil made a treaty in May, 183 ', and agreed to remove , but olher chiefs, 
and (he great body of the nation, did not acknowledge Ihe tieaty as binding. In 1834, the President sent 
General Wiley Thompson to Florida, (o prepare for a forcible removal of (he Seminoles, H' necessary. The 
tone and manner assumed by Osceola displeased Thompson, and he put him in irons and in prison for a day. 
The proud chief feigned penitence, and was released. Then bis wounded pride called for revenge, and fear- 
fully he pursued it, as recorded in (he next verse. 
1. Verse 5, page 280. 2. Terse 22, page 90. 

3. Osceola had promised nenernl Thnmpsnn that the delivery of certain cattle and horses belonging (o Ihe 
Indians, should be made during the flvst f ivtnicht of Ilecenilier. 183', and .so certain was Thompson of the 
fulfillment of this stipidation, (hat he adveitised the nniniaN fnr sale. 

4. .About forty miles north east from the mouth of (he Withlacoochee river, and eight south west fcm 
Orange Lake. 

5. Francis I,. Hade was a native of Virginia. After the war of irivi.K, he was retained in the army, hav- 
ing risen from thi d lieutenant to mnjnr. A neat monument has been erected (o the memory of himselt una 
companions in death, at West Point, o" the Ifudson. 

6. Near the upper waters of the Wiihlacoochee, about fiftv miles north from Fort Brooke. Three of tl'e 
four survivors soon died of their wounds, and he who lived to tell the fearful narrative (Ransom (laike), 
afterward died from the effects of his injuries on (hat day. 

7. On the southern borders of *lT<chua coun'y, about sixty miles south-west from St. Augustine. Osceola 
scalped [note 1, pnire 11] (tcnernl Thompson wilh his own hands, and thus enjoyed revenge for the indignity 
je had sufTered. Note 7, n"ge 311. 

8. Verse .'>, page 294. Edmund P Oaines was born in Virginia in 1777. and entered the army in 1799. He 
was breveted n rnai'>r.gene'al in 1814, and presented, by Congress, with a gold medal for his gallantry at 
Fort Krie. He died in 1849. 

9. South side of the river, in Hade county. (laines's, on the north side, in Alachua countv. 
OiTF.STioNS — '1. Wb"* can you tell of the massacre of United Slates troops at two places? What battles 

occurred soon afterwiird ? 



Jackson's administration. 313 

Jackson's administration. Specie circular. 

until thousands of white people were fleeing for their lives from place to place, 
before the savages. General Scott vs^as now in chief command in the South, 
and he prosecuted the war with vigor. The Creeks were finally subdued, 
and during the Summer, several thousands of them were removed to their 
designated homes beyond the Mississippi. 

13. Grovernor Call, of Georgia, marched against the SeminoJes with almost 
two thousand men, in October, 183G. A detachment of upward of five hun- 
dred of these had a severe contest [Nov. 21]' with the Indians at Wahoo 
swamp, near the scene of Dade's massacre ; yet, like all other engagements 
Avitli the savages in their swampy iiistnessi.'s, neither party could claim a pos- 
itive victory.' 

14. President Jackson's second official term was now drawing to a close. 
EuLjrgy had marked every step of his career as chief magistrate ; and at the 
close of his administration, the nation stood higher in the esteem of the world 
than it had ever done before." Two new States (Arkansas [June 15, 183()], 
and Michigan [Jan. 25, 1837]) had been added to the Union. The origin;.! 
thirteen had doubled, and great activity prevailed in every part of the repub- 
lic. In November, 1836, Martin Van Buren, of New York, was elected t > 
succeed Jackson in the presidential chair. The people having failed to elect a 
Vice-President, the Senate chose Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, to fi'.l 
that station. 

15. The last official act of President Jackson produced much excitement 
and bitter feelings toward him. A circular was issued from the Treasury de- 
partment on the 11th of July, 183G, requiring all collectors of the public rev- 
enue to receive nothing but gold and silver in payment. This was intended 
to check speculations in the public lands, but it also bore heavily upon every 
kind of business. The " specie circular" was denounced ; and so loud was the 
clamor, that toward the close of the session in 1837, both Houses of Congress 
adopted a partial repeal of it. Jackson refused to sign the bill, and by keeping 
it in his possession until after the adjournment of Congress, prevented it be- 
coming a law. Jackson now retired from public life to enjoy that repose 
which an exceedingly active career entitled him to. 



1. In this warfare the AmericaTi troops siifferert dreadfully from the poisonous vapors of the swamps, the 
bites of venomous s.MpetUs, and the stings of insects. The Indians were inaccessible in their homes amid the 
morasses, for the while people could not toUow them. 

2. At the close of Jackson's first term, our foreign relations were very satisfactory, except with France. 
That government had agreed to pay about $5,000,0UI, by installments, as indemnitication for French spolii.- 
tions on American commerce, under the operations of the several decrees of Napoleon, from ISiti to 1811. 
The French government did not promptly comply with the agreement, and the President assumed a hostile 
tone, which caused France to perform her duty. Similar claims against Portugal were made, and payment 
obtained. A treaty of reciprocity was made with Kussia and Belgium, and everywhere the American flag 
commanded the highest respect. 



Questions. — 12. What did the Indians do during 18.Sfi ? What of their suhjngation? 1". What took place 
in the Autumn of 1836? 14. What can you say ofl'resident .Tackson's administration, and the position of the 
repunlic? What was the result of a presidential election in 1S.S6? 1.5. What was Jackson's last official act/ 
What can you tell of the " Specie Circular!"' What did Congress do? 

14 



314 



THE NATION. 



Inauguration of Van Buren. 



Speculation. 



SECTION X. 

VAN BUREN 'S ADMINISTRATION. [1837-1841.] 

1. When Mr. Van Buren' entered the 
presidential mansion as its occupant, on the 
4th of March, 1837,' tlie business of the 
country was on tlie verge of a terrible con- 
vulsion and utter prostration. The distress- 
ing effects of the removal of the pubUc funds 
[Oct., 1833] from the United States Bank,^ 
and the operations of the " specie circular"* 
had disappeared, in a measure ; but as the 
remedy for the evil was superficial, the cure 
was only apparent. 

2. The chief remedy had been the free 
loaning of the public money to individuals by 
the State deposit banks f but a commercial 
disease was thus produced more disastrous 
than the panic of 1833-34. A sudden ex- 
pansion of the paper currency was the result ; 
and the consequences of such multiplied fa- 
cilities for obtaining bank loans were an im- 
mensely-increased importation of foreign- 
goods, inordinate stimulation of all industrial 
pursuits and internal improvements, and the 
operations of a spirit of speculation, especially 
in real estate, which assumed the features of i 
a mania, in 1836. A hundred cities wero^ 

vAK BtTKEN, AND HIS EEsiDENCE. fouudcd, and a thousand villages were "laid', 
out" on broad sheets of jiaper, and made the basis of vast money transaction s.^ 
Borrowed capital was thus diverted from its sober, legitimate uses, to the fos- 

1. Martin Van Uuren was born at Kintlerhook, New York, in December, 178\ He chose the profesfioi of 
law. In 1815 he became Attorney-General of his native State, and in 1828 was elected Governor of tlicsnme, 
havinp served the country in the Senate of the Iinited States. He was appointed minister to England in 
1831. After his retirement from the presidency in 1841, Mr Van Biiren spent a preatet portion of his lime 
on his estate in his native town. He went to Europe at the close of 853, the first of the chief magis- 
trates of the repnlilic to visit the Old World after their term of office had e.\|iireii He ilied in July, 1862. 

2. He appointed John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary nf the Treasury ; Joel R. 
Poinsett, Secretary of War ; Malilon Dickinson, Secretary of the Navy; .\nins Kendall, Postraastcr-Gen- 
cral ; and Heiijamin F. lintler, Attorney-General. All of them, except Mr. Poinsett, held their respective 
offices under President Jackson. 3. Verse 8, page 311. 4. Verse 15, page 313. 

5. The State banks which accepted these deposits, supposed they would remain imdistnrbed until the gov- 
ernment should need them for its nse. Considering them as so much capital, they loaned their own funds 
freely, lint in January, IS."!)!, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to distrihute all the public 
funils, except $5,0 I0,0()l), among the several States, according to their representation. The funds were ac- 
cordingly taken from the deposit banks, after the first of January, 1837, and these banks being obliged to 
curtail their loans, a serious pecuniary embarrassment was produced. 




I 



Questions. — 1. What was the condition of the country when Van Buren was inaugurated? 
remedy bad been used, and how did it work? What did land speculation do? 



2. What 



VAN" buren's administration. 315 

Immense failures. Suspension of specie payments. Seminole war. 

tering of schemes as unstable as water, and as unreal in their fancied results as 
di-eams of fairy -land. 

3. Overtraiiing and speculation, relying for support upon continued bank 
loans, were suddenly checked by bank contractions early in 1837, and durino- 
March and April of that year, there were mercantile failures in the city of 
New York alone, to the amount of more than a Lumlred millions of dollars.' 
The effects of these failures were felt to the remotest borders of the Union, 
and credit and confidence were destroyed. 

4. Early in May, 1837, a deputation from the merchants and bankers of 
New York waited upon the President, and solicited him to defer the collection 
of duties on imported goods ; rescind the " specie circular ;" and to call an 
extraordinary session of Congress to adopt relief measures. He acceded to 
the first request only. When his determination was known, all the banks in 
New York suspended specie payments, and their example was speedily fol- 
lowed throughout the country. The measure embarrassed the general gov- 
ernment, and it was unable to obtain gold and silver to discharge its own 
obligations. The public good now demanded legislative relief, and an extra- 
ordinary session of Congress was convened on the 4th of September. Dm-ing 
a session of forty-two days, it did little for the general relief, except the pass- 
age of a bill authorizing the issue of treasury notes, not to exceed, in amount, 
ten millions of dollars.'' 

5. The Seminoles^ still continued hostile.* After severe encounters with the 
United States troops, several chieft appeared in the camp of General Jesup* 
(who was then in chief command), at Fort Dade,^ and signed [March 6, 1837] 
a treaty which guarantied immediate peace, and the instant departure of the 
Indians to their new home beyond the Mississippi. But the lull was tem- 
porary. The restless Osceola caused the treaty to be broken ; and during the 
Summer of 1837, many more soldiers perished in the swamps while pursuing 
the Indians. At length, Osceola,' with several chiefs and seventy warriors, 
appeared [Oct. 21] in Jesup's camp under the protection of a flag. They were 
seized and confined f and soon afterward Osceola was sent to Charleston, 
where he died of a fever, while immured in Fort Moultrie.' This was the 

1. Fifteen monllis before [Dec, 1935], property to the amonnt of more than $:0,000,000 liad been destroyed 
by fire in the city of New York, when five hundred and twenty-nine buildinps were consumed. 

2. In his message to Congress at this session, the President proposed the establishment of an independent 
treasury for the safe keeping of the public fimds, and (heir entire and total separation from banking institu- 
tions. This scheme met with vehement opposition. The bill passed the Senate, bnt was lost in the Ilou'e. 
It was debated at subsequent sessions, and finally became a law on the ■llh of July, lS4il. It is known as 
TJif Snh- Treamiri/ Srhenif. 3. Verse 3. page C?. ■*. Verse If, pace .'11. 
io?i '^'""^"^ ^- Jesnp was born in Virginia in ^^;&K Pie was a brave and nsefnl officer during the war of 
isr.-l.'j. and was retained in thi' army. He was breveted major-general in 1828, and was succeeded in con-- 
mand in Florida by Colonel Zachary Taylor [verse 4. page 3'.ail in 1838. He died at Washington city, in 
ISSl. 

6. On the head waters of the Withlaconchce, about forty miles north-east from Fort Brooke, a» tl"" li^ad 
ot Tampa Bay. See map on page .'12. 7. Verse 10. page Sll. 

8. Oeneral .Tesnp was much censured for (his breach of faith and the rules of honorable warfare. His ex- 
cuse was the known treachery of Osceola, and a desire to put an end to bloodshed, by whatever means he 
might be able to employ. 

9. On Sullivan's Island, npon the site of Fort Rnllivan of the Revolution [verse 8, page^Ol]. Nearlhe en- 
trance gate to the fort is a small monument erected to the memory of Osceola. 

Questions — ."?. What caused business failures? and to what extent? i. Wlmt wns the President asked 
to do? What was done? What caused an extra session of Congress? What did Congress do? Fi. Whnt 
can you tell of the Seminole Indians? What can you tell of Osceola f How did his death affect his peoplef 



316 THE NATION. 



End of Seminole war. Troubles in Canada. Maine boundary. 

hardest blow yet dealt upon the Seminoles ; but they continued to resist, not- 
withstanding almost nine thousand United States troops were in their terri- 
tory at the close of 1837. 

6. A large body of Indians suffered a severe repulse [Dec. 25] on the north- 
ern border of Macaco Lake,' from six hundred troops under Colonel Taylor." 
That officer succeeded Jesup, and for more than two years afterward, en- 
dured every privation in efforts to bring the war to a close. In May, 1839, a 
treaty was made which appeared to terminate the war ; but murder and rob- 
beries continued, and it was not until 1842 that peace was finally secured. 
This war, which lasted seven years, cost the United States many valuable 
lives, and millions of treasure. 

7. The peaceful relations between the United States and G-reat Britain 
were somewliat disturbed by a revolutionary movement which commenced in 
Canada in 1837, and at one time seemed to promise a separation of that terri- 
tory from the British crown.^ The movement was esteemed a patriotic effort 
to secure independence, and enlisted the warmest sympatliies of the Americans 
in the North. Banded companies and individuals joined the " rebels ;"^ and 
so general became this active sympathy on the northern frontier, that peace 
between the two governments was jeoparded. President Tyler finally issued 
[Sept. 25, 1841] an admonitory proclamation,^ which prevented further ag- 
gressive movements, and quiet was restored. 

8. While this excitement was at its height, long-pending disputes concern- 
ing the boundary between the State of Maine and the British province of 
New Brunswick, had ripened into armed preparations for settling the matter 
by combat. This, too, threatened danger to the peaceful relations between 
the two governments. The President sent General Scott to the theater of the 
dispute, in the winter of 1839, and by his wise and conciliatory measures, he 
prevented bloodshed, and produced quiet. The whole matter was finally set- 
tled, by treaty, on the 20th of August, 1842." 

9. Mr. Van Buren was nominated for re-election in 1840. He was op- 

1. Sometimes called Big Water Lake. The Indian name is 0-ke-chobee, and by that name the battle is 
known. 

2. Afterward Giencral Taylor and President of the United States. See pape 334. 

3. Both Upper and Lower Canada exhibited revolutionary movements. The principal leader of the revolt 
in tapper Canada was William Lyou Mackenzie ; the prime mover in the Iiower Province was Lonis Josepli 
Papineau. The movements of the revolutionary party were well planned, but local jealousies prevented 
unity of action, and the scheme failed. 

4. A party of .Americans took possession of Navy Island, situated in the Niagara river, about two miles 
above the falls, and belonging to Canada. They numbered seven hundred strong, well provisioned, and pro- 
vided with twenty pieces of cannon. They had a small steamboat named Caroline, to plv lietwecn Schlosser, 
on the American side, and Navy Island. On a dark nighl in December, 1-3,, a party "of royalists fiom Ibe 
Canada shore crossed over, cut the Caroline loose, set her on Cre, and she went over tlic great cataract while 
in full bliize. 

5. In ISi8, General Scott was sent to the frontier to preserve order, and was assisted by proclamations by 
the President and also the flovernor of New York. Yet secret revolutionary associations", called " Hunter's 
Lodges," continued for two or three years. Against these. President Tyler's proclamation, here referred to, 
was specially directed. 

6. This was negotiated at Washington city by Daniel Webster for the United States, and Lord Ashbnrton 
(special minister) for Great Britain. Besides settling the boundary question, this agreement, known as the 
Ashbuiton Treaty, provided for the final suppression of the slave trade, and for the giving up of criminal 
fugitives from justice, in certain cases. 

Questions.— fi. What more of the .Sfmi'iiofe war? What of its lermimition? 7. Wliat new movement of 
importance commenced in 1^37 ? How was it esteemed ? What can you tell of the sympathy of the people 
of th J United States? !:■. What boundary dispute arose ? Hew was it settled? 



Harrison's and tyler's administration. 



117 



Election and inauguration of Harrison. 



His death. 



posed by William Henry Harrison of Ohio, the popular leader in the north- 
west in the war of 1812.' Never, before, was the country so excited by an 
election, and never before was a presitlential 
contest characterized by such demoralizing 
proceedings. The political change was won- 
derful, and General Harrison was elected by 
an overwhelming majority, with John Tyler, 
of Virginia, as Vice-President. And now, at 
the close of the first fifty years of the repub- 
lic, the population had increased from three 
and a half millions of all colors, to seventeen 
millions. 



SECTION XI. 

Harrison's and tyler's administration. 
[1841-1845.] 

1. The dawn of Harrison's administration 
gave omens of a brighter day for the country ; 
and when his inaugural address Avent over 
the land, and the wisdom of his choice of 
cabinet counselors' was known, prosperity 
Avas half restored, for confidence was re- 
enthroned in the commercial world. But all 
the hopes Avhich centered in the new Presi- 
dent Avere soon extinguished, and the anthems 
of the inaugural day AA'cre speedily changed 
to solemn requiems. Precisely one month after he uttered his oath of office, 
before Cliief-Justice Taney, on the eastern portico of the capitol, the ncAV 
President died [April 4, 1841], at the age of sixty-eight years.' 

2. The only official act of general importance performed by President Har- 
rison during his brief administration, Avas the issuing of a proclamation on 
the 17th of March, calling an extraordinary session of Congress, to commence 
at the close of the following May, to legislate upon the subject of finance and 
revenue. 




HARBISON, AND HIS KEBIDENCE. 



1. A'erse 1, page 28!. 

:>. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Kwin;?, Fecretarv of (he Treasury ; John Bell, Secretary 
of War ; George E. Badser, Secretary of the Navy ; Francis Granger, Postmaster-General : and J. J Crit- 
tenden, Xttoniev-General. 

.■?. Willi im Henry Harrison was born in Charles City county, Virginia, in Febrnarv, l"X His father was 
a signer of ihe Declaration of Independence. Young Harrison prepared to he a physician, but entered the 
army as ensign in the United States artillery, in i"01. He was afterward appointed Governor of Indiana 
Territory, and was very active during the war of 1812. At its close he retired to his farm nn the hanks of 
the Ohio. He served in the national council, and was finally raised to the highest post of ho-nr in the na- 
His last disease was pneumonia, or bilious pleurisy, which terminated his life in a few days. 



lif)n. 



QnESTioNS.— 9. What can you tell of Ihe presidenlial election in 1840? Wh-it of <li;- pnpulationT 1. 
What can you tell of President Harrisou and his administration? 2. What was his chief cCBcial act? 



318 



THE NATION. 



President Tyler. 



Extra session of Congress. 



Exploring expedition. 



3. According to the provisions of the Con- 
stitution, the Vice-President became the of- 
ficial successor of the deceased President ; and 
on the 6th of April the oath of office wa.s 
administered to 

JOHN TYLER. 

He retained the cabinet appointed by Pres- 
ident Harrison until September following, 
when all but the Secretary of State resigned.* 

4. The extra session of Congress called by 
President Harrison, commenced on the ap- 
pointed day [May 31, 1841], and continued 

X until the 13th of September following. The 
^^ Sub-treasury act'* Avas repealed; a general 
p^t Bankrupt law^ was enacted; but the chief 
object sought to be attained during this ses- 
sion, namely, the chartering of a Bank of the 
United States, was not achieved. Two sep- 
arate bills^ for that purpose were vetoed^ by 
the President, who, like Jackson, thought lie 
perceived great evils to be apprehended from 
the workings of such an institution. The 
course of the President was vehemently cen- 
sured by the party in power, and the last 
veto led to the dissolution of his cabinet. Mr. 
Webster" patriotically remained at his post, for great public interests would 
have suffered by his withdrawal at that time. 

5. The second year [1842] of Mr. Tyler's administration was distinguished 
by the return of the United States Exploring Expedition ;' the settlement 

1. He then appointed Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C Spencer, Secretary of War ; 
Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of the Navy : (-harles A. Wickliffe, Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Legare, 
Attorney-tieneral. Mr. Tyler had the misfortune to lose three of his cabinet oilicers, by death, in the couise 
of a few months. Mr. I.e^are accompanied the President to Boston on the occasion of celebratiiiff the com- 
pletion of the Bunker Hill monument (map, page 1911, in June, 181.'', and died there. On the28lh of Febru- 
ary following, the bursting of a gun on board the steamship Prinreton, while on an excursion on the Poto- 
mac, killed Mr. Upshur, then Secretary of State, Mr. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, and scvern.l other 
distinguished gentlemen. The President and many ladies were on boaid. Among the killed was Mr. Gar- 
diner, of the State of New York, whose daughter the President soon afterward married. 

2. Note 2, page 315. 

3. This humane law accomplished a material benefit. Thousands of honest and enterprising men had 
been crushed by the recent business revulsion, and were so laden with debt as to be hopcles.sly chained to a 
narrow sphere of action. The law relieved them ; and while it bore thus heavily upon the creditor class, for 
a while, its operations were beneficent and useful. When dishonest men began to make it the pretense for 
cheating, it was repealed. 

4. One was passed on the 16th of August, 1841 ; the other, modified BO as to meet the President's object- 
tions, it was believed, passed September 9th. F: Note '0, page3(i9. 

6. Daniel Webster was born in Salisbury, New Hampiihire, in ITS?. He was admitted to the bar in Bos- 
ton, in 18(1.5. He commenced his political career in Congress, in 18'3. He was in public employmeiit a greater 
portion of the remainder of his life, and was the most distinguished statesman of his time. He died at Mavsh- 
field, Massachusetts, in October, 1S52. 

7. This expedition, commanded by Lieutenant Wilkes, of the United States navy, had been sent, several 
QUFSTio-.s. — 3. What can you tell of a successor in office? 4. What was done by the extra session of Con- 

Sress? What imnortaut act was passed? What did the President do? and what was the r suit? 




TTLEB, AND HIB KE8IDENCE. 



Tyler's administration. 



319 



Change in tariff. 



Difficulties in Rhode Island. 




DANIEL VVED6TEE. 



of the North-eastern boundary question;* 

essential modifications of the tariff; and do- 
mestic difliculties in Rhode Island. By the 
Compromise act of 1832,- duties on foreign 
goods were to reach the minimum of reduc- 
tion at the close of 1842, when the tariff 
would only provide revenue, not protection to 
manufactures, like that of 1828.^ The latter 
object apjieared desirable ; and by an act 
passed on the 29th of June, 1842, high duties M 
were imposed on many foreign articles. The ' 
President vetoed it, but another tariff bill, 
less objectionable, received his assent on the 
9 th of August. 

6. The Rhode Island difficulties originated in a movement to adopt a State 
Constitution of government, and to abandon the old charter given by Charles 
the Second^ [16G3], under which the people had been ruled for one hundred 
and eighty years. Disputes arose concerning the proper method to be pursued 
in making the change, and these assumed a serious aspect. Two parties were 
farmed, known respectively as the "suffrage" or radical party; the other as 
the " law and order," or conservative party. Each formed a Constitution, 
elected a Governor and legislature,^ and finally armed [May and June, 1843] 
in defense of their respective claims. The State was on the verge of civil 
war, and the aid of ffational troops had to be invoked, to restore quiet and 
order. A free Constitution, adopted by the " law and order" party in No- 
vember, 1842, to go into operation on the first Tuesday in May, 1843, was 
sustained, and became the law of the land. 

7. The country was much agitated during the last year of Mr. Tyler's ad- 
ministration, by discussions concerning the proposed admission of the inde- 
pendent republic of Texas, on our south-west frontier, as a State of the Union. 
The proposition was warmly opposed at the North, because the annexation 
would increase the area and political strength of slavery, and lead to a war 
with Mexico." A treaty for admission, signed at Washington on the 12th of 

years before, to explore the prcat southern ocean. It coasted iilnne what is sxipposed to he an Antarctic con- 
tmeiit, for seventeen hundred miles in the vicinity of latitude G6 degrees south, and between loiipitndc«6 
and 154 decrees east. The expedition bioueht home a srreat many curiosities of island human life, end a 
laree number of line specimens of natural Iiis-tory, all of which are now [18571 in the Smithsonian Instituti . 
Ill WashiuKlon city. The expedition made a voyage of about ninety thousand miles, equal to almost four 
times the circumfevence of the globe. 

i Tho*""^' ff*^'' """'■ - ^'''^'' 7. P'*^'' 310. ?. Verse fi, naee 307. 4. Verse 2, pace 12(5 

npl w K- J?'"'''^,''. V'^'^y elected Thomas W. Porr, governor, and the " law and order" partv chose Sam- 
I!.X.„r^' .„ • - •'' " m-'Kistrate. Dorr was finally arrested, tried for and convicted of treason, and sen- 
ISJ^h ? '"P"Sonment for life The excitement hiving pns=ed away in a measure, he was released in .Tunc, 
1853' '^"^ aepnved of all the civil rights of a citizen. These disabilities were removed in the Autumn of 

IsSi \f^^? ^?' * !""■* o*' "!<' "lomain of that anniont Mexico conquered hv Clortej; fverse 23, page 3,3]. In 
18Z4, Mexico became a republic under Generals Victoria and Santa Anna, and was divided into States nri'ed 
Dy a f eueral Constitution. One of these was Texas, a territory which was originally claimed by the United 

OIT'^STI0N-R — .5. What distinc-nished the second year of Tyler's administration? What of tariff hills? fi. 
Vfhn' n-i-1 y.->u till of difRdlties in Rhode Island ? What was the progress and the results? 7. What api- 
tnte I the country toward the close of Tyler's administration ? Wliy was the admission of Texas opposed f 
What was finally done? 



320 THE NATION. 



Annexation of Texas. Election and inauguration of Polk. 



April, 1844, was rejected by the Senate [June 8] ; but to the next Congress 
the proposition was presented in the form of a joint resolution, and received 
the concurrence of both Houses on the 1st of March, 1845, and the assent of 
the President on the same day. 

S. The subject of the annexation of Texas had an important bearing upon 
the jtresidential election in 1844. It became more and more popular with the 
people throughout the Union ; and James K. Polk, of Tennessee, who was 
pledged in favor of the measure, was elected President [Nov., 1844], and 
George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President. The opposing candidates 
were Henry Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen. The last important official 
act of President Tyler' was the signing [March 3, 1845] of the bill for the ad- 
mission of Florida and Iowa into the Union of States. 



SECTION XII. 
folk's administration. [1845-1849.] 

1. The largest concourse of people ever before assembled at Washington 
city, witnessed the inauguration of Mr. Polk^ on the 4tli of March, 1845. 
His address on that occasion clearly indicated that energetic poUcy which dis- 
tinguished his administration. On the day after his inauguration he nominated 
his cabinet officers,' and the Senate immediately confirmed them. 

2. The most important topics which claimed the attention of the adminis- 
tration, were the annexation of Texas, and the claims of Great Britain to 
a large portion of the vast territory of Oregon, on the Pacific coast.'' 

States as a part of I,oiiisiana, purchased [verse " page 273] from France in 180\ but ceded to Spain in 18"0. 
In IS21-'2, a colony fiora the United States, under Stephen F. Austin, made a settlement on both sides of the 
Coloruilo river ; and the Spanish Kovernmeiil favorinK immigration thiihcr, caused a rapid increase in the 
population. There were teu thousand Ameiicans in that piovincein 183'. Santa Anna became military dic- 
tator, and the people of Texas, unwilling to submit to his arbitrary rule, rebelled. A war ensued ; and on 
the "d of .March, 1-C6, a convention declared Texas independent. Much bloodshed occurred afterward ; but 
a final lialtle at .San Jacinto, in which the Texan.s were led by General Houston, tor .several years a Uni- 
ted Stati-3 senator from Texa.'?. vindicated the position the people had taiien. and tcrmniatud the strife. 
Texas remained an independent republic until its admission into onr Federal Union ii] IStrj 

1. John TykT was born in Charles Ciiy county. Vir'.'inia, in March, 1790. He was a.lmilted to college 
studies at Ihe aie of twelve vears ; to the bar. as a l.nvyir, at the ace ot nineteen; and wa-s elected a 
member of Ihe Vneinia Legislature w hen only twuiily one years ol iice. He was a meniber ot Congress 
at the uf;e of twenty six. He was made Governor of Virginia in 16-2.5, and alleiward represented his 
State in Congress After his retirement from the presidency he resided u[ion his estate, near Charles 
City court house, in Charles City county, Virginia. Ho died in January, 1862. 

'. .Tames K. Polk was honi in Mecklenburg county. North Carolina, in 1795. Wliile he was a child his 
■fntiier settled in Tennessee : and the first appearance of young Polk into public life, was as a member of the 
Tonne-see Lppislatu-e. in 182". Two years afterward he w.^s elected to Congress, and was almost continu- 
allr there until elected President of the United States. He died at his residence, near Knoxvillc, Tennessee, 
in June, 18)9. . „ „ „ 

."?. James Rnchanan, Secretarv ofState ; Robert .T. Walker, Secretary of theTreasnry ; William T-. Marcy, 
Pecrntary of War ; fJeorge Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy ; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General ; and John 
Y. Mnsoii, ' ttoruev-Oeneral. 

4 This vast territo' v, between the Rocky Mountains aud Ihe Pacific, had been, for some time, a subiect 
of •'■•pule between the United States and Great Britain. In 1818 it was mutually agreed tbal each nation 
should criually eniov the privileges of all the bays and liavbors on that coast, for ten years. This agreement 
was •enewcd in 18 7 for an indefinite time, with the stipulation, that either party might rescind it by giving 
the niher par!y twelve months' notice. Such notice was given by the United States in 1816, and the bound- 
ary was fixed. See verse 5, page 322. 



Opkstions. — 8. Wbit aided in the election of Mr. Polk? What candidates were in the field? and what 
■was the result ? 1. What can you tell of Polk's inauguration? 



POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 



321 



Admission of Texas. 



Relations with Mexico. 



The former deniandod and received the ear- 
hest consideration. On the List day of his 
official term, President Tyler had sent a mes- 
senger to the Texan government, with a copy 
of the joint resolutions of the American Con- 
gress,' in favor of annexation. These were 
considered by the Texan Congress, and ap- 
proved on the 4th of Juh', 1845. On that 
day Texas became one of the States of our 
confederation. 

3. This act, as had been predicted, caused 
an immediate rupture between the govern- 
)nents of the United States and Mexico ;" for 
the latter claimed Texas as a part of its terri- 
tory,^ notwithstanding its independence had 
been acknowledged by the United States, 
England, France, and other governments. 
There already existed a cause for serious dis- 
putes between the United States and Mexico.* 
Ever since the establishment of republican 
government [1824] by the latter, it had been 
an unjust and injurious neighbor. Impov- 
erished by civil wars, its authorities did not 
hesitate to replenish its Treasury by plunder- 
ing American vessels in the Gulf of Mexico, 

1 r i- 4.1 4 i? » ■ POLK, ANT) niS EraiBENCE. 

or by coniiscatmg the property or American 

merchants within its borders. The United States government remonstrr.ted 
in vain, until, in 1831, a treaty was formed, and promises of redress were 
made. But aggressions continued ; and in 1840, the aggregate amount of 
American property which had been appropriated by Mexicans, was more than 
six millions of dollars. The claim for this amount remained unsettled^ when 
the annexation of Texas occurred [July 4, 1845], and peaceful relations be- 
tween the two governments were suspended. 

4. Fully aware of the hostile feelings of the Mexicans, the President or- 
dered [July] General Zachary Taylor,'' then in command of the tioops in the 

1. Vcr?eT, pfipe S79. . „ . . j 

2. O 1 1 e Gill of Miircli, 1845, fieneral Almonte, (he Jfoxican minister at Wasliirgion, foimally protested 
afrainst llie ioint resolulions of Conerre'ss, and rtemnndefl liis passports. j i • 

X fieneral Herrcra, Presiilent of Mexico, i«sned a prodamalion on the 4lh of June, lfc45, declariLg iho 
rights of Mexico, and his determination (o defend them with aims. 

4. The Spaniards prnnonnci' ii Mav-hec-oo. 

5. Commissioners appointed hv ;hi' two governments to adjust the=e riaims, met in 1S40. The J.exican 
rnmniissioners acknowledged twii millinnsof dollars, and nomore. In 1843 ihe whole amount was acknowl- 
edged hv Mexico, and Ihe payment was tn be made in twenty installments, of S.S^K'.O each. Only three of 
these installments had been paid in 185, and the Mexican government refused to decide whether Ihe ic- 
mainder should he settled or rot. 

6. His actual rank in the army list was only that of colonel. He had been made a brigiulier-geneial by 

QrrsTIoss — 2. Wliat important snhiects c'aimod Folk's enrlv .attention? What was done toward Ihe an- 
nexation of Texas? '<. What eifccts fallowed annexation ? What causes for HI feeling between the Ucittd 
States and Mexico existed? What outrages had been committed ? 

14* 




322 THE NATION. 



Army of Occupation. Oregon boundary question. General Taylor in Texas. 

south-west, to proceed to Texas, and take a position as near the Eio Grande^ 
as prudence would allow. This force, about fifteen hundred strong, was called 
the " Army of Occupation," for the defense of Texas. At the same time, a 
strong squadron, under Commodore Conner, sailed for the Gulf of Mexico, to 
protect American interests there. General Taylor first landed [July 25, 1845] 
on St. Joseph's Island," and then embarked for Corpus Christi, a Mexican 
village beyond the Nueces, and near its mouth. There he formed a camp 
[Sept., 1845], and remained during the succeeding Autumn and Winter. 

5. While a storm of war was thus gathering in the south-west, the friendly 
relations between the governments of the United States and Great Britain 
were disturbed by rival claims to Oregon.^ The former claimed the whole 
territory* to 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, the right to which was dis- 
puted by the latter. The difficulty was finally settled by a treaty made at 
Washington city, in June, 1846. The northern boundary of the United States 
was then fixed at 49 degrees north latitude. A territorial government was 
organized in 1848. In March, 1853, Oregon was divided, and the northern 
portion was made a separate domain, by the title of Washington Territory. 

6. Early in 1846 [Jan. 13], the Secretary of War ordered General Taylor to 
advance from Corpus Christi to near the mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite 
Matamoras, because Mexican troops were then gathering in that direction, 
with the evident intention of invading Texas. This was disputed territory 
between Texas and the Mexican province of Tamaulipas ; and when he en- 
camped at Point Isabel [March 25], on the coast,^ General Taylor was warned 
by the Mexicans that he was ujjon foreign soil. Regardless of menaces, ho 
left his stores at Point Isabel, under Major Monroe and four hundred and fifty 
men, and with tlie remainder of his army advanced [March 28, 1846] to the 
bank of the Rio Grande, vvhere he established a fortified camp, and com- 
menced the erection of a fort. 

7. President Herrera's desire for peace with the United States made him 
unpopular, and the Mexican people elected General Paredes" to succeed him. 
That officer immediately dispatched General Ampudia,' with a lai'ge force, to 
Matamoras, to drive the Americans beyond the Nueces. Ampudia arrived 
on the 11th of April, 1846, and the next day he sent a letter to General Tay- 

brevet, for his g-oocl conduct in the Florida war. A ti\Ie bv brevet is only honorary. Taylor held the title cf 
brigadier-general, but received only the pay of a colonel." 

1. Great River. Also called Rio Bravo del Norte— Hrave North River. 

2. There the Bag of the United States was first displayed in power over Texas soil. 

3. Note 4, page 32 i. 

4. Captain tli-ey, of Boston, entered the month of the Columbia river in 1792, and Captains Lewis and 
Clarke explored that rvjiUm, from the Rockv Mountains westward, in ISOJ-'."). In I'll, the late J. J. .\slor 
established a tradiiic station at the month of the (^olnmbin river. The Briti.sh doctiine, always practiced by 
them, that the entrance of a vessel of a civilized nation in the month of a river, pives title, by the right of 
discovery, to the territory watered by that river and its tributaries, clearly gave Oregon to 51 degrees 40 
minutes, to the United Stales, for theVliscovevv of (Captain Grey, in 1792, was not disputed. 

5. About twenty -eight miles north from Matamoras. 6. Pronounced Pa-ray-dhes. 
7. Pronounced Am poo-dheeah. 

QtJESTiONS.— 4. What measures for the defense of Texas were adopted? Wliat did (general Tavlordo? 
5. What disturbed the friendly relili-in= between the United States and Great Riitain? What claims were 
setup? and how was the dispnie settled? What was done in Oregon? 6. What order was given bv the 
Secretary of War early in 184f.? What did Taylor do ? How did the Mexicans regard his movements'? 7. 
What change took place in the Mexican government ? and why? What hostile movements occurred? 



folk's administration. 823 



First bloodshed. War with Mexico. Events near Matanioras. 

lor, demanding his withdrawal within twenty-four houi*s. Taylor refused 
comjiliauce, aud continued to strengthen his camp. Anipudia hesitated ; and 
on tlic 24:tli he was succeeded in command by ^he more energetic Arista.' 

8. The situation of the " Army of Occupation" was now becoming very 
critical. Parties of armed Mexicans had got between Taylor and his stores at 
Point Isabel," and had cut off all inter-communication. Arista's army was 
hourly gatliering strength ; and already an American reconnoitering party, 
under Capt;iin Tliornton,^ had been killed or captured [April 24] on the Texas 
side of the Rio Grande. This was the first blood shed in 

THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 

9. Having nearly completed the fort opposite Matamoras, General Taylor 
now hastened [May 1], with his army, to the rehef of Point Isabel, which was 
menaced by a large Mexican force' collected in his rear. lie left a force 
under Major Brown (in whose honor the fortification was named), to defend 
the fort, and reached Point Isabel the same day. This departure produced 
great joy in Matamoras, for the Mexicans regarded it as a cowardly retreat. 
Preparations were immediately made to attack Fort Brown; and on the 
morning of the 3d of May [1846], a battery at Matamoras opened a heavy 
cannonade and bombardment upon it, while quite a large body of troops 
crossed the river, to attack it on the rear. General Taylor had left ordei'sthat, 
in the event of ai'l being required, signal-guns should be fired at the fort. For 
a long time the httlc garrison made a noble defense, and silenced the Mexican 
battery ; but when, finally, the enemy gathered strength in the rear, and com- 
menced planting cannons, and the heroic Major Brown was mortally wound- 
ed,* tlie signals were given [May G], and Taylor prepared to march for the 
Rio Grande. 

10. General Taylor left Point Isabel on the evening of the 7th, with a little 
more than two thousand men, having been reinforced by Texas volunteers, 
and marines from the American fleet then blockading tlie mouth of the Rio 
Grande. At noon the next day [May 8], they di-^covered a Mexican army, 
under Arista, full six thousand strong, drawn up in battle array upon a por- 
tion of a beautiful prairie, called Palo Alto. Taylor formed his army, and 
pressed forward to the attack. For five hours a hot contest was maintained, 

1. Pronounced Ah-rees-tah. 2. Verpe 6, vaeeS22. 

3. General Taylor liad been informed that a l)ody of Mexican troops were crossing the RioVlrande above 
his encampment, and he sent Captain Thornton, with sixty draRoons, to reconnoitre. They were surprised 
and captured. Sixteen Americans were killed, and Captain Thornton escaped by an extraordinary leap of 
his horse. 

4. General Taylor was informed of this force of 1,501 Mexicans, by Captain Walker, the celpbrnfcd Texas 
Ranker, who had been employed by Major Monroe to keep open a communicntiin between Point Isabel and 
Taylor's camp. Walker had foupht them with his sinple company, armed with revolving; pistols, and after 
killinc thirty, escaped, and with six of his men, reached Tavlor's cnmp. 

5. He lost a leg by the bursting of a bombshell [note 2, page !,3.".|, and died on the 0th of Mnv. He was 
born in Massachusetts in lT>-8 ; was in the war of 1812 ; was promoted to major in 1843 ; and was fifiy-eight 
years of age when he died. 

QnrSTiovR._R. What was the situation of Taylor's army? What can yo\i tell of bloodshed ? 9 Wliat 
can you ff\\ of Taylor's movements near the Rio Grande? What preparations ntrainst the '>'c-:icans were 
made? What did the Mexicans do? What of the defense of Fort p.rown ? 10. What caused Tavlov to leave 
Point Isabel? What can you tell of his march for Fort Brown? What can you tell of a battle that ensued? 



324 THE NATION. 



Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Preparations for war. 



when, at twilight, the Mexicans gave way and fled, and complete victoiy was 
with the Americans. It had been an aftei-noon of terrible excitement and 
fatio-ue, and when the firing ceased, the victors sank exhausted upon the 
ground. They had lost, in killed and wounded, fifty-lhree,' the Mexicans lost 
about six hundred. 

11. The deep slumbers of the little army were broken at two o'clock the 
following morning [May 9, 184G], by a summons to renew the march for Fort 
Brown. They saw no traces of the enemy until toward evening, when they 
discovered them strongly posted in a ravine, called Resaca de la Palma,'' 
drawn up in battle order. A shorter, but bloodier conflict than that at Palo 
Alto, ensued, and again the Americans were victorious. They lost, in killed 
and wounded, one hundred and ten ; the Mexican loss was at least one thou- 
sand. General La Vega^ and a hundred men were made prisoners, and eight 
pieces of cannon, three standards, and a quantity of military stores were cap- 
tured. The Mexican army was completely broken up. Arista saved himself 
by solitary flight, and made his way alone across the Rio Grande. After suf- 
fering a bombardment for one hundred and sixty hours, the garrison at Fort 
Brown were relieved, and the terrified Mexicans were trembling for the safety 
of Matamoras. 

12. On the first intelligence of bloodshed,* and the critical situation of the 
little Army of Occupation, the whole country was aroused, and before the 
battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma [May 8, 9] were known in the 
States, Congress had declared [May 11, 1846] that "war existed by the act 
of Mexico ;" authorized the President to raise fifty thousand volunteers, and 
appropriated ten millions of dollars [May 13J toward carrying on the contest. 
Within two days, the Secretary of War and General Scott' planned [May 15] 
a campaign, greater in the territorial extent of its proposed operations, than 
any recorded in history. A fleet was to sweep around Cape Horn, and attack 
the Pacific coast of Mexico ; an " Army of the West" was to gather at Fori 
Leavenworth, Mnvade New Mexico, and co-operate with the Pacific fleet; 
and an " Army of the Center" was to rendezvous in the heart of Texas,' to 
invade Old Mexico from the north. On the 23d of the same month [May], 
the Mfjxican government made a formal declaration of war against the United 
States. 

^iTMnong the fatally wo^ed was Cnp.ain FaRO. a rative7f Mnine who died "" '^e •2th o"uly follow- 
irn-, at the ape of forty-nine years. Also, Major RireKold, commander of Flyirg AitiUery, who died at 
Point t.oabel, four davs aflerwarrt, at the age of forty-six years . ..„„„c„,i m ho (he bed 

?. Proron^ced Rayynhl„h Any hi Pahmnh. or drv river of palms. The ravine ;s i'^P"/^^ « ^"^ *''^<= '^'f^ 
of a d'iednp stream. The spot is on the northerly si.te of Ihe Rio Grande, three ""''"^f',""'/ "', """•■- ' 
this e'-rr.''Femenf Tavlor's force was nhort 1,70(1 : Arista harl been reinforced, and hr'l "'"".','•.'" V;^"- 

?. /x../ V.,vn-^1>. lie was a hrave officer, and was captn-efl '^^ f'?."*"'^''I"^• ^':r;rrsed he gunners' 
ni-hed forward in (he foceof a heavy fire from a battery, captnred La Vega, killed or dispersed the gunner., 
and took possession of (he cannons. 

4. The atiack on Cnptain Thornton nntl his party [note ?, page ?Z1], on (he 24th of ," p- il. 

.5. Ve'se .5, page '94. . r, t t>i • « 

fi A I'niterl States post on the southern bark of (be ^'issolI'■i river, on the borders of (he (rreat 1 lams. 
Tliose plains extend to the eastern slopes of the RocVv Mopxtnirs. , , r^ , . 

7. \\. San Antonia de Bexar, the center of Austin's settlement [note !"•, page S19], south of the Lolorfdo 
river. 



QrrsTinvs.— U. What occurred (he rext morning? Wbxt can yon tell of n-nther battle and its resnlfs? 
1" What cansed excitement in the United States? What did Congress do? What can you tell of the plan 
of a campaigrn? 



folk's administration. 325 

Capture of Matamoras and Monterey. General Wool's Bervices. 

13. While great rejoicings and illuminations were in progress in the United 
States, General Taylor was in Mexico, preparing for other brilliant victorie.'^.' 
He crossed the Eio G-rande, drove the Mexican troops from ]\Iatamoras, and 
took possession of that town on the 18th of May. There he remained until 
the close of August, receiving orders from government and reinforcements, 
anil preparing to march into the interior. 

14. The first division of his army, under General Worth," marched toward 
Monterey' on the 20th of August. General Taylor, with the remainder (in 
all more than six thousand men), followed on the 3d of September ; and on 
the 19th, the whole army* encamped within three miles of the doomed city, 
then defended by General Ampudia,^ with more than nine thousand troops. 
It was a strong town, at the foot of the great Sierra Madre, well fortiiied by 
both nature and art, and presented a formidable obstacle in the march of the 
victor toward the interior. But having secured the Saltillo road," by which 
supplies for the Mexicans in Monterey were to be obtained, General Taylor 
commenced a siege on the 21st of September. The conflict continued almost 
four days, a part of the time within the streets of the city, where the carnage 
was dreadful. Ampudia surrendered the town and garrison on the fourth 
day' [Sept, 24]; and leaving General Worth in command there, General Tay- 
lor encamped at Walnut Springs, three miles distant, and awaited further 
orders from his government.* 

15. General Wool^ had been commissioned to muster and prepare for ser- 
vice the gathering armies of volunteers. He performed this duty so promptly, 
that by the middle of July, twelve thousand of them had been inspected, and 
mustered into service. Nine thousand of them were sent to the Rio Grande, 
to reinforce General Taylor ; and the remainder repaired to Bexar,'" in Texas, 
where they were disciplined by General Wool, in person, preparatory to 
marching into the province of Chihuahua," in ihe heart of Mexico. 

IG. Wool went up the Rio Grande with about three thousiuid men, and on 
the last day of October, reached ]\Ionclova, seventy miles noi'th-west from 

1. On the 30th of May he w.is rewarded for his skill and bravery by a commission as major-general, by 
brecet. See note fi. page 3^1. 

2. William J. Worth was born in Columbia county, New YorI<, in 1791 ; was a gallant soldier during the 
war of 1"^12-M5 ; was relaini;d in tlie army ; and for his fcallnntry at Monterey, was made a major-pencral 
by brevet, and receive 1 the gih of a sword fjom Congress. He was of great service during the whole war 
with Mexico. He died in T.'xas, in May, 18i9. 

3. Pronounced Mon-iiir-rny. It was the capital of New Leon. 

4. The principal otlicers with General Taylor at this time, were Generals Worth, Quitman, Twiggs, But- 
ler, H^ ilcrson, and Hnmer. 5. Verse 7, page 32.'. 

fi. Thi-i road passes through the mountains along the San .Tuan river, and is the only oommnnicalion be- 
tween Monterey and tlie fertile provinces of foahuila and Durango. Tlie command ct this road was ob- 
tained after a severe contest with Mexican cavalry, on the COth of .May, by a party nnder (i»neral Wnnh. 

7. The .Mexican sol lie-s were permitted to march out willi the honors of war ; and, beinsr ^Int of pro- 
visions, and as'iured that Santa Anna, now at the head of the Mexicans, desired peace, General Taylor agreed 
to a cessation of hostiliiies for eisht weeks, if permitted by his government. 

8. The Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing. 551. The number lost by the Mexicans was 
never ascertained, but it was supposed to be more than \,(\J). 

9. John Ellis Wool is a native of New York. He entered the army in I'^V, and soon rose to the rank of 
lie'itcnant-colonel, for gallant con'lu"t in Qncenstnwn Heights (verse 11, page l'S2). He has belonged to the 
army ever since He was breveted lirigudierin 18C6, and, for trullant cotidiict.it Bucna Vista. i!i \M7. was l)ie- 
vctcd ma.ior-gencrnl. and made lull major general in 1862. 10. Austin's settlement, sec note 6. page 319. 

U. Pronounced Chee-wah-icah, 



QnKSTioxs. — l.S. What was Toylor doing while his countrymen at home were rejoicing? 14. What 
movements we-e made toward the interior of Mexico? What can yon tell of the bicge of Monterey ? 15. 
What can you tell of General Wool's services? What was done with recruits! 



326 



THE NATION. 



The American army in Mexico. General Scott at Vera Cruz. Demand on General Taylor. 

Monterey. His kindness to the people won their confidence and esteem, and 
he was regarded as a friend. There he was informed of the capture of Mon- 
terey,' and guided by the advice of General Taylor, he abandoned the pro- 
ject of penetrating Chihuahua, and marched to the fertile district of Parras, 
in Coahuila, where he obtained ample supplies for his own and Taylor's forces. 

17. By order of the United States government, the armistice of Monterey^ 
ceased on the 13th of November. General Worth, with nine hundred men, 
took possession of Saltillo [Nov. 15, 184(3], the capital of CoahuOa,^ and Gen- 
eral Taylor, leaving General Butler in command at Monterey, marched for 
Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, with the intention of attacking Tampico, 
on the coast. That place had already surrendered"" [Nov. 14], and being in- 
formed that Santa Anna was collecting a large force at San Luis Potosi,^ he 
returned to Monterey, to reinforce General Worth, if necessary. Worth was 
joined by Wool's division, near Saltillo, on the 20th of December, and Taylor 
again advanced and took possession [Dec. 29] of Victoria. 

18. The conquering Taylor was now compelled to endure a severe trial of 
his temper and patriotism. General Scott had ar- 
rived before Vera Cruz [Jan., 1847], for the pur- 
pose of invading Mexico from that point, and 
being the senior officer, he took supreme com- 
mand. Just as Taylor was preparing for a vigor- 
ous Winter campaign, he received an order from 
General Scott," to send him a large portion of his 
best officers and troops, to assist against Vera 
Cruz, and to act thereafter only on the defensive.'' 
Taylor instantly obeyed, and he and General 
Wool were left with an aggregate force of only 
about five thousand men (only five hundred reg- 
ulars) to oppose an army of twenty thousand, now 

gathering at San Luis Potosi, under Santa Anna. They united their forces at 
Agua Nueva,* twenty miles south from Saltillo, on the 4th of February, and, 
weak as he was, Taylor determined to fight the Mexicans, who were now ad- 
vancing upon him. 

1. Verse 14, page S^S. 

2. The agreement for a cessation of hostilities is so called. See verse 31, page 332. 

3. Pronounced Co-ah ueel-alt. 

4. Commodore Conner, who commanded the "Home Squadron" in the Gulf, captured Tampico. Tobasco 
and Tuspan were captured by (Commodore Perry, in October following-. 

5. Santa Anna was elected provisional president of Mexico, in December, and in violation of his peace 
promises to Commodore (Jonner, he immedial^ly placed himself at ihe head of the army. 

6. Winfield Scott was born in Virginia in 17W. lie was admitted to law practice at the age of twenty 
years. He joined the army in 1808, was made lieutenant-colonel in |812, and passed through the war that 
ensued, with great honor to himself and his country, lie was brcveied major-general iu 1811, and was m.ndo 
ppnoralin-chicf of Ihe :irmy in 1841. His successes in Mexico greatly a>!ded to his laurels. He was mn.le 
liciucnrint general in ISSS, and retired from active service late in 1861. 

7. The necessity for this order was as painful to General Scott as it was mortifying to General Taylor. 
Before leaving Washington, Scott wrote a long private letter to General Taylor, apprizing him of Ibis neces- 
sity, expressing his sincere regrets, and speaking in highest praise of the victories already achieved in Mexico. 

8. Pronounced Agiiah Newvah, or New Water. 

QtjESTiONS. — 16. What can you tell of Wool's movements? What did he accomplish? 17- What of the 
armistice at Monterey? What movements did the Americans make? What had been done? 18. What 
mortifying orders did Taylor receive? How did he act? What was the condition of his army? What did 
he proceed to do ? 




GENEEAL SCOTT. 



folk's administration. 



327 



Battle of Buena Vista. 



Taylor leaves Mexico. 



Army of the West. 



19. The Americans fell back [Feb. 21] to Buena Vista,' within eleven miles 
ol" Saltillo, and there, in a narrow defile in the mountains, encamped in battle 
order. At about noon the next day [Feb. 22], the Mexican army approached 
Avithin two miles of them ; and Santa Anna, assuring Taylor that he was sur- 
rounded by twenty thousand troops, and could not escape, ordered him to sur- 
render Avithin an hour. Taylor politely refused the request, and both armies 
prepared for battle. There was some skirmishing during the afternoon;'' and 
early the following morning [Feb. 23] a terrible conflict commenced. It was 
desperate and bloody, and continued until sunset. Several times the over- 
whelming numbers of the Mexicans appeared about to crush the little band of 
Americans ; and, finally, Santa Anna made a desperate assault' upon the 
American center, commanded by Taylor in person. It stood like a rock 
against a billow, and by the assistance of the artillery of Bragg, Washington, 
and Sherman, the martial wave was rolled back, the Mexicans fled in con- 
fusion, and the Americans were masters of the bloody field. 

20. The Mexicans all withdrew during the night, leaving their dead nnd 
wounded behind them.'' The in 




i?Saltillo 

a'BuENAVtSTA 
° AcuA NuEVA 



EEGION OP TAYLOE S Ol'liEATlONB. 



vaders were now in possession of all 
the northern Mexican provinces, an 1 
Scott was preparing to storm Vera 
Cruz^ and march to the capital." In 
the course of a few months. General 
Taylor left Wool in command [Sept., 
184:7] and returned home, every- 
where receiving tokens of the high- 
est regard from his countrymen. 
Let us now consider other operations of the war during this period. 

21. The command of the " Army of the West"' was given to General 
Kearney,* with instructions to conquer New Mrxico and California. lie left 
Fort Leavenworth in June, and after a journey of nine hundred miles over the 
Great Plains and among the mountain ranges, he arrived at Santa Fe, the cap- 
ital of New Mexico, on the 18th of August. He met with no resistance ;" and 

1. Pronounced Btcenah Fe.v-taA— Pleasant View. This was the name of a hacienda (plantation) at An- 
gostura. 

2. It was the anniversary of the birth of Washington, and the American war-cry was, The memory of 
Washington I 

3. To (Jeetive the Americans, Santa Anna resorted to the contemptible tiick of scndiiip out a flag in trken 
of surrender, at tlie moment of making an assanit, hoping thereby to cause his enemy to be less vigilant. 
Taylor was loo well acquainted with Mexican treachery to he deceived. 

•1. The Americans lost two hundred and sixty-seven killed, fnnr hundred and fifty -six wounded, nrd 
twenty-three missing. The Mexicans lost almost two thousand. They left five hundred of I heir comrades 
dead on the field. Among the .Vmericans slain was Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, son of the distinguished lleniy 
Clay, of Kentucky. Verse 7, page 310. 5. Note 2, page 329. 

('. On the day of the battle at Buena Vista, General Miuon, with eight hundred cavalry, whs diiven fii ra 
Sallillo by Captain Webster and a small party of Americans. On the 26th of February, Colonels Morgan 
and Irvin defeated a parly at Agiia Krio ; and on the 7th of March, Major Giddings was victorious at Cer- 
alvo. 7. Verse 12, page .'524. 

8. Stephen W. Kearney was a native of New Jersey. He was a gallant soldier in the war of ISU'-'liS. He 
was breveted a brigadier in 1S!6, and major-general in December the same year, for gallant conduct in the 
Mexican war. He died at Ve- a Cruz in October, 1848, at the age of fifty-four years. 

9. The governor and four thousand .Mexican troops fled at his approach, and the people, numbering about 
six thousand, quietly submitted. 

Quf:sTiONS.— 10 What did the two armies do? What can you tell of a battle that occurred? By what 
name is it known? 20. What did the Mexicans do? What had been accomplished? What did Taylor do? 



328 THE NATION. 




Operations in California. Doniphan's expedition. 

having taken peaceable possession of the country, and constituted Charles 
Bent its Governor, he marched tovrard California. He soon met an express 
from Commodore Stockton' and Colonel Fr^ mont, informing him that the con- 
quest of California had already been achieved.'- The main body of his troops 
then returned to Santa Fr, and with one hundred men he pushed forward to 
Los Angelos, near the Pacific coast, where he met [Dec. 27, 1840] Stockton 
and Fr.mont. In company with these officers, he sliared in the honor of the 
final events which completed the conquest and pacification of California. 

22. Fremont claimed the right to be gov- 
ernor, and was supported by Stockton and the 

,^^ ^^ people ; but Kearney, his superior ofBcer, 

/fiK. "^^^P" would not acquiesce. Frdmont refused to 

obey him, and Kearney departed, sailed to 
Monterey, and there, in conjunction with Com- 
modore Shubrick, he assumed the office of 
governor, and proclaimed [Feb. 8, 1847] the 
annexation of California to the United States.^ 

23. While Kearney was on his way to Cali- 
fornia, Colonel Doniphan, by his command, was 

coLONHL FBCMONT. eugagcd, wltli a thousand Missouri volunteers, 

in forcing the Navajo Indians to make a treaty of peace. This was accom- 
plished on the 22d of November, 1846, and then Doniphan marched toward 
Cliihuahua,* to join General Wool. When within eighteen miles of its capital, 
he was confronted [Feb. 28, 1847] by four thousand Mexicans. These he 
completely routed,^ and then pressing forward to the city of Chihuahua, he en- 
tered in triumph, raised the flag of the United States upon its citadel [March 

21, in the midst of a population of forty thousand, and took possession of the 
province in the name of his government. After resting six weeks he marched 

1. Robert F. Stockton is a son of one of the New Jersey signers of the Declaration of Independence. Ho 
entered Ihe navy in IMl, and was appointed commodore in 1838. He left the uavy in May, 1850, and became 
a member of the United States Senate from New Jersey. 

2. Lieutenant-Colonel Fremont was sent wiili a parly of abont sixty men, to explore portions of New Mex- 
ico and C'tlifornia. When he arrived in the vicinity of Monterey, on the Pacific coast, he was opposed by a 
Mexican force under General Castro. Fremont aroused all the American settlers in the vicinity of Saii 
Francisco Bay, captured a Mexican post and garrison, and nine caimons and two hundred and fifty mus- 
kets, at Sonoma Pass [.June 15, 18l(i], and then advanced to Sonoma, and defeated Castro and his troops. 
The Mexican a'ltlioriiies were effectually driven out of that region of the country ; and on the 5th of July, 
thj .\marican t/'alifornians declared tliemsclves independent, and placed Fremont at the head of their .Tf- 
fiirs. Two days afterward. Commodore Slont, tlnni in coniniand of the squadron in ihe Pacific, bombarded 
and captured Monte:ey ; and on tlie 9th, ("oninidilorc Montsomeiy took possession of San Francisco, •"'om- 
midiire Stockton anived on the 15th, and, with Colonel FrL-monI, took possession of the city of Los Angelos 
on llie 17th of August. 

3. Fremont was ordered home to be tried for disobedience of orders. He was deprived of his commission, 
but llie President, valuing him as one of the ablest olHcers in the army, offered it to him again. Fremont 
refuse 1 it, and went again to the wilderness a'^d engaged in exploration. When California bec:ime a State, 
he was elei'ted its lirst United States Senator 11H51J; and in ]8.5''i he was the candidate of tlie " Republican" 
party for tin- olTnc iif rrc^iilent of tlie Tltiitoil Sltites He wtis a major general in the late Civil War. 

^■ At Brarcti in tlic v:iilcy of the Rio del \ortc, they met alarge ."Mexican force on tlir y-Al of necennlicr, 
under General Ponce de Leon. He sent a black flag to Doniphan, with the mess.ige, ' ' We will neither ask 
nor give quarter." The Mexicans then adva''ccd and fired three rounds. The Slissnurians fell upon their 
faces, and the enemy, supposing them to be all slain, rushed forward for plunder. The Americans suddenly 
arose, and rlelive.ing a deadly fire from their rifles, killed two hundred Mexicans, and dispensed the remain- 
der in gre It confusion. 

5. The .'Vmericans lost, in killed and wounded, only eighteen men ; the Mexicans lost about six hundred. 

QtJFiSTioys. — 21. What can you tell of the movements of Gei^eral Kearney? What cotiqne'ts were made? 

22. Wlnt. can you tell of Fremont and Kearney? ;3. What can you tell of Doniphan's expedition, and his 
wonderful march? 



folk's administration. 



329 



Attack on Vera Cruz. 



Its capture. 



March into the interior. 



to Saltillo [May 22], where G-eneral Wool was encamped. Doniphan then 
returned to New Orleans, having made a perilous march from the Mississippi, 
of about five thousand miles. The conquest of all northern Mexico,' with 
California, was now complete, and General Scott was on his march lor the 
gi-eat capital. Let us now consider 




GENERAL SCOTT S INVASION OF MEXICO. 

24. The Mexican authorities having scorned overtures for peace made by 
the government of the United States in the Autumn of 1846, it was deter- 
mined to conquer the whole country. For that purpose General Scott was 
directed to collect an array, capture Vera Cruz,' and march to the Mexican 
capital. His rendezvous was at Lobos Island;^ and on the 9th of March, 
1847, he landed near Vera Cruz with an army of about thirteen thousand men, 
borne thither by a powerful squadron commanded by Commodore Conner.^ 
He invested the city on the 13th; and five days afterward [March 18], having 
eveiy thing ready for an attack,^ he 
summoned the town and fortress, for 
the last time, to surrender. A refusa' 
was the signal for opening a gener;: 
cannonade and bombardment from hi^ 
batteries and the fleet. The siege con- 
tinued until the 27th, when the city, 
the strong castle of San Juan d'Hlloa,*^ 
with five thousand prisoners and five 
hundred pieces of artillery, were sur- 
rendered to the Americans.' The latter 
had only forty men killed, and about the same number wounded. At least a 
thousand Mexicans were killed, and a great number were maimed. 

25. General Scott took possession of Vera Cruz on the 29th of March, 1847, 
and on the 8th of April, the advanced force of his army, under General 
Twiggs, commenced their march for the interior, by Avay of Jalapa,* Santa 
Anna had advanced, with twelve thousand men, to Cerro Gordo, a difficult 
mountain pass at the foot of the eastern cliain of the Cordilleras. He was 
strongly fortified, and had many pieces of cannon well placed for defense. 

I. Some conspiracies in New Mexico against the new prov^nment, ripened into revolt in January, 1847. 
Governor Bent and others were murdered at Fernando de Taos on tlie 19tli, and massacres occnrreil in otlier 
cpiartcrs. On the 23d, Colonel Price, with three hundred and tifly men, marched ae;ainsf and ilcfeated the 
insnrKcnts, at Canada, and finally dispersed them at the mountain Rorfre called the Pass of Emhudo. 

•/. This city was considered the key to the country. On an island opposite was a very strong fortress, 
called the castle of San .luan d Ulloa [note C, page3l9], always celebrated for its great strength, and con- 
sidered impregnable by the Mexicans. 

H. About one hundred and twenty-five miles north from Vera Crnz. 4. Verse 4, page 321. 

5 The engineering oiieralions were performed very skillfully under the direction of Colonel Totten. nn 
officer of the war of 181'i. For his bravery at Vera Cruz he was made hrigadiprgencral by brevet He 
died at Washington city in April, 1862 6. Pronounced San Whan-dah on I'ma''. 

7. It is estimated that during this siege not less than six thousand seven hundred shots and shells wero 
thrown by the .Americaii lialteries, weighing, in the aggregate, more than four thousand pounds. 

<■■. Pronounced llah tnh pah. 

Questions. — 24. What did the United .States governm^'nt di.'termine to do? and why? What was General 
Sco't directed to do? What can you tell of his expedition against Vera Cruz? What of the attack and sur- 
tender? 



INTUENiIIMENTS AT VEK.V CEUZ. 



330 THE NATION. 



Battle at Cerro Uordo. Victorious march toward the city of Mexico. 

Scott had followed Twiggs with the main body. His whole army now nnm- 

beied about eight thousand five hundred meu.' Having skillfully arranged 
his plans, he attacked the enemy un the ISth of April. The assault was suc- 
cessful More than a thousand Mexicans were killed or wounded, and three 
thousand were made prisoners.'^ The boastful Santa Anna' narrowly escaped 
capture by fleeing upon a mule taken from his carriage. The Americans lost, 
in killed and wounded, four hundred and thirty-one. 

26. On the 19th of April the victors entered Jalapa ; and on the 22d, Gen- 
eral Worth unfurled the stripes and stars upon the castle of Perote, on the sum- 
mit of the eastern Cordilleras, fifty miles from Jalapa. This was considered the 
strongest fortress in Mexico, next to Vera Cruz, yet it was surrendered with- 
out resistance.* Onward the victorious army marched ; and on the 15th of 
May [1847 J it entered the ancient walled and fortified city of Puebla,^ with- 
out opposition from the eighty thousand inhabitants within. Here the Amer- 
icans rested, after a series of victories almost unparalleled. Within two 
months, an army averaging only about ten thousand men, had taken some of 
the strongest fortresses on this continent, made ten thousand prisoners, and 
captured seven hundred pieces of artillery, ten thousand stand of arms, and 
thirty thousand shells and cannon-balls. Yet greater conquests awaited them. 

27. General Scott remained at Puebla until August^* when, being reinforced 
by fresh troop?, sent by way of Vera Cruz, he resumed his march toward 

the capital, with more than tea 
thousand men, leaving a large 
number sick in the hospital.'' 
Their route was through a 
l^eautiful region, well watered, 
and clothed with the richest 
verdure, and then up the slopes 




EOUTE OF THE V. 6. AHMT FEOM VISA CEUZ TO MEXICO. ^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ CordillcraS. FrOm 

their lofty summits, and almost from the same spot where Cortez and his fol- 
lowers stood amazed more than three centuries before,^ Scott and his army 
looked down [Aug. 10, 1847] upon that glorious panorama of intervales, lakes, 



1. A stronc parrison had been left nt Vera Crnz. , ^ ^^ j. . , ^-u „i 

2. Having neither men to giiaid, nor food to subtain the prasoners, General bcott dismissed them on parole. 

'^sl^Beforrtbfbattle, Santa Anna said, " I will die fifrhling ralher than the Americans fhall proudly trca<l 
the imperial citv of Aiteca." So precipitate was his flight that he left all his papers behind Uim, and his 
wooden leg. He was so severely wounded in his leg, while defending V era Cruz agamst the t reuch, in 
18 8, that amputation was necessary, and a wooden one was substituted. 

4. Kifty-foiir pieces of cannon and mortars were captured here, and a large quantity of munitions of war. 

5. Pronounced Ptrfh Jah. „,.... j ^, . j -i- p 

6 During this long halt of the American army, the government of the L mted Slates made unayailmg ef- 
forts to negotiate for peace. The Mexican authorities refused the olive branch, and boasted of their patriot- 
ism, valor, and strength, while losing post after post, in their retreat towai^ the capital . , ,. , ,.^ 

7 At one time there were eighteen hundred men sick at Puebla ; and at Perote seven hiindrcd died during 
the Summer, notwithstanding the situationsof these places, on lofty table lands, were considered cxcccriirg/y 
healthful. S. Verso -..pag.S.. 

OgESTiONS —25. Wliat movements toward the interior of Mexico were made? What opposition was en- 
rnuntered? What can vm, tell of a hat'le at Cerro Gordo? 26. What progress did the Americans make? 
What important conque^^ts were acwmplished? What liad now been achieved? 27. What can you tell of 
the march toward the Jlexican capital ? What of the country near the capital ? 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION". 



331 



Battles of Ohurubusco and Contreras. 



Flight of Santa Anna. 



cities, and villages, in the great valley of Mexico — the capital of the Aztec 
Empire' — the seat of " the Halls of the Montezumas."^ 

28. On the 11th of August, General Twiggs^ cautiously led the advance of 
the American army toward the city of Mexico, and encamped at San Augus- 
tine, on the Acapulco road, eight miles south of the capital. Eefore him lay 
the strong fortress of San Antonia, and close on his left were the heights of 
Churubusco, crowned with embattled walls covered with cannons, and to be 
reached in front only by a dangerous causeway. Close by was the fortified 
camp of Contreras, containing six thousand Mexicans, under General Valencia; 
and between it and the city were Santa Anna and twelve thousand men, held 
in reserve. 

29. Such was the general position of the belligerents when, a little after 
midnight on the 20th of August [1847], General Smith' marched to the attack 
of the camp at Contreras. The battle opened at sunrise. It was sanguinary, 
but brief, and the Americans were victorious. 
Eiglity officers and three thousand private soldiers 
were made prisoners ; and the chief trophies were 
thirty-three pieces of artillery. In the mean 
while. Generals Pierce and Shields," with a small 
force, had kept Santa Anna's powerful reserve at 
bay. 

30. Scott now directed a similar movement 
against Churubusco. Santa Anna advanced ; and 
the whole region became a battle-field, under the 
eye and control of the American commander-in- 
chief. The invaders dealt blow after blow suc- 
cessfiilly. Antonio yielded, Churubusco was taken, 
and Santa Anna abandoned the field and fled to 
the capital. It was a memorable day in Mex'co. 
An army thirty thousand strong, had been broken 
up by another less than one third its strength in 
numbers ; and at almost every step the Ameri- 
cans were successful. Full four thousand of th(j Mexicans were killed or 

♦.J; t^"'"'^'"^ •"^'I'k ^'''"* K''mmerinBS of ancicTit MexiVnn liislorv which have come down to us, the A?.- 
Norlh inS w'p?i'n,I f country when it lirst became known to Envopean.s [ver^e 22, v^PeX:], came from (he 
co^.n.Jv tL , -n ^■"'"^- ^u-""' ,""'' ""'" '"''<■"• ^^''■■•■''' <■'■<"" 'ime to time, had held possession of the 
0,ZZr1 J r ^"ii-i: <^"y ^"hin the borders of Lake Te/.cuco, and named it Mexico, in honor of if^xitli, 
Illh ^^,,„ f,\ *'^ the present preat cathedral stands, they hid erected an immense temple, dedicated 

l^.J^L i • "^ offered huinan sacrifices. It is related that, at its consecration, almost sixty thousand 

the eriJperof foundV'' Cortez^ "^'"''''' '^'"* ''"'" "*""" "'" ^^'"^ ^^' ^^ ^^^ predecessor of Montezt.ma, 

the'wa'!-'^ expression, referring to the remains of the palace of Jlontezuma in Mexico, was often used during 

wf; H^^-''^ i"- ''"T'*^^' "^^^ ''"'■" '" "eorpa, in 1790. Tie wns a major at the close of the war of 1812-'1.5, and 
iI„.„T,i, '" ■ ^^^^- P^^"' breveted a major peneral af<er the battle at Monterey, and for his gal- 
lantry there received the pnft of a sword from Congress. He died in 1863 

4. (reneral Persifer F. Smith, of Louisiana. 

0. General James Shields, of Illinois, afterward United States Senator from that State. 

QuESTioys — 2^. What did General Twiggs do? What were (he relative positions of the opposing armies? 
What of the Mexican defenses? r9. What can von tell of the fir^t conflict near the city of Mexico? ?,t). 
VVhat other hostile movements occurred ? What strong places yielded to the Americans? What was accom- 
plished on the 2Jth of August, 1817 f 




-CVTIOXS NEAK MEXICO. 



332 THE NATION. 



Negotiations for peace. Battles near the city. The fall of Mexico. 

wounded, three thousand were made prisoners, and thirty-seven pieces of 
cannon were taken, all in one day. The Americans lost, in killed and 
wounded, almost eleven hundred. 

31. General Scott might now have entered the city of Mexico in triumph, 
but he preferred to bear the olive branch rather than the palm. As he ad- 
vanced to Tacubaya [Aug. 21], within three miles of the city, a flag came 
from Santa Anna to ask for an armistice, preparatory to negotiations for 
peace.* It was granted ; and Nicholas P. Trist, who had been appointed by 
the United States government a commissioner to treat for peace, went into 
the capital [Aug. 24] for that purpose. Scott made the palace of the archbishop, 
at Tacubaya, his head-quarters, and there anxiously awaited the result of the 
conference until the 5th of September, when Mr. Trist returned, with the 
intelligence that his propositions were not only spurned with scorn, but that 
Santa Anna had violated the armistice by strengthening the defenses of the 
city. Disgusted with the continual treachery of his foe, Scott declared the 
armistice at an end [Sept. 7], and prepared to storm the capital. 

32. On the morning of the 8th of September, less than four thousand Amer- 
icans attacked fourteen tliousand Mexicans, under Santa Anna, at El Molinos 
del Rey (the King's Mills), near Chapultepec. They were at first repulsed, 
with great slaughter ; but returning to the attack, they fought desperately for 
an hour, and drove the Mexicans from their position. Both parties suffered 
dreadfully. The Mexicans lost almost a thousand dead on the field, and the 
Americans lost about eight hundred. 

33. Chapultepec was doomed. It Avas a lofty hill, strongly fortified, and the 
seat of the military school of Mexico. It was the last place to be defended 
outside the suburbs of the city. Scott erected four heavy batteries to bear 
upon it, on the night of the 11th of September; and on the next day [Sept. 
12, 1847] a heavy cannonade and bombardment commenced. On the 13th 
the assailants commenced a furious charge, routed the enemy, with great 
slaughter, and unfurled the American flag over the shattered castle of Chapul- 
tepec. The Mexicans fled to the city along an aqueduct, pursued by General 
Quitman^ to its very gates. That night Santa Anna and his army, with the 
officers of government, fled from the doomed capital ; and at four o'clock the 
following morning [Sept. 14] a deputation from the city authorities waited 
upon General Scott, and begged him to spare the town and treat for peace, 
lie would make no terms, but ordered Generals Worth and Quitman' to move 
forward, and plant the stripes and stars upon the national palace. The vic- 

1. Note 2, pa.ce 195. 

2 John A auitm:in was a native of New York. He leii volunteers to the Mexican war. .ind was brev- 
eted and presented with a sword, liy Confess, for his g.illantry. He was Governor of Mississippi in 1851. 
He was a lea<ler of the secessionists of the South after Calhoun's death, and died in July, 1858. 

3. The approach of each was along separate aqueducts. See map, page 331. 

Questions —31. What forbearance dirt Scott show? What negotiations were entered into? What did 
Scoit do ? What was the result of his forbearance ? 3-. What occurred on the mornirg of the 14th of Sep- 
tember? What of a battle? 33. What can you tell of the attack on Chapultepec? What victories did the 
Americans achieve? What can you tell of the flight of the Mexicans? What favor was asked of General 
Sco.t ? What can you tell of the surrender of the capital 7 



folk's administration. 333 

Treaty with Mexico. Election of General Taylor to the Presidency. 

torious generals entered at ten o'clock, and on the Grand Plaza^ took formal 
possession of the Mexican empire. 

34. Order soon reigned in the capital. Santa Anna made some feeble ef- 
forts to regain lost power," and failed ; and before the close of October, he was 
a fugitive, stripped of every commission. The President of the Mexican Con- 
gress assumed provisional authority; and on the 2d of February, 1848, that 
body concluded a treaty of peace, with commissioners of the United States, 
at Guadalupe Hidalgo. Tliis treaty was finally agreed to by both govern- 
ments, and on the 4tli of July following. President Polk proclaimed it' New 
Mexico and California'' now became Territories of the United States. 

35. Besides ths war with Mexico and the settlement of the Oregon bound- 
ary question'^ with Great Britain, Mr. Polk's administration was distinguished 
by the establishment of an independent treasury system," by which the na- 
tional revenues are collected in gold and silver, or treasury notes, without the 
aid of banks; and a revisioia of the tariff laws in 1846, by which protection to 
American manufactures was lessened. During the last year of his administra- 
tion, Wisconsin was admitted [May 29, 1848] into the Union of States, mak- 
ing the whole number tliirty. 

36. The popularity which General Taylor had gained by his brilliant vic- 
tories in Mexico, caused liim to be nominated for President of the United 
States in many parts of the Union, even before he returned home ;' and he 
was chosen to be a candidate for that office, by a national convention, held at 
Philadelphia in June, 1848. His opponent was General Lewis Cass, of ]\Iich- 
igan, afterward Secretary of State. General Taylor was elected by a large 
majority, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, as Vice-President. 

1. Place. This ic the largo publir square in the city of Mexico. 

2. Ue appeared before Puebla on the 22i of September, where Colonel ChiMs had been besieged since the 
ISth. The approach of General Lane frightened him away ; and in a battle with llie troops of that leader at 
Huamantia, Santa Anna vv^as defeated. On the IMh of October he was again defeated at Atlixco, and there 
his troops deserted him, and he became :•■ fugitive, seeking safety, by flight, to the !^hores of the Gulf. See 
note 6, page 343. , , , 

3. It stipulated the evacuation of Mer:ico by the American army, wilhin three months ; the payment rf 
$3,100,01)0 in hand, and $12,000,i:00 in four annual installments by the Ur.ited States to Mexico, for the leni- 
tory acquired by conquest ; and, in addition, to assume debts due to certain citizens of the United States to the 
amount of 153,500,' 00. It also fixed boundaries, etc. 

4. During the same month that a treaty of peace was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a man employed by 
Captain Sutter, who owned p. mill twenty-five miles up the American fork of the Sacramento river, discov- 
ered gold. It was very soon found in other localities, and during the Summer, rumors ol the fact reached 
the United States. These rumors assumed tangible form in the President's message m December, 1848 ; and 
at the beginning of 1849, thousands were on their way to the land of gold. Around Cape Horn, across the 
Isthmus of Panama, and over the great central plains of the continent, men went by hundreds : and tar and 
wide in California, the precious metal was found. From Europe and South Ameiica hundreds Hocked 
thither ; and the Chinese came also by scores from Asia, to dig gold. The dreams of the early ^panith 
voyagers [verse 24. page 34], and those of the English who sought gold on the coasts of Labrador [verse 18, 
page 40], and up the rivers of the middle of the continent [verse 23. page 42], have been more than realized, 
and matiy CKntmue [18651 to go Ihilhor, and yet the gold seems inexhaustible. Since its first discovery in 
1848 to the close of 1864, there was brought from California, and deposited in the mnit (and its branches; 
of the United .States alone, almost $600,000,000 

5. Verse 5, page 322. 6. Note 2, page 315. 7 Verse 20, page 327. 



OcESTiONS —34. What hostile efforts did Santa Anna make? What became of him ? What g.ivernment 
was established in Mexico? and what did it do? What treaty was made? 35. What else distingmslicd 
President Folk's administration? What can you tell of a treasury system? What other events look place? 
36. What can you tell of the presidential election in 18i8? 



334 



THE NATION. 



Inauguration of President Taylor. 



California a State. 



TAYLORS 



SECTION XIII. 

ADMINISTRATION. [1849-1850.] 

1. Because the 4th of March, 1849, occurred on the Sabbath, Zachary Tay- 
lor' took the oath of ofSce as President of the United States on the 5th, and 

appointed his cabinet on the following day." 
The appointments were confirmed by the 
Senate ; and with the heart of a patriotic 
and honest man, Taylor entered upon his re- 
sponsible duties with a sincere desire to serve 
his country as faithfully in the cabinet as he 
had in the field.' He had the; sympathies of 
a large majority of the people with him, and 
his inauguration was the promise of great hap- 
piness and prosperity for the country. 

2. Thousands of adventurers were flocking 
to California from all parts of the Union when 
Taylor took the presidential chair, and ele- 
ments of a new and powerful State were rap- 
idly gathering there. Statesmen and politi- 
cians perceived the importance of the new 
Territory, and soon the question whether 
slavery should have a legal existence there, 
^ became an absorbing topic in Congress and 
among the people. The inhabitants of Cali- 
fornia decided the question for themselves. 
In convention at San Francisco, the people 
voted against slavery, and a Constitution for 
a State government, adopted in convention 
at Monterey, on the 1st of September, 1849, 
TAYLOB, AND HI8 EEBTOENCE. excludcd slavcry from the Territory for ever.* 




1. Zachary Taylor was born in Virginia, in November, 1781. He went with his faiher to Kentucky the 
following year, and his childhood was passed near the present city of Louisville. He entered the United 
Slates army in 1807. He was a distinguished subaltern during the war of 1812-15, and attained the rank of 
major. He was of great service in the Florida war [verse 6, page :^)16] ; and when hostilities with Mexico 
appeared probable, he was sent in that direction, and, as we have seen, displayed great skill and bravery. 
He died in .July, 18.0, having performed the duties of President only sixteen months. 

2. He appointed John M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; William 11. Meredith, Secretary of the Treasury ; 
George W. Crawford, Secretarj- of War ; William B. Preston, Secretary of the N.ivj- ; Thomas Ewing, Sec- 
retary of the Interior (a new otHcc recently established, in which some of the duties before performed by 
the State and Treasury Departments are attended to) ; Jacob Collamcr, Postmaster-ncneral ; and Reverdy 
Johnson, Attorney-General. .'•. Verse 6, page ,'52'', to Verse -0, page 327. 

4. General Rilev. tlie milit<try governor of California, established a sort of judiciary bv proclamation, in 
August, 1819, with Peter H. Burnet as Chief Justice. Before thnt time there was rn statute law in Califor- 
nia. By proclamation. (Jnvernor Riley called a convention to form a State Constitution, and when it was 
adopted, Burnet was elected governor, and the first Legislature was held at San Jose, on the 20th of Decem- 
ber following. 

Questions. — 1. What can you tell of President Taylor's inangurstinn? TTow did the future appear? 2. 
What great emigration was in progress f How was California regarded? What can you tell of its organiza- 
tion as a State t 



taylok's administration. 335 



Slavery agitation in Congress. Compromise measures agreed to. 

The birth and maturity of this new State seemed like a dream — all was ac- 
complished within twenty months after gold was discovered near Sutter's Mill.* 

3. When the United States senators, appointed by the Legislature of Cali- 
fornia,^ went to Washington, they carried their Constitution with them, and 
presented a petition [February, 1850], asking for the admission of that Terri- 
tory into the Union as a free and independent State.' The article of the Con- 
stitution which excluded slavery, became a cause for violent debates in Con-<. 
gi-ess, and of bitter sectional feeling between the people of the IsTorth and 
South. As in 1832,^ there were menaces of secession from the Union, by 
southern representatives, and never before did civil war appear so inevitable. 

4. Happily for the country, some of the ablest statesmen and patriots the 
repubhc had ever gloried in, were members of the national legislature at that 
time, and witli consummate skill they directed and controlled the storm. In 
the midst of the tumult and alarm in Congress and throughout the land, Henry 
Clay again^ appeared as the potent peace-maker between the Hotspurs of the 
North and South ; and on the 25th of January, 1850, he offered, in the Sen- 
ate, a plan of compromise which met the difficulty. Eleven days afterward 
[Feb. 5, 1850] he spoke nobly in defense of his plan, denounced secession as 
treason, and implored his countrymen to make every saci'ifice but honor, in 
support of the Union. Mr. Clay's plan was warmly seconded by Daniel 
Webster ; and other senators approving of compromise, submitted propo- 
sitions. 

5. Finally, a committee of thirteen was appointed to consider the various 
plans and report a bill. It consisted of six northern and six southern senat- 
ors, and these chose the thirteenth. The Senate appointed Mr. Clay chairman 
of the committee ; and on the 8th of May following, he reported a bill. It 
was discussed for four months ; and on the 9th of September, each measure 
included in the bill having been thoroughly considered separately, the fa- 
mous Compromise Act of 1850 had passed both Houses of Congress, and be- 
came a law.^ While this important discussion was progressing, President 

1. Note 4, page 333. 

", Johu C. Fremont and William M. Gwin. Edward Gilbert and G. H. Wright were elected members of 
the House of Reprefentatives. 

3. At this time our government was perplexed by the claims of Texas to portions of the Territory of New 
Mexico, recently acquired [verse 34, page 333], and serious difficulty was apprehended. Early in issii, the 
inhabitants of New Mexico petitioned ("ongress for a civil government, and the ilormons of tlie Utah region 
also petitioned for the organization of the country they had recently settled, into a Territory of the United 
State. See note 4, page 336. 4. Ver.se 6, page .SIO. 5. Verse 7, page 310. 

6. Because several measures, distinct in their objects, were embodied in the act, it i.s sometimes known as 
the " Omnibus Uill." The most important stipulations of the act were, 1st. That t^alifornia should be ad- 
mitted into the Union as a State, with its anti-slavery Constitution, and its territorial extent from Oregon to 
the Mexican possessions ; 2d. That the vast country east of California, containing the Mormon settlements 
nc:ir the Great Salt Lake, should be erected into a Territory, called Utah, without mention of slavery ; 3d. 
That New Mexico should be erected into a Territory, within satisfactory boundaries, and without any stipu- 
lations respecting slavery, and that ten millions of dollars .should be paid to Texas from the Federal treasury 
in purchase of her claims ; 4th. That the slave-trade in the District of Columbia should he abolished ; 5th. V 
law providing for the arrest, in the northern or free States, and return to their masters, of all slaves who should 
escape from bondage. The last measure of the Compromise .Act produced, and continues to produce, much 
dissatisfaction at the North ; and the execution, evasion, and violation of tlie law, in several instances, have 
led to serious disturbances and much bitter sectional feeling. 



Qttestions. — 3. Wliat did California representatives do ? What effect was produced by the anti-slavery 
article in its State Constitution? 4 What can you say of Amencan statesmen ? What was done to promote 
harmony? 5. What can you tell of the Compromise Act of 1850? What melancholy event occurred? What 
important event followed f 



336 



THE NATION. 



Death of President Taylor. 



Fillmore becomes President. 



Invasion of Cuba. 




riLLMOmi, AND ni8 EE8IDENCE. 



Taylor was seized with a disease similar to 
cholera, which terminated his earthly career 
on the 9th of July, 1850. In accordance 
with the provisions of the Constitution,' he 
was immediately succeeded in office by the 
Vice-President, 

MILLARD FILL MORE. - 

6. Although the administration of Presi- 
dent Taylor was brief, it was distinguished 
by events which have an important bearing 
upon the future destiny of our republic. One 
of these was an invasion of Cuba by a force 
under General Lopez, which was organized 
and officered in the United States, in viola- 
tion of existing neutrality laws. Lopez 
landed at Cardenas on the 19th of Apri', 
1850, expecting to be joined by some of the 
Spanish troops and native Cubans, and, by 
concerted action, to rid the island of Spanish 
bondage. But the people and troops did not 
co-operate Avith him, and, disappointed, he 
returned to the United States to prepare for 
a more formidable expedition.^ During 
Taylor's administration, one new State and 
three Territories^ were added to the confed- 



1. Verse 3, page SIS, and Article II., Sec. 1., Constitution, page 366. 

2. Millard Fillmore was born in January, 1800, in C'ayuga county, New York. His early education was 
limited, and at a suitable age he was apprenticed to a woul-carder. At the age of nineteen, his talent at- 
tracted the attention of Judge Wood, of Cayuga county, and he took the humble lipprentice under his 
charge, to study the science of law. He became eminent in his profesfion. He was elected to the Assembly 
of his native Slate in 1829, and in 18i2 was chosen to represent his district in Congress. He was re-elccled 
in 1837, and was continued in office several years. In ISJ4 he was au unsuccessful candidate for the office 
of governor of his native Slate, and in 18-18"he was elected Vicc-Preridcnt of the United Stales. The death 
ofTaylor gave him the presidency, and ho conducted public affairs with 

dignily and skill. In 1856 he was the candidate of the "American'' or 
" Know Nothing" party for the presidency of the Uniled Slates, but was 
unsuccessful. 3. Verse II, page .S: 8. 

4. The State of California and the Territories of New Mexico, Utah, and 
Minnesota. The greater portion of the inhabitants of Utah are of the re- 
ligious sect called Mormons, wlio, after sutl'ering much in Missouri and 
Illinois from their opposers, penetrated the deep wilderness |18,8] in the 
interior of our continent, and near tlie Great Salt Lake, in the midst of (he 
savage Utah tribes, ihey have built a largo city, made extensive planta- 
tions, and founded an empire almost as large, in territorial extent, as that 
of Alexander the Great. The sect was founded in 1827, by a shrewd 
young man, named .Toseph Smitli, a native of central New Yrrk, who 
professe'l to have reoi'ived a special revelation from Heaven, givirg him 
knowledge of a book which had been buried many renlnvics before, in a 
hill near the village of Pnlmvra, who«e leaves were of gold, upon which 
were engraved the records of the ancient people of America, and a new 
gospel Xor man. He lomidilupes, believers, and followers; and now (1S651 
there are Mormon missionaries in everyquarlerof the globe, and the com- 
munion numbers, prohalily, not less than tv\o huiiilred Ihonsaiid sonls. 
There has been, for several years, a sufhcient number ni I'tali to ciititle 
them to a State Constitution, and admission into Ihe Union. Tlieir per- JOSEPH SMITH. 

OrESTiONS. — 6. What can yon sav of P-esident Taylor's administration ? What expedition was attempted 
in 1850? What additions were made to the confederacy f 




FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. 



337 



Support of Compromise Act. Change in post-office laws. The magnetic telegraph. 

eracy, and preparations were made for organizing other local governments 
within the domain of the United States. 

7. Mr. Fillmore assumed the duties of President of the United States on the 
10th of July, 1850. At his request, President Taylor's cabinet ministers re- 
mained in oilice until the lotli, when new heads of departments were ap- 
pointed.' William R. King, of Alabama, Avas elected President of the Senate, 
and thus became ex-ollicio Vice-President of the United States." 

8. The most important measure adopted during the early part of Fillmore's 
administration, was the Compromise Act, already considered.^ During his 
official career, the President firmly supported all the requirements of the act, 
and his judicious course kept the waters of public opinion comparatively 
calm, notwithstanding the workings of the Fugitive Slave Law frequently pro- 
duced much excitement, where it happened to be executed. At the close of 
his administration, in the Spring of 1853, there was very little disquietude in 
the public mind on the subject of slavery. 

9. In the Spring of 1851, Congress made important changes in the general 
post-office laws, chiefly in the reduction of letter 
postage, fixing the rate upon a letter weighing 
not more than half an ounce, and pre-paid, at 
three cents, to any part of the United States, 
excepting California and the Pacific Territories. 
This measure was a salutary one, and has been 
productive of much social and commercial advan- 
tage, for interchanges of thought are ijroportion- 
ately more frequent than before, and friendly 
intercourse and business transactions by letters 
are far more extensive. At the same time, 
electro-magnetic telegraphing had become quit:' 
perfect ; and, by means of the subtle agency of 
electricity, comnmnications were speeding over 
thousands of miles of iron wire, with the rapidity of lightning 




raoFESsOK mors". 



The estab- 



mission of polygamy, or men having more than one wife, has been a serious bar fo their atlmission, for 
Christianity ami sound moralitj- forljjd the custom. The Mormons have poetically called I ht'ir country, 
I)eseret— thf Land of the Honey Bee— but Congress has entitled it I'tah, and by that nanne it must ik; 
known in history They have, at times, defied the civil powerof the United States, Inn no lurther trouble 
with them is apprehended. 

Minnesota i sky colored watcr~i is the Indi.an name of the river St. Peter, the largest tributary of tl e 
Mississippi in that region It was a part of the v.'ist territory of Louisiana, and was organized in March, 
I849 An oniliryii viilaL'cat the Falls ot St .\nlhony. named St Paul, was made the capital The !?iuwih 
oi Miiuiesoia in I'lM'ulation has been rapid, 'rhe number in 18.50 was 6.000 ; nowilS65iil is on'i 5',m;000. 

1. Daniel Wef)ster, Secretary of State ; Thnraas Ooi win, Secretary of the Treasury ; Charles M. Conred, 
Secretary of War ; Alexander 11. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior ; William A. Graham, Secretary of 
the Navy; John J. Crittenden, Attnrney-freneral ; N.ilban K. Hall, Postmaster-General. 

2. See .\rtiPle II., Sec. 1, Constitution, pape 366. .'.. Note fi, pTce .^'i. 

4. In 18!?, Professor Samuel K. R. Ntorso bad his attention directed to the experiments of Franklin upon ft 
wire of a few miles in lengih, on the banks of the Scbnylkill, in which tbc velocity of electricity was found 
to be so inappreciable, that it was supposed to be instantaneous. Profes.sor Morse, ponderine npo->_this sub- 
ject, suggested that electricity might i)e made the means of recording characters as signs of intelligence at 

QtjF.STio.ss.— 7. What of the beginning of Pesiden' Fillmore's administration ? 8. Wh^t can yon tell of 
Mr. Fillmore and Ihe Clompromise Act of 18 0? 9 What changes were made in the posf-ofli'-c laws? What 
were the effects of a reduction of letter postag.? ? What can you tell of a new method of coramunieatiDg 
intelligence ? 

15 



338 THK NATION. 



Expeditions against Cuba. Disastrous result. 

lishment of this instantaneous communication between distant points is one of 
the most important achievements of this age of invention and discovery ; and 
the names of Fulton and Morse' wiO be for ever indissolubly connected in 
the commercial and social history of our repubhc. 

10. During the Summer of 1851, tliere was again considerable excitement 
produced throughout the country because other concerted movements were 
made at different points, in the organization of a military force for the pur- 
pose of invading Cuba.^ The vigilance of the government of the United 
States was awakened, and orders were given to Federal marshals to seize 
suspected men, vessels, and munitions of war. The steamboat Cleopatra 
was seized at New York ; and several gentlemen, of the highest respect- 
ability, were arrested on a charge of a violation of existing neutrality laws. 
In the mean while, the greatest excitement prevailed in Cuba, and forty 
thousand Spanish troops were concentrated there, wliile a considerable naval 
force watched and guarded the coasts. These hinderances caused the dis- 
persion of the armed bands who were preparing to invade Cuba, and quiet 
was restored for awhile. 

11. In July, the excitement was renewed. General Lopez^ made a speech 
to a large crowd in New Orleans, in favor of an invading expedition. Soon 
afterward [Aug., 1851] he sailed from that port with about four hundred and 
eighty followers, and landed [Aug. 11] on the northern coast of Cuba. There 
he left Colonel Crittenden,^ of Kentucky, with one hundred men, and pro- 
ceeded toward the intei'ior. Crittenden and his party were captured, carried 
to Havana, and, on the 16th, were shot. Lopez was attacked on the 13th, 
and his httle army dispersed. He had been greatly deceived. There yet ap- 
peared no signs of revolution in Cuba, and he became a fugitive. He was ar- 
rested on the 28th, with six of his followers, taken to Havana, and on the 1st 

a distance ; and in the Autumn of 18'^2, he constnioted a portion of the instrumentalities for that purpose. 
In 1>35 he showed the first complete instrument for telegraphic recording, at the New York city University. 
In 1837 he completed a more perfect machinery. In 1838 he submitted the matter and the telegraphic inslni- 
ments to (Congress, asking their aid to construct a line of sulficient length "to test its practicability and 
utility." The committee to whom the subject was referred, reported favorably, and proposed an appropria- 
tion of $30,(X)0, to construct the first line. The appropriation, however, was not made until the 3d of March, 
1843. The posts for supporting the wires were erected between Washiugliin and Haltimore, a distance of 
forty miles. In the Spring of 1^44 the line was completed, and the proceedings of the Democratic convention, 
then sitting in Baltimore, which nominated James K. Polk for the presidency of the United States, was tho 
first use, for pulilic purposes, ever made by the telegraph. There is a continuous line iiiross the conti- 
nent fronn the Atlantic to the Pacific Professor Morse's system of Kecoriliug TeletTuiihs is adopted 
genernlly on the continent of Europe, and in Australia A very ingenious machine for recording tele- 
graphic eommiuilcalions with iirjnting lypes, so as to avoid the necessity ol copying, was CDiistructeri. a 
few years • go. hy House, and is now extensively used. Attempts a'e now (186.') i ill progress, lor connect- 
in!.' the Old World and Americ i by tclegnphic wires, across the Noiih Atlantic Ocean, and aiso across 
Behring's Straits. 

1 Samuel F B Morse is the el-lest son of Rev. Jedediah Morse, the first .American geogrnpher. He was 
born in Charle'stowi. Mnss, in i; 91, and graduated at Yale College in 1810. He studied paintirg in Rugland, 
and was very successful. He was one of the founders of the National Academy of Design in New York, and 
he was the fir^t to deliver a course of lectures upon art, in America. He bi-came a professor in the New 
York city University, and there perfected his magnetic telegr.iph. Mr. Morse now [ISfo] resides on -Bis 
beautiful'estatcof Locust Grove, near Po'keepsie, New York. 

2 Verse 6 page .3.36 '•• Verse 6, page .336. 

4. Wiliiani 1.. Crittenden. He had been a second lieutenant in the United States infantry, by brevet, but 
resigned in 1849. 

QUFSTIONS.— 10. What produced excitement in the Summer of 1S51. What occurred at New York in re- 
gard to an invasion of Cuba? What was the state of feeling in (Juba ? and what was done? 11. What ol a 
new expedition to Cuba ? What was attempted ? What was the result? 



Fillmore's administration. 339 

lucrease of territory. Growth of the Keiiublic. PoUir explorations. 

of September, was executed.* These expeditions were the preliminary 
movements precedent to and a part of the rebeUion that broke out in the 
United States in the spring of 1861. 

12. During tlie autumn of ISol, more accessions were made to the vastly- 
extended possessions of the United States, by the purchase of twenty-one 
millions of acres of land in Minnesota, from the Upper Sioux tribes.^ At 
about the same time another broad region was purchased of the Lower 
Sioux ;^ and now [1865] a v/hite population is flowing thither, to take the 
place of the Indians, and make "the wilderness blossom as the rose." On 
account of the rapid progress of immigration from abroad, and inter-emi- 
gi'ation at home, and the wonderful prosperity of business of all kinds, the 
greatest activity everywliere prevailed, and forecast perceived a vast and 
speedy increase of jiopulation and national wealth. Already new States 
and Territories were sending additional representatives to the seat of the 
National government, and the capitol was becoming too narrow.* In view 
of future wants, its extension was decided upon. The work was begun in 
1851, and completed in 1865.* 

13. At this time nnacli interest was felt concerning the fate of Sir John 
Franklin, an Englisli explorei-, who, with two vessels well manned, had 
left Great Britain in search of a northwest passage to the East Indies."' He 
had not been heard from since 1848. Vessels were sent from England in 
search of him. Moses II. Grinnell, a worthy merchant of New York, sent 
two vessels for the purpose [May, 1850], at his own expense, commanded 
by Lieutenant De Haven. Sir John was not found. Mr. Grinnell, in con- 
nection with the National government, sent out a second exi)edition in May, 
1853, under the command of Dr. E. K. Kane,' the surgeon and naturalist 



1. The instrument of execution was a garmte vil. Tlie victim is placed on a seat, on tlie hisli back of wliich is the 
instrument, instant deatli is caused by brealiing: the neck with a piece of iron, forced forward by a screw. 

'2. Verse 1, page 2;J, The price paid for this tract was about $3U5,0U0, to be giveu when they shouid reach their reser- 
vation in Upper Minnesota, and $68,000 a year for fifty years. 

8. About $-2i5,00O were paid for this tract, and an annual payment of $30,000 for fifty years. Altogether, the United 
States povernment paid about $3,000,000 for Indian lands, in tlie Autumn of 1851. 

4. Each Stale is entitled to two senators. The number of States now [1S65] beinff thirty-six, the Senate is composed 
of seventy-two members. The number of Representatives to which each State is entitled'is determined by the number 
of inhabitants. The present number of members in the House of Represeutatives, from States and Territories, is two 
hundred and fifty-two. 

5. The corner-stone of the new structure was laid on the 4th of Julv, 1861. On that occasion. Daniel Webster pro- 
nounced an oration, in the course of which he said : "If, therefore, it shall hereafter be the will of God that this structure 
shall fall from its base, that its foundations be upturned, and the deposit beneath this stone brought to the eyes of men, 
be it then known that on this day the Union of the United States ol America stands firm — that their Constitution still 
exists unimpaired, and, with all its usefulness and glory, growing every day stronger in the affections of the great body 
of the American people, and attracting, more and more, the admiration of tiie world.'' 

6. Verse 4, page 36 ; also, verse 18, jiage 40, and note 7, page 45. 

7. Supposing Greenland to be the southern cape of the polar continent, it was the intention of I)r. Kane to sail as far 
north along the coast as the ice would allow, anil then leave his vessels and make an overland journey northward, in 
quest of supposed green fields under u mild atmosphere, and an open sea within the polar circle: and, perhaps, there find 
tne temporary home of Franklin and his men. Dr. Kane held an accomplished pencil and a ready pen, and nis scientific 
attainments were of the higliesl order. He had traveled extensively, and had collected a vast amount of material for 
popular instruction. His narrative of the first "Grinnell Expeditioti," written and illustrated by himself, is a wonderful 
record of travel, bold adventure, and scientific research. Soon after his return from the secon'd expedition. Dr. Kane's 
health failed. He visited England, and finally went to Cuba. He died at Havana, on the 16th of February, 1857, at 
the age of thirty-five years. Dr. Kane was a small man of indomitable energy. His weight was only one hundred and 
six pounds. His narrative of the second expedition was published after his death. 



Questions.— 15. What Indian lands were purchased bv the United States in 1S51 ? What can vnu siv of the progress 
of the country ! and the enlargement of the capitol at Washinirton ! 13. What ran yon tell of "an Ensrlish pidiir exjie- 
ditionl! What etTorts have been made to find the lost moriuersl What can you' tell uf two American expeditions i 
What great problems have been solved ! 



540 THE NATION. 




Northwest passage discovered. Kossuth in the United States. Difficulties about fisheries. 

of the former expedition. Sir John was not found ; but a circnm-polar 
sea was discovered. Meanwliile, the great problem which, for tliree luin- 
dred years, had perplexed the maritime world, 
had been worked out by an English navigator. 
The fact of a northwest passage around the 
arctic coast of North America, from Baffin's 
Bay to Behring's Straits, has been unquestion- 
ably demonstrated.' 

14. In the year 1852, the attention of the 
American people was directed in a special man- 
ner to European politics, by Louis Kossuth, the 
exiled Governor of Hungary, who had taken a 
conspicuous part in public affairs during and 
^„ ^.„„ after the revolutions in 1848. '^ He came to the 

DB. KANE. 

United States at the close of 1851, to interest 
the government and the people in the fate of his country, then under the 
heel of Austrian despotism. His oratory was wonderful.^ "While the peo- 
ple and the government warmly sympathized with the exile, the policy 
of the latter, in keeping clear from the entanglements of European politics, 
forbade its lending material aid. 

15. During the summer of 1852, the subject of difficulties concerning 
the fisheries* on the coast of British America was brought to the notice 
of Congress, and for several months there were indications of a serious 
disturbance of the amicable relations between the governments of the 
United States and Great Britain. American fishers were charged with a 
violation of the treaty of 1818, which stipulated that they should not cast 
their lines or nets in the bays of the British possessions, except at a dis- 
tance of three miles or more from the shore. Now, the British govern- 
ment claimed the right to draw a line from headland to headland of these 
bays, and to exclude the Americans from the waters within that line.^ An 

1. In Ortnber, 185:!, Cnpt.iin McClure, of tlie ship Investiijator, sent in searcli of Sir Jolin Frnnlilin. h.lvinc pnssed 
tlirouiih Bcliniig's Straits, hiuI sriiled eastward, readied a point, with sleds upon tlie ire, wliicli had lieen penetrated by 
navigators from tlie east (Captain Parry and others), thus establishiuj; tlie fact that there is a water rnniiection lietween 
Baffin's I5ay and Belirins's Straits. Already the mute whale had demonstrated this fact to the satisfartiou of naturalists. 
The same species are found in Behring's Straits and Batfin's Bay; and as the waters of the tropical rc:rioiis would be 
like a sea of tire to them, they must have had coiiitnunication through the polar channels. The connecting water be- 
tween Baring Island and Priiice Albert Land, is called Prince of Wales Strait. 

2. In February, 1S48, the P'rench people drove Louis Philippe from his throne, and formed a temporary republic. The 
revolutionary spirit spread ; and within a few months, almost every country on the continent of Europe was in a state 
of agitation, and the nionarchs made many concessions to the people. Hungary made an effort to beciuiie free from the 
rule of Austria, but was crushed by the power of a Russian army. 

3. Mailers connected with his reception, visit, and desires, occupied much of llie attention of Congress, and eliciteil 
warm debates during the session of 185.1. The Chevalier Hulsemann, the Austrian minister at Washington, formallv 
protested against the reception of Kossuth by Congress; and because his protest was not heeded, he retired from his 
post, and left the duties of his office with Mr.Belmont, of New York. Previous to this, Hulseinaun pr.itested against 
the policv of our government in relation to Austria and Hungary ; and that protest was answered, in a masterly man- 
ner [January, 18511, by .Mr. Webster, the Secretary of Stale. 

4. Ver^e 5, page 36. 

6. Thi. stipulation was so construed as to allow American fishermen to catch cod within the large havs. where they 
could e;i-;iv carrv on their avocation at a greater distance than three miles from auv land. Such had been the com- 
mon practice, without interference, until the assumption of exclusive right to these bays was promulgated by the 
British. 

QfESTlONS.— 14. What can you tell about Governor Kossuth, and his visit to the United States? 15. What difficulties 
with Great Britain occurred in 185;i 1 What claims were set up! How was the matter eettled ) 



FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 341 



Diplomatic and commercial intercourse with Japan. Diplomatic correspondence about Cuba. 

armed naval force was sent to sustain this claim, and American vessels 
were tlircatened with seizure if they did not comply. The government of 
the United States regarded the assumption as illegal, and two steam-vessels 
of war (Princeton and Fulton) were sent to the coast of Nova Scotia to 
protect the rights of American fishermen. The dispute was soon amicably 
settled hy mutual concessions [Oct. 1853], and the cloud passed by. 

K). Another important measure of national concern was matured and 
put in operation during the summer of 1852. The great importance of 
commercial intercourse with Japan, because of the intimate relations 
which must soon exist between our Pacific coast and the East Indies, had 
been felt ever since the foundation of Oregon' and California." An expe- 
dition, to consist of seven ships-of-war, under tlie command of Commo- 
dore Perry, a brother of the "Hero of Lake Erie,"^ was fitted out for the 
purpose of carrying a letter from the President of the United States to the 
emperor of Japan, soliciting the negotiation of a treaty of friendship and 
commerce between the two nations, by which the ports of the latter should 
be thrown open to American vessels, for purposes of trade. That expedi- 
tion was successful. Several Japan ports were opened to our commerce;* 
and in 1860 a large and imposing embassy from the emperor of Japan 
visited the United States. 

17. The attempts to invade Cuba from tlie United States,^ and the open 
sympathy with the movement of a powerful party in tlie United States, 
impressed the Spanish authorities of that island with tlie idea that it was 
the jjolicy of our government to ultimately acquire absolute possession of 
it, and thus liave control over tlie commerce of tlie Gulf of Mexico and all 
Central .\merica, as well as the trade of the West India Islands.'' This 
impression prevailed in Europe, and France and England' invited the 
United States to enter with them into a treaty which should secure Cuba 
to Spain, by agreeing to disclaim " now and forever, all intention to obtain 
possession of the island of Cuba," and " to discountenance all such at- 
temi)ts to that effect on the part of any power or individual wliatever." 
This proposition was met [Dec, 1852] by Edward Everett, then Secretary 
of State, with a courteous response, in which he said that the question 
was an American, not a European one, and not properly within the scope 

1. Verse 5, pnge 332. 2. Vnrse 2, pnge 334. 3. Verse 7, page 287. 

4. Hitherto the Dutch had monopolized the trade of Japan. 

5. Verse S, jiage 336, and verses 10 and 11, page 338. 

6. The alarm and exasperation caused by this impression produced little ontraires at Havana, which Tsept alive an 
irritation of feeling inconsistent with social and commercial friendship. In the Autumn of 1852, an olticer of the steam- 
shi)i Crescent Ci(v,"whi<h conveved the United States mails, passengers, and freight, between New Orleans and New 
York, was charged by the Spanish authorities with having writteu articles, published in the New York p:ipers, on Cuban 
affairs, which were very oH'ensive. He was forbiilden to land in Havana ; and in November, when the Crescent Cilii, on 
her way to New York, entered that harbor, no communication between her and the sliore was allowed, and she was 
obliged* to proceed to sen, with passengers and mails that should have been left at Havana. A more flagrant outrage of 
a similar character was committed in the Spring of 1854. 

7. The West India Islands are owned chiefly by these tivo nations. 

isult ? 17. What can vou tell 
le United States to do' What 



Questions.— 16. What important expedition was sent out in 1852, and what wa 
ibout the effecU of the attempted invasion of Cuba! What did France and Enghii 



342 THE NATION. 



Presidential election in 1S5'2. Pierce and his administration. 

of their interference; that while the United States government disclaimed 
al intention to violate existing neutrality laws, it would not relinquish the 
right to act in relation to Cuha entirely independent of every other power; 
and that it could not see with indifference " the island of Cuba fall into 
the hands of any other power than Spain." ' A reply from the British 
prime minister [Feb. 185.S] ended the correspondence ou the subject of 
the "Tripartite Treaty," as it was called. 

18. The presidential election in November, 1852, resulted in the choice 
of Franklin Pierce, of "New Hampshire, for President, and William R. King, 
of Alabama, for Vice-President. The most important of the closing events 
of Mr. Fillmore's administration was the creation, by Congress [March 2, 
1853], of a new Territory called Washington, out of the northern part of 
Oregon. 



->-»■<•> < ■* 



SECTION XIV. 

PIERCE, AND mS ADMINISTUATION. [1853-1857.] 

1, It was a cheerless, stormy day at. tlie National Capital [March 4, 1853] 
when Franklin Pierce^ was inaugurated the fourteenth President of the 
United States. The oath of office was administered to hira by Chief-Justice 
Taney.^ Three days afterward the Senate confirmed his cabinet appoint- 
ments/ 

2. Another war with Mexico seemed inevitable for a while, during the 
earlier part of Piercers administration. Both governments claimed the 
fertile Mesilla Valley, which lay between New Mexico^ and Chihuahua;® 
and Santa Anna,"^ then [1854] President of Mexico, caused Chihuahua to 

1. So enrly as 1R'?3, when tlie Spunish jirovinces in South America were in rebellion, or forming into independent 
repviblics, President Monroe, in a ai»eri;it messutje upon the subject, promulguted the doctrine^ since acted upon, that the 
United States ought to resist the extension of foreign domain or influence upon the American continent, and not allow 
any European government, by colonizing or otherwise, lo gain a foothold in the New World, not already acquired. 
This was directed specially against the ettbrts expected to be made by the allied sovereigns who liad crushed* Napoleon, 
( assist Spain against her revolted colonies in America, and to suppress the growth of democracy there. It became a 
settled policy of our government, and Mr. Everett re-asserted it in its fullest extent. Such expression seemed to be im- 
portant and seasonablr!, because it was well known that Great Britain was then making strenuous efforts to obtain potent 
jufiuence in Central America, so as to prevent the United States from acquiring exclusive pr<iperty in the routes across 
the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. This question assumed still greater importance ten years 
-later, as we shall observe hereafter. 

*i. Franklin Pierce was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, in 1804. His education was finished in Bowdoin Col- 
lege, Maine. He chose the profession of law, and became one of its leading practitioners in his native State. He was 
early called to public duties in his State Legislature. In 1833 he was electeil to a seat in the National Congress, and re- 
mained there four years. He was elected United States Senator In 1S37, which office he resigned in 184-.'. He prepared 
for the war with Mexico [verse '-.'9, page 331J as a common soldier, but received the commission of brigadier-general, in 
which capacity he distinguished hiniself He went into retirement after the war. from which he was unexpectedly 
called to the chief magistracy of the nation. After one presidential term, he left public life. 

3. Note 4, i»age .{11. 

4. William L. Marcy, Secretary *f State ; James Guthrie, Secretarv of the Treasury; Robert McClelland, Secretary 
of the Interior; Jefferson Davis, .Secretary of War ; .lames C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy ; James Campbell. Post- 
master-General ; Caleb Cushing, Attorney-General, Mr. Marcy and Mr. Dobbin left office at the close of Mr, Pierce's 
administration, in March, 1857, and both died the following summer. 

5. Verse 34, page 333. 6. Note H, page 325. 

7. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna is a native of Mexico, and first came into public life in ISai, during the excitement 



Questions, — 18. What can you tell about the presidential election in l»5-2! What was the most important event to- 
ward the close of Mr. Fillmore's administration ? 1. What can you tel! of the inauguration of President Pierce, and his 
•cabinet appointmeutst 2. What serious difticulties did the new President encounter? What claims were made, and 
howf How were they settled ? 



Pierce's administration. 



343 



Exploring expeditions by Innd and sea. 



Business at the opening of Congress- 



The question was finally 
The Valley is a part of 



take armed possession of the disputed territory, 
settled by negotiation, and peace was preserved 
tlie territory of the United States. 

3. Pierce's administration will be remem- 
bered as one during which very important 
and successful explorations by land and sea 
were commenced and carried on by the 
National government, having reference 
chieily to the future commerce between 
our liepublic and Asia, and the islands of 
the Pacific Ocean. The future track of 
steamships across that ocean from our west- ^ 
ern ports, and the whaling-grounds of the 
waters in the region of Beh ring's Straits, 
were thorougldy traversed. The land ex- 
plorations were for the purpose of deciding 
upon tlie best route for the railway soon to 
be constructed between the Valley of the 
Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean.' Who 
can estimate the effect of a consummation 
of tliese gigantic plans upon the future 
growth and prosperity of the United States? 

4. The first session of the Thirty-third 
Congress" opened [December, 1853] with 
an exhibition of better feeling than had 
prevailed in tliat body since the stormy 
period of 1850.^ Subjects of deepest in- 
terest to the country, such as the Pacific 
railway, and treaties concerning the bound- 
ary-lines between the United States and the neigliboring provinces of Mexico 




AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



of revolution. He has been i 
republic in 1833. 



• of the chief revolutionists in that unhappy countrj-. He was chosen Prcsiilent of the 
icpuu,,^ ,.. .iju... i..i„. ».. »*. itina career as a conimaniling general, he was again elected President in 18-41, but was 
hurled from power in 1S45. After the capture of the city of Mexico by Scott [verse 33, page 332], he retired to the West 
Indies, and finally to t^arthagena, where he resided until 1853, when lie returned to Mexico, and was elected President 
again. In the sunnner of l.'<o4 he was accused of a design lo assume iuiperial power, and the consequence was violent 
insurrections, and his retirement from jtubiic lil'e. AV'lien, in lSfi4, France was about to place Maximilian of Austria on 
a throne in Mexico, as emperor, Santa Anna hastened thither, to take a part. The French military commander would 
not trust the ileniagogue, and he was ordered out of the country. 

1. One, under Major Stephens, was instructed to survey a northern route from the upper waters of the Mississippi to 
Puget's Sound ; another, under Lieutenant Whipple, was directed to cross the continent from the Mississippi along a 
line adjacent to the 3tith parallel of latitude, to Los Angelos or San Diego ; a third, uniler Captain Gunnison, to pro- 
ceed by way of the Great Salt Lake in Utah ; and a fourth to leave the more southern portions of the Mississippi, and 
reach the i*acitie somewhere in Lower California — perhaps at San Diego. Colonel Fremont [verso '.'■-', page 32SJ was 
also at the head of a surveying and exploring party among the Rocky Mountains, early in 1S;)4. At about the same 
time, the ludians of the \\*asatch range of mountains attacked Gunnison's partv, and slew the leader and several of his 
men. Fremont's j-arty suffered terribly. Forty-tive days they fed on mules, which for want of food could go no furtlier, 
and were killed and eaten, every particle, even to the entrails! They were met and relieved by another party on the 
IStth of Fel>ruary, l'<54. The rem.ains of the slain of Gunnison's parly were afterward found. 

2. Note 3, page 1*64. 3. See page 335. 



Qdkstions. — 3. What t 
the interior of this conti 
did Congress do ! 



you tell about explorations by land and sea! 4. What can you 
t i What was proposed to be done with it i What did certain pt 



tell of a vast territory in 
nvisious produce! What 




344 THE NATION. 

Organization of Nebraska and Kanzas Territories. Misunderstanding witli Spain. 

and Central America/ were awaiting their action. And the authorities of 
the Sandwich Islands were making overtures for the annexation of that 
little ocean empire to the United States.'' Just as the 
preliminaries Avere arranged for entering vigorously 
upon the business of the session, the chairman of the 
Committee on Territories, in the Senate, presented a 
bill [January, 18-54:] for the organization of a vast re- 
gion in the middle of the continent (almost twice as 
large as the original thirteen States) into two terri- 
tories, to be called respectively Xehraslca and Kan- 
sas.^ The bill contained a provision which would 
nullify the Missouri Compromise,'* and allow the in- 
habitants of these territories to decide for themselves 
whether they would or would not legalize slavery 
within their borders.^ The slavery agitation was revived in all its strength 
and rancor. In the Free-labor States public meetings were held by men 
of all parties ; and petitions and remonstrances were poured into the Sen- 
ate during the debate on the subject.^ The bill for the organization of 
Nebraska on at plan jjassed the Senate [January 30, 1854] by a decieive 
majority. It passed the House on the 22d of May, and became a law by 
receiving the signature of the President on the last day of that month. 
The organization of Kansas, on the same plan, soon followed. 

5. There continued to be a serious misunderstanding between the United 
States and Spain, chiefly on account of the invasion of Cuba by lawless 
men. This led to a conference of three American ministers at European 
courts,' held at Ostend, in Belgium [October 9, 1854], who, after due de- 

1. Chiefly concerningr prants of territory for inter-oceanic communication across the isthmuses; and boundary-lines 
between New Mexico, California, ami Old 'Mexico. 

'.*. These islands are destined to be of preat importance in the operations nf the future commerce of the Pacific Ocean, 
A preat majority of the wliile people there are Americans by birth ; and the {rovernment, in all its essential operations, 
is controlled by Americans, uotwithstandinj^ tlie ostensible ruler is a native king. Preliminary negotiations had already 
roninienced for the annexation of this group of islands to our Republic, when the old kin^ diedj and nothing has since 
been done in the matter. 

'A. This retrion embraced one-fourth of all the public lands of the United States. It lay between Missouri, Iowa, and 
Minnesota, and the Pacific Territories, from the thirty -seventh parallel of north latitude to tlie British possessions. The 
bill defined the boundaries of Nebraska as follows: "Beginnin<j at a point in the Missouri Kiver where the fortieth par- 
allel north latitude crosses tlie same; thence west on said parallel to the sutnniits of llie iii;;hlanils separating the water 
flowing into the waters of the Green River, or Colorado of the West, from the watirs flowing into the great lakes; thence 
northward on the said highlands to the summit of the Rockv Mountains ; thence on said summit northward to the forty- 
ninth parallel of north latitude: thence east on said parallel to the western, boundary of the Territory "f Minnesota: 
thence southward on sai.l b.umdary to the Missouri River; thence down the main channel of said river lolhe plate of be- 
ginning." It also thus detiued the boundaries o( Kansas: " Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State 
of Missouri, wliere the thirty -seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the 
eastern boundary of New ^lexico; thence north on said boumlarv to latitude thirty-eight; thence following said bound- 
ary westward to the summit of the highlands dividing the waters flowing into the bolorado of the West, or Green River, 
from the waters flowing into the great basin; thence northwanl on said .summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; 
thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri ; thence south with the western boundary 
of said State to the place of beginning." 

4. Verse 8, page 304. 

5. This was railed the " doctrine of popular sovereignty." and sometimes " squatter sovereignty," because first settlers 
on the public lands have been pojmlarly called " squatters," many of them having sat down there without purchasing 
the soil from the governmenU 

6. A petition against the measure was presented to the Senate, immediately after the passage of the bill by that body, 
signe.l by three thousand clergymen of New Kngland. 

7. Mr. Buchanan, iu England, Mr. Mason, in Paris: Mr. Soule, in Spain. 



Questions.— 5. What can you tell about a conference at Ostend! What was recommended? What did Congress do 
concerning boundaries and reciprocal trade ! 



PIERCES ADMINISTRATION. 345 




The Ostend Manifesto. Fillibustering. Trouble with Great Britain auticiv>ated. 

liberation, recoimneiuled tiieir government to jnirchase Cuba, if possible, 
and at the same time they asserted the right of the United States to take 
it by force, if the former should re- 
fuse to sell I ' This is known as the 
Oatoid Manifesto, and is considered 
by honest men as one of the most dis- 
graceful passages in the history of 
American diplomacy. At about the 
same time, more honorable business 
was performed by the government 
agents in the eciuitable definition and 

, £JS OCEAN STEAMSmP. 

settlement of the boundary-lme on 

the Mexican frontier, and by negotiating a reciprocity treaty with Great 
Britain, which established almost free commerce between tlie British 
American provinces and the United States." 

6. Lawless men, under an adventurer named Walker, imitating the band 
of Lopez,^ went down from California in the summer of 1855, and invaded 
Nicaragua and the Central American States. Very little was done by the 
government of the United States to suppress these aggressions upon the 
rights of friendly neighbors ; and when Walker gained armed possession 
of the country, he was permitted to establish diplomatic relations with 
this government.* He was driven out in the spring of 1857, but after- 
wards returned, was captured, and shot. These "fillibustering" move- 
ments, as they were called, against Cuba and Central America, as we have 
observed, were preliminary to and connected with the Great Rebellion in 
ISnO-fil.'* During the same year [1855] serious trouble with Great 
Britain was anticipated, on account of the dismissal by the President of 
the British minister and other officials," whose otfense was a violation of 
the neutrality laws, by enlisting men in the United States to serve in tlie 
British army in the Crimea.'' But the cloud soon passed away. 

7. Tliere was more serious trouble at home in 1855. When the Terri- 
tory of Kansas was organized under the new order of things,^ the friends 



1. " If S|iain," they said, "Rctiinleil by stubborn pride mid a f:il'ie sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba to the 
Unite.! Slates," then, " by every law, human and divine, we [the United SUitesJ shall be justitied in wresting it from 
Gpain, if we possess the power/' 

•i. It made most of the tisheries [see verse 15, pa^e S40], free to citiiens of both countries, and stipulated that the St. 
Lawrence River and tlie Canadian canals should be thrown open to Ameiicau conmierte. 

3. Verse 6, pa»e :»«, and verse II, paae 3:JS. 

4. The excuse for this laxity on the part of the United States eovernineiit was, that the region lay in the track of vast 
commerce in future, and that the United States oui:ht to possess control of it. A railway has been constructed across the 
islhnuis of Panama. The first trains passed over it, from Aspinwall to Punaiiia, on the -JMh of June, 1865. Several 
other routes have been prq)ccted in that rejrion. Kxplorations have also been made for a ship canal across the isthmus of 
Darieii. Nothing more definite has yet [l&6oj been done concerning the latter project. 

5. Verses 1(1 and 11, page :;:tS. 

6. The resident minister at Washington Citv, and the British consuls at New York and Cinriniiali. 

7. At that time there was war in the Crimean peninsula, between the Russians on one side and the English and French 
on the other. It was severe and very destructive of life. S. Verse 4, page 34:i. 



Ql-KSTiovs.— 6 What can von tell about invaders in Central America ! What was the fate of Walker ! ni 
chief object of his movements? Relate the cause of apprehended ditflculty with Great Britain. '. Describe s 
tic troubles. What bapp«ued in Kansas i What can you tell of parlies ind the Presidential election ! 

15* 



346 THE NATION. 



Civil War in Kansas. The Atlantic Telegraph Cahle. 

and foes of Slavery used strenuous efforts to aciiuire the ascendency there. 
Emigration flowed in; quarrels ensued, and civil war was kindled. Vio- 
lence prevailed until the summer of 1850, when a committee of Congress, 
appointed to investigate the condition of things there, made an unsatisfac- 
tory report.' The presidential election, coming on soon afterward, became 
so absorbing that the troubles in Kansas almost ceased. Tliat election was 
a very exciting one. There were three parties and tliree candidates in the 
field. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania;" the 
Eepublicans (a new party) nominated John 0. Fremont, of California;' 
and the Americans, or Know-Nothings (also a new party), nominated Ex- 
President Millard Fillmore.* The election was a warmly contested one, 
and resulted in the choice of Mr. Buchanan for President, and John C. 
Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President. 

8. Nothing of great importance occurred during tlie remainder of Presi- 
dent Pierce's administration, excepting the efforts of a company, under the 
auspices of the government of the United States, to connect tlie Continents 
of Europe and America by an intellectual bond througli the means of tele- 
graphic communication,* the medium of which to be a properly prepared 
metal cable. The company was formed in 1856, and, after several failures 
in attemj)ts to lay the cable in the bed of the ocean between Newfoundland 
and Ireland, they were finally successful at the close of the summer of 
1858. The achievement was wonderful, but useless. The bond was im- 
mediately broken. Another attempt Avas made in the summer of 1865. 
The cable parted when over 1,200 miles of its length was laid. 



SECTION XV. 

BTJCnANAN's ADMINISTRATION. [1857-1861.] 

1. At one o'clock on the 4th of March, 1857, .James Buchanan* took 
the oath of office as fifteenth President of the United States, administered 

1. Tliis was a committee of tlirec. The majority reported stronjly in favor of the anti-slavery peoiile there, and the 
minority as stronjrly the other way. So neither side was satistied by the iavestigatiou and report. Siihsequeut evetita 
have shown that tlie report of the majority was, in the main, correct.' 

2. Note 7, page 344. 

3. Page 336. The Republican party was composed of men of ai political creeds, their chief bond of miinn, as a partv, 
being opposition to the further extension of Slavery. This position was opposed to the" Popular Sovereignty" doctrine 
[see note 5, page 3-14], and aroused the niost violent sectional agitation. Tlie American or Kiiow-Nothiinr p:irty first ap- 
peared in the political field in 1S53, their cardinal principle being oppositi<jn to foreign injlnence in public atfiiirs in the 
United States. They Ibruied a secret order, and it became wide-spread in area and intlueuce. 

4. Page 336. 

6. The distance from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valentin Bay, Ireland, is about l.COO miles. The cable was suc- 
cessfully laid between these places on the 5th of August, lS'if<, and on the 16th of August, ft message was sent from the 
Queen of Englanil to Mr. BucDanan, then President of the United States, and a reply returned by him on the same day. 
Only one more message passed perfectly, when the cahle was severed. 

- 6. James Biichnnnn was born in Pennsylvania, in April, 1791. He was admitted to the bar in 1908, and was a mem- 
ber of the Legislature of his State at the age of twenty-three years. He was elected to Congress in 18'Jfl: went to Ru'^sia 
as United States Minister in IS31 ; was elected United States' Senator in I.-<3:i; and hecame Secretary of State in 1S45. 
He was appointed Minister to England in 1853, and in IS56 was chosen President of the United States. 



Question. — S. What can you tell of attempts to connect Europe and America by telegraphic cable? 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



347 



Decision couccruiiig citizeusUip. 



Agitation of the Slavery question. 



by the venerable Cliief-Justice Taney. Among the vast assemblage of cit- 
izens present was one who bore a near relationship to the great Washing- 
ton/ and had been a witness of the inau- 
guration of every Cliief-^fagistrate of the 
Eepublic since the establishment of the 
National government in 178'.). Two days 
afterward, the Senate confirmed Mr. Bu- 
chanan's cabinet appointments.^ 

2. The beginning of Buchanan's admin- 
istration was marked by an event that 
intensified the sectional strife concerning 
[Slavery, which the passage of the Ne- 
braska-Kansas bill had revived. It was a 
decision of the Chief-Justice of the United 
States [March G, 1857], that a freed negro 
slave, or a descendant of a slave, could 
not become a citizen of the Republic' This 
decision would affect almost every man 
of African descent in all the States. It 
produced much feeling, and almost uni- 
versal discussion, and it became, in a 
a large degree, a topic for strife between 
the two great })olitical parties of the 
country. The President agreed with tlie 
Chief-Justice; but in 1862 the National 
government, in accordance with tlie opin- 
ions of the Attorney-General, made a prac- 
tical declaration of tlie ability of a negro 
to become a citizen, by granting a passport to one to travel abroad as "a 
citizen of the United States." So the question was settled. 

3. The country w^as violently agitated by the Slavery question during 
tlie whole of Buchanan's administration. It had already, as we have ob- 
served, assumed the form of civil war in Kansas.^ The energetic meas- 
ures of Governor Geary quenclied the fires in the autumn and winter of 




B0CUANAN, AND UIS UESlliKXCK. 



1. Gnnrse Wasliiugtnn Parke Custis, the grandson of Mrs. Washington, and th( 
tor of Washington. Mr. Custis died in the autunin of 1S57. 

2. He appointed Lewis Cass, Secretary of State; Howell Cubb, Secretary of thi 
War; Isaii Toucey, Secretary of the Navy; Jacob Thompsou, Secretary of the 
General; and .Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. 

3. This decision was in the case of Dred Scott, who had been a sl.ave in Miss 
count of involuntary residence in a free State. The case diil not require a deci 
citizenship; but the Chief-Justice took the occasion to give wliatis called an est 
connection, that the language of the Peclaration of Indepenilence sliowed thi 
beneficent meaning of that instrument, and tliat they were regarded " as so f; 
the wliite man w:;s bound to respect," 

4. Vers : 7, page 345, 



idopted son and only surviving esecu- 



Interior; 
luri, hut < 



. be a fn 
6 right 



' that tliey had 1 



,-of 



if a negro to 
eried, in that 
L'luded in the 
rights which 



QtrESTtONs. — 1. What can you tell about the inauguration of President Buchanan ? 9. What increased sectional strife! 
What was the Cliief-Justice's' decision? and h'.w was the question settled! 3. What agitated the country! Relate what 
occurred inlCaosas. What did the President, and Congress, and the people of Kansas do! 



348 THE NATION. 

The political stniggU' in Kansas. Difficulties with the Moniions in Utah. 

1856-'57, and they were never rekindled with much intensity. Measures 
were adopted for the admission of Kansas into the family of States. The 
pro-slavery and anti-slavery parties each framed a State Constitution. The 
one formed by the pro-slavery party was not allowed to go to the people 
for ratification or rejection. The President declared it to be legal, and that 
of the anti-slavery party illegal. At an election on the 4th of January, 
1858, the people of tlie Territory rejected the pro-slavery constitution by 
more than ten thousand majority. The President disregarded this expres- 
sion of the Avill of the people, and sent that constitution to Congress 
[Feb. 2, 1858], with a message, in which he recommended its acceptance.'' 
Congress properly ordered it to be submitted directly to a vote of the 
people. It was again rejected by a majority of almost ten thousand. That 
majority, who were anti-slavery, finally prevailed ; and, on the .\,^th of 
January, 1860, Kansas was admitted into the Union as a Free State, making 
the thirty -fourth of the family.^ 

4. Early in 1857, the Mormons in Utah,' incensed because their Terri- 
tory Avas not admitted as a State, commenced revolutionary proceedings. 
Tliey destroyed the records of the United States Court for the District; 
and under the instructions of their Governor and spiritual head, Brighara 
Young,* they looked to him for all laws. The President determined to 
enforce those of the United States. He appointed Colonel Cunniiing Gov- 
ernor of Utah, and sent an army to-upjiold his authority. Young issued a 
proclamation, declaring his intention to resist the troops ; but when Gum- 
ming arrived there, in April, 1858, while the army was at Fort Bridger, 
Young received him with courtesy, and surrendered to him the seal of the 
Teri'itory ; at the same time, he and his people prepared to leave the coun- 
try, declaring that they would emigrate to a new land rather than submit 
to military and Gentile rule. The troops, who had lost a provision train, 
destroyed by the Mormons, were recalled; the "Mormon War" ended, 
and Young and his people were soon again applying for the admission of 
their Territory as a State.^ Polygamy is the hindrance. 

1. This was known os the "Lecnmpton Constitution," it hnving been framed by a convention at the villafrc of Lecomp- 
ton] in Kansas. The constitution framed by the anti-slavery men was adopted in convention at Topelia, and is known 
as tlie Topelta Constitution. The Leconipton Constitution esfaWiVicrf Slavery in Kansas: the Topeka Constitution /or- 
badeit. In his Tnessage [Feb. i2, 185.S^, recommending the Lecompton Constitution, the President said:— "It has been 
eolunmly adjudpred bv the highest judicial tribunal known to our laws, that Slavery exists in Kansas by virtue of the 
Constitution of the 'United Statei Kansas is, therefore, at this moment, as much a slave Stale as Georgia or South 
Carolina." 

2. Two other States were admitted durins the administration of Mr. Buchanan, namely, Minnesota, in IS5S. ami Oregon, 
In ]S59. The admission of Kansas was followed by the organization of the Territories of Nevada, Colorado, and Dako- 
tah, before the close of Buchanan's administration, on the 4th of March, 1861. On the 3d of March, Jls63, Kcvada wa» 
admitted as a State, making thj thirty-fifth. 

a. Note 4, page 336. 

4 BriKliam Young is the successor of Joseph Smith [note 4, page 336], and was duly appointed Governor of the Tem- 
torv of I' tab, by President Fillmore, in 185U. They adopted a State Constitution, and called their country Deseret, or 
Land of the UonevBee. ,. ^ , 

5. Early in 186.' they formed a new Slate Constitution, elected senators and representatives under it, and applied for 
admission when Con;rress assembled, near the close of the year. No action was liad on the apidicatiou ; but Congress 
passed a law "to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States, and in other 
places, and disapproving and nnulliug certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah." 

Questions. — 1. What can you tell about the conduct of the Mormons ! How did their leader actt 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 349 

Persoual Liberty Liiws. Expedition to Paraguay. Ue-opening of the African slave-trade. 

5. The Fugitive Slave Act* had been offensive to the majority of the 
people in the Free States from the beginning. The evident intention of 
the slaveholders, assisted by the President and the Chief-Justice, to make 
slavery national, increased the offensiveness of its practical operations. 
The legislatures of several of the Free States adopted measures to prevent 
its most injurious action ; and in a special manner to prevent the carrying 
away of free persons of color into slavery, the law denying the right of 
trial by jury of the alleged fugitive. These were called "Personal Liberty 
Laws," and their promulgation increased the slavery agitation, which now 
threatened to kindle into civil war. The Legislature of New York re-af- 
firmed the determination of the State authorities to make every slave free 
that should be brought involuntarily within its borders, and denounced 
the opinion of the Chief-Justice, which denied citizenship to men of color.* 

6. In 18.57 and 1858, slight difficulties with foreign nations occurred. 
Some hostile demonstrations having been made against United States 
vessels by the authorities of Paraguay, in South America, Commodore 
Shubrick was sent with a small squadron, bearing a commissioner, to de- 
mand satisfaction of Lopez, the President of that Republic. It was given, 
and the affair was settled. In the summer of 1858, unpleasant feelings 
were created by the conduct of British cruisers in the Gulf of Mexico, 
engaged in suppressing the African slave-trade. They boarded about forty 
American merchantmen suspected of being slavers, and practically illus- 
trated the odious British doctrine of "the right of search."' The British 
government put a stop to it, alleging, apologetically, that it was the zeal 
of tlie officers to secure slavers as prizes, and not any new order, which 
caused the offensive proceedings. 

7. At about the same time, leading men in the Slave States were matur- 
ing plans for re-opening the African slave-trade. In defiance of the laws, 
native Africans were landed on the Southern coasts. Louisianians attempted 
to legalize the trade in that State, by what was deceptively called the 
African Apprentice System ; and the Grand Jury of Savannah, who were 
compelled by law to find several bills against persons charged with com- 
plicity in the slave-trade, actually protested against the laws.* These 

1. Note 6, page 3.35. 

2. In a liill passed during the session of 1S57, entitled " An Art to secure freedom to all persons witliin this State." it 
was provided that no descent from an African, and no color of skin, sliall prevent any person from becoming a citizen of 
tliis Stale, or deprive him of the rights or privileges thereof : and that "every slave brought involuntarily into the State, 
or coming iiere with the consent of his master or mistress, shall be free." Ohi'» jiassed a bill of a siinilar'character ; and 
Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin, took strong ground in favor of the freed.mi of tlie slave 
without assuming a position of hostility to the Fugitive Slave Act, which all were bound to obev. At al'out the s;iine 
time, a " National Emancipation Society " was formed at Cleveland, Ohio (Aug. '.'f., 1857), having for its object the form- 
ation of a plan for buying all the slaves in the country by the General Goveniuienl for the purpose of freeing them. 

;i. Verse 10, page 2" 7. 

4. •* We feel humbled," they said,.." as men, in the consciousness that we are freemen but in name, and that we are 
living, during the existence of'such laws, under a tvrannv as supreme as that of the despotic governments (»f the Old 
World. Heretofore, the people of the South, firm in" their' consciousness of right and strength, have failed to place the 
stamp of condemnation upon such laws as reflect upon the institution of Slavery, but have permitted, unrebuked, the 

Qf KSTiONS.— ,1. What can vou tell about the Fugitive Slave Law ? What of Personal Liberty Bills 1 G. What sli-.-ht 
difficulties occurred with foreign nations? What did British cruisers and the Drilish government do! 7. Whalcaa you 
tell about re-opeuing the African slave-ti'ude } What was done in Lousiauu and Savanuuh ! 



350 THE NATION. 



John Brown's raid and its results. The election in 1860. Four parties. 



movements stimulated tlio vigilance of the people in the Free-labor States ; 
and added strength to the Republican party, whose policy was opposed to 
the extension of Slavery.' 

8. An event now occurred in connection with the Slavery question, 
Avhich produced great agitation and important results. John Brown, who 
had been a prominent anti-slavery man in Kansas, went stealthily to the 
borders of Virginia, with a few followers, to attempt the liberation of the 
slaves of that State. On a dark night [October 10, 1859], he quietly seized 
the unguarded United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry " — so quietly, that 
persons connected with it knew nothing of the affair until they were 
seized one by one, as they entered the premises in the morning. The 
alarm was given. Exaggerated reports went abroad. Terror spread over 
Virginia; and fears of slave insurrections, at the instigation of Northern 
people, were felt all over tlie Southern States. A military force, State and 
National, was sent to Harper's Ferry. Brown and several of his follow- 
ers were captured after a skirmish. He was indicted for inciting slaves to 
insurrection, and for treason and murder ; and Avas tried [October 29, 
1859] and executed [December 2] under the laws of Virginia. Attempts 
were made to implicate the people of the Free-labor States in tliis "raid," 
but it was proved tliat Brown had no accomplices, and only about twenty 
followers.' 

9. The year 1860 will be ever memorable in the annals of the country. 
During that year, an embassy of dignitaries from Japan, and the crown- 
prince of Great Britain, visited the United States ; events that never oc- 
curred before. In the autumn, one of the most imi)ortant presidential 
elections that has been held since the days of Washington, occurred; and 
the close of the year was marked by the commencement of a rebellion 
against the National government, in South Carolina. In convention at 
Cliarlcston [April 23, 1800], the Democratic party was split, ostensibly by 
the w^edge of Slavery. The portion from the Free-labor States nominated 
[June 23] Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President; and the portion 
from the Slave-labor States nominated [Jime 23] John C. Breckinridge, of 
Kentucky. A new organization, called tho "Constitutional Union Part}'," 
nominated [May 10] John Bell, of Tennessee; and the Republicans nomi- 
nated [June 18] Abraliam Lincoln, of Illinois. The four candidates entered 
the field, and Abraham Lincoln was the successful one. 



influence nf foveiRn opinion to prevail in tlieir supporfc." On the lltli of Mnv, IS59, tlie "Southern Commercinl Con- 
vention," lield at Vicksburg, Mississippi, resolved, by It vote of 47 to IS, that ••all laws. State or FeJerul, prohibiling 
the African slave-trade ought to be abolished." 

I. Verse S, pajre 'M.i. -• At the confluence of the Potomac and Slienandonh Uivers. 

3. A coinn'miee of the Senate of the United States was appointed to investiirale the matter, and the result was an 
mentioned in tho text. The chairman of the committee was Senator Mason, the author of the Fugitive Slave Law. [See 
note 6, page 335.] Mr. Vallandighain, a member of the Lower House, was a volunteer aid to the committee. 



QtrasTioNS.— 8. What occurred at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia! What was the result of John Bn 
what is the year 18C0 remarkable t What can you tell of a Presidential election ! 



Lincoln's administration. 



351 



Mr. Lincoln and his o|iponents. 



Plans for dissolving the Union. 



SECTION XVI. 

Lincoln's administration. [18G1-1SG5.] 

1. Chief-Justice Taney administered 
the oatli of office to Mr. Lincoln' on the 
4th of March, 18G1. He had heen elected 
over three rival candidates hy a con- 
stitutional majority, in the reg:ular way. 
The political leaders of the great propri- 
etors, or small ruling class in the Slave- 
labor States, professing to regard Mr. 
Lincoln as the representative of the Ab- 
olitionists," who, for years, they alleged, 
liad been trying to deprive them of their 
rights and property, and by wliom these 
"fanatics," as they called them, now ex- 
pected to accomi)lisb the destruction of 
Slavery, would not accept him. Making 
his election and its alleged menaces a 
pretext, they at once adopted measures 
for seizing or destroying the govern- 
ment, pleading the " right of revolution," 
and the law of self-preservation, in jus- 
tification of their acts. 

2. For thirty years the politicians in 
tlie Slave-labor States had been consid- 
ering plans for dissolving the Union, ?.nd 
forming a Southern Confederacy. The 
census continually warned them that, in 
consequence of the rapid increase of population in the Free-labor States, 
political domination, which these politicians had always held, would soon 




LINCOLN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



1. Abriili!>m Lincoln was burn in Hardin Oountv, Kentucky, February 1'2, 1S09. His ancestors were Quakers in Penn- 
sylvania. \Vh.^n lie was seven years of a^'e, liis talker settled with his family in Indiana He received but little edu- 
cation. He worked hard for ten years on a farm, and, at the age of nineteen years, went to New Orleans as a hired hand 
on a flat-boat. In 1S30 he settled in Illinois, became a clerk in a store, and was a captain of volunteers in the Black 
Hawk war, in 1S:)3. He was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1S34, and continued there until 1840. He was licensed 
in 1836 to ]iractiee law, and commenced the profession in Sprinjjtield, in KSoT. He rose to distinction. He was elected to 
Congress in 1846. Ho was named for the position in which Fremont was placed by the Republicans in 1S56. [Verse 71, 
pape 345.] He was always an anti-slavery man, but did not rank with " Abolitionists." In November, 1861, he was 
elected President of the United States. lie performed the duties of his office, during the terrible civil war that ensued, 
with frreat tidelitv and 7eal. In l*ii\4. he was reelected President. He was inautrurated on the 4th of March, 1865, auil 
on the evenins of II, e 141h of April followini;, he was assassinated. He e.Mjdred on the niornini; "f the l.lth. 

2. Persons who reerartl slavery as unrichleons ami detrimental to the public pood. Orfranizati-'iit of men of like views, 
who desire the abolition of slavery, have existed in this country ever since the commencement of the Revolution, in 1775. 
In 1776, John Jay was President of an Abolition Society. 



Questions.— 1. What can you tell abont the inauguration of President Lincoln! What did political leaders do? 
2. What caused politicians in Slave-labor States to be discontented I What ran you tell about a proposed empire based 
upon Slavery f 



352 THE NATION. 



Eebellion in South Carolina and elsewhere. Formation of the " Southern Confederacy ." 

pass from their hands.* They resolved to form a vast empire, with slavery 
as its corner-stone, within a " Golden Circle," as they termed it, having its 
centre at Havana, in Cuba, with a radius of sixteen degrees of latitude and 
longitude, reaching northward to the Pennsylvania line, and southward 
to the Isthmus of Darien.'^ 

3. "Wlion the time for revoluticm came, it was 
arraugecl for tlic Soutli Carolinians to tiike the 
lead. Tltey did so ; and in a convention held 
at Charleston, on the 20th of December, 1860, 
tliej' declared that State to be withdrawn from 
the Union. Similar action followed in six other 
States, namely, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas ; and on the 4th 
of February, 1861, a " Southern Confederacy " 
was formed at Montgomery, in Alabama, by 
delegates from six States, with the title of 

JEFFEUSON DAVIS. ^ ci » 3 T"'- T 

CoxFEDEiiATE States OF AMEmcA. Imvc days 
afterward, the Montgomery " Congress" chose Jefferson Davis, of Missis- 
sippi, President of the "Confederation."* It was wholly the act oi poli- 
ticians^ for no ordinance of secession, nor the question of a Confederacy, 
was ever submitted to the judgment or decision of the 'people.'"'' ^ The 




1. The increase of wealth and population in the Free-labor States, being far ixreater than in the Slave Slates, gav 
foriner tlie preponderance by the simple operation of the reprcsentalive system. As early as ISli, John <^ Calli 
of South Carolina [see page 307], perceiving this result in the future, declared that when thi ' 

by tlie fiat of the census, pass from the bauds of the politicians of tlie Slave-labor States, they 
lion of tlie Union. 

•2. A secret organization, for the purpose of accompIisliiiiK this purpose, was in existence for 
rebellion, and was chieriv instrumental iu inaugurating aud prolonging the civil warthat en 
called " Knights of the Golden Circle." 

Z. This n,ame does not cvpress the truth. No Slates, as S(<7(es, had withdrawn from the Union, for the ;>f"/7e, who 
compose a State in our Republic, liad never been asked to sanction such cliange. Only certain persons iu cerUtin States 
were in rebellion against the national autliority. They usurped the power and suspended the constitutions of se\erul 
of tlie States; but the confederation formed at 'Montgomery was only a band of conltderaU rebeh, not of States. With 
this qualification, the name of Confederate may properly be given to the insurgents, and in the sense of that qualifica- 
tion It is used in the text. Secession ordinances were passed in conventions in eleven Slave States, in the following 
order: SoiKA Caro/i»ia, December '.'0, 18C0 ; Miasiini /./■/, Januarv 8, IS61 ; /7orirfii, Januarv 10; ^^I'.awiu, January 11 ; 
Geor.(/ia, January 19; toui'siana. January 26 ; Tmus, February 1 ; Virginia, April i5; Arkannaa, Maty 6: North Caro- 
lina', May 30 ; Tennessee, June 8.' 

4. The "Congress" at Montgomery adopted a provisional constitution. This was superseded a month later by a 
"permanent" one, and, by the votes of electors chciseii iu eleven States, Davis was elected President for six years, 
from the 2'id of Februarv," 1862. Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky on the 3d of June, 1808, and went with his 
father, in early childhood, to reside in Mississippi. He was educated at the Mililarv Academv al West Point, on the 
Hudson, where he graduated in 1824. He served in the Black Hawk war [see page' 309], anci also in the war with 
Mexico. He afterward became United States Senator, and Secretary of War, under President Pierce. Ho was in the 
Senate, plotting treason, until Januarv, 1861, when he left it to become the head of a wicked rebellion. In that capa- 
city he served four years, when he fled for his life. He was captured while disguised in woman's clothing, and handed 
over to tlie government authorities to answer for his crimes. 

6. The case of Arkansas is an example of the method of secession. The conpirators, by means of Knitihls of tht 
Golden Circle [see note 2, page 352], procured the election of a disloyal legislature and governor, who called a 
convention to vote on secession. That convention voted for Union by a majority of over two-thirds. The foiled 
conspirator.*, by false promises, gained the consent of the Unionists to an adjournment subject to the call of the presi- 
dent, who pretended to be a loval man, but was really one of the traitors. It was agreed to refer the question back 
to the people, and that the convention should not reassemble before the vote should be taken, in Aucust. The presi- 
dent, in violation of that pledge, called Ihe convention in May, soon after Fort Sumter was taken. The hall in which 
the members met was filled by an excited crowd. When the'roll had been called, a conspirator offered an ordinance 
of secession, and moved that the " yeas '' and " nays '* on tlie question should be Uikenwithotit dehale. The president 
fraudulently declared the motion ca'rried; and when the vote on the ordinance was taken, and it was found that there 
was a m.ajority against it, he arose, and in the midst of cheers and threats of the mob, urged the Unionists to change 
their votes to '" aye " immediately. It was eviflent that the mob was prepared to execute their threats, and the ter^ 
rified Unionists complied. There was one exception. His name was Alurphy. He was compelled to fly for his life 



Questions.— 3. What was done in Charleston, South Carolina, and other Slave-Iobor States! What can you tell 
•bout a Confederacy ! What did the conspirators d J ! llow did the President of the United States act >. 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



S53 



Seizure of GoviTiiincnt jiniporty. 



Evacuation of Fort Sumter. 



Inausruration of Lincoln. 



conspirators seized forts, arsenals, mints, ships, custom-houses, and 
otlier government projjcrty; and armies were raised in support of tliis 
usurpation, and for the overthrow of the Eepublic. Tlie President of the 
United States (Buchanan), paralyzed by fear, or restrained by pledges, 
made no serious effort to supi)ress the rii?ing rebclHon — tlie conspiracy 
against tlie nationality of the IJepublic. 

4. From the beginning, tlie South Carolina conspirators had resolved to 
seize the forts in Charleston Harbor, particularly the stronger one of Fort 
Sumter. Tlie commander of the National troops on that station was 
Major Robert Anderson, a loyal Kentuckian, who, on perceiving this in- 
tention, removed [December 2(5, 1860] his garrison from the weaker Fort 
Moultrie to stronger Fort Sumter. The conspirators were exasperated, 








FORT SUMTER IN 1861. 

and prepared to drive him out. They built batteries that commanded it, 
for the purpose ; and when the Star of the West^ a government steamer, 
attenipted to carry to Anderson re-enforcements and supplies, they fired 
upon her [.January 9, 1861], and drove her out of the harbor. Tliis act 
of war was followed by demands for the surrender of Fort Sumter to the 
authorities of South Carolina. In the mean time, thousands of armed 
men, under P. G. T. Beauregard,^ who had abandoned his flag, were pre- 
paring to seize it. It was attacked on the 12th of April, and its interior 
was set on fire. Anderson's provisions were exhausted. After a terrible 
bombardment, he evacuated the fort on tlie 14th, carrying with him the 
garrison flag." The fort was evacuated, not surrendered. 

5. It was in tlie midst of the intense excitement during the siege of Fort 
Sumter, and little more than a month preceding the attack upon it, that 
Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated. The Senate, relieved of most of the conspir- 

He wiis the Union governor of tlie State in 1S64. Tims, by frmul and violence, Arkansas was placed in tlie position 
of a rebellious State. The consjiirators at once commenced a system of terrorism. Unionists were murdered, impris- 
oned, and exiled. Confederate troops from Texas and Louisiana were broujrht into the State, and Arkansas troops, 
raised chiefly by fraud and violence, were sent nut of the State. The voice of opposition was silenced; and the usurp- 
ers, with their feet on the necks of the people, proclaimed the unanimity of the inhabitants of Arkansaa in favor of 



1. Beauregard was a major in the National army, and 
^w conspirators at Montgomerv. 

•J. Just four vears afterward', when Sumter was in ruins. Major And 
ag over all that was left of the f..rt. 



appointed brigadier-general by Jefferson Davis and his fel- 
then major-general, raised that identical 



cuation of Fort Sumter. 



354 THE NATION. 



Beginning of the Great Rebellion. Call for troops. Tlic Arnay and Navy. 



ators,' confirmed his cabinet appointments.* In his inaugural address, 
he expressed his determination to enforce the laws, protect the public 
property, and repossess the stolen forts and arsenals. Every fair conces- 
sion, for the sake of peace, had been rejected by the conspirators, who 
would not allow the people to have a voice in the matter;^ and when they 
commenced war by firing on Fort Sumter,* the President called [April 15] 
for seventy-five thousand of the militia of the country, to serve for three 
months in putting down the rising rebellion.'* The response of the people 
in the Free-labor States was wonderful. Witliin twenty days, almost 
two hundred thousand men were ready to take the field, and the loyal 
people had offered for the war about forty millions of dollars." The Con- 
federates had intended to follow up this first blow by seizing the National 
Capital. They were foiled by the uprising of the people, among whom, 
for the time, all party spirit was quenched. Then commenced a conflict 
which, in numbers engaged, territorial extent of operations, and destruc- 
tive engines used, has no parallel iu history. Let us now consider some 
of the most prominent events in 

THE CIVIL w A ij . [1861.] 

6. The National array, at the beginning of the war, consisted of only 
about sixteen thousand men; and the navy was composed of only ninety 
vessels of all classes, carrying about twenty-four hundred guns, and seven 
tliousand men. Tlie land troops were mostly on the extreme Western 
frontier, professedly to check tlie Indians ;' and the naval force was in 

1. During the last four weeks of the session of the Thirtv-sixth Contrress, the Senators and Representatives of thefievea 
States in wiiich ordinances of secession had been pjissed. had withdrawn and srone home, with a few exceptions. 

% William H. Seward, Secretary of State ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of 
War ; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy ; Caleb Smith, Secretary of the Interior ; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster- 
General ; Edward Bates, Attorney-General. Edward M, Stanton succeeded Mr. Cameron in January. 186'2. John P. 
Usher succeeded Mr. Smith (deceased) the same year; and at the beeinning of July, 1864. Mr. Chase, having resigned his 
office, was succeeded bv William Pitt Fessenden; a men\ber of the Senate of the United Slates. 

3. On the 4th of Keliruary. ISfil, there was an assemblage at Washington Citv of delegates from several States, which 
Was called the reare Onirnilivn. It was called on the reconunendution of the" Legislature of Virgini.i, for the professed 
object of settling all difficulties and preserving the Union. John Tyler, of Virginia, one of llie conspirators, was chosen 
president. After a session of three weeks, it closed. Its action was not approved by Congress, lor the reason that it 
yielded almost everything demanded by the slave interest. During the whole of that s'essiou of Congress, the subject of 
plans for reconciliation occupied a greater part of the time. It was evident that the consi>irators, having resolved on 
disunion, were equally resolved to accept of no terms of reconciliation. The most notable plan for the purpose that was 
proposed, was ottered by J. J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, known as the " Crittenden Compromise," which proposed to na- 
tionalize the system of Slavery, by amen\lmenls of tlie Constitution. 

4. This was a wanton act, for a revolutionary purpose. They had information from Amierson himself, that on the 
15th his provisions would be exhausted, and he would be compelled to leave the fort. They hoped, by bloodshed, to 
" fire the Southern heart" against the government, and so they made haste to begin war. Fort Monroe aii'd Fort Pickens 
were the only military works of great importance, excepting Forts Taylor and Jefferson, at the southern extremity of 
Florida, that now remained in possession of tlie United States southward of the National capital. Fort Pickens 'had 
been saved by the prudence and valor of its commander. Lieutenant Slemiuer. 

6. The President has no lawful authority to call out the militia for a longer period than three months at one time. 

6. The governors of several of the border Slave-labor States refused to respond favorably to the call, and the Free- 
labor States alone contributed the means for saving the Republic from instant assassination. There were thousands of 
true men iti the former States, anxious to support the old flag, but they were generallv restraineil bv their rulers. 

7. In February, 1861 General Twiggs, commanding the Department of Tex.as, and leaving under 'him nearly one-half 
of the military tone ol the United States, surrendered them to the " authorities of Texas," one of the States p'rofessedly 
withdrawn from the Union, with public property valued at $;l,250,(ino. 

Ql-kstioxs.— 5. What ran yon tell of President Lincoln's inauguration and inaugural address • Relate the circum- 
stances attending the call for militia to put down rebellion. What had Ihe Confederates intended to do ! and were 
they foiled ! What followed ! 



Lincoln's administration. 855 

Treason at the Capital. Harper's Ferry and Gosport Navy- Yard. Troops attacked In Baltimore. 

distant seas. Only one steamship (BrooMi/n),^ of twenty-five guns, and a 
relief ship, of two guns, were available for the defence of the wliole Atlan- 
tic coast of the United States. Tlie late Secretary of War ^ had transferred 
most of the arms from the forts and arsenals in the Free-labor States to 
those in the Slave-labor States;^ and the late Secretary of the Treasury** 
had, months before, delil)erately attempted to injure the public credit and 
bankrupt the Treasury. Thus, it will be seen, the conspirators had put 
far away from the immediate contrf)l of the government every instrument 
tliat might be used for its defense and protection. 

7. Tlie magnitude of the insurrection, which had now become a rebel- 
lion, was soon perceived. Its forces were at work in all of the Slave- 
labor States. The cajntal was in imminent danger. The secessionists in 
Virginia and Maryland, and within the District of Columbia,^ were vigilant 
and active. By fraud and violence, an ordinance of secession was passed 
[April 17] in the Virginia Convention ;" and measures were immediately 
taken for seizing the United States armory and arsenal at Harper's Ferry 
and tlie navy-yard at Gosport, both within tlie boundaries of that State, 
preparatory to an attempt to take the capital.' Botli posts were evacuated 
and set on fire by the United States forces, and the positions were occu- 
pied by the insurgents. At about the same time, troops ])assing through 
Baltimore, on their way to the defense of the capital, were furiously as- 
sailed by a mob,* and thousands of armed men were pouring into Virginia 
from the Gulf States. 

8. In view of the impending dangers, the known preparations for 
war by the conspirators at Montgomery, and the rapidly developing power 

1. Her draujilu was too great, excepting at very high tides, to enter the harbor of Cliarleston, where it had been 
arranaeil for the war to begin. 

•}. John li. Kloyd. 

o. The defensive fortifications within the "seceded states " were about thirtv in number, mounting over 3,000 guns, 
and having cost at least $'20,000,000. These had nearly all been seized before" tlie close of Buchanan's administration, 
excepting Forts Monroe, Sumter, Pickens (gallantly held by Lieutenant Slemnier), and those at Key West and the Tor- 
tugas, off the Florida coast. It is estimated that the value of National properly seized by the conspirators previous to 
the 4th of March. 1861, was at least $30,000,000. 

4. Howell Cobb, afterward a general in the Confederate army. 5. Verse 4, page 265. 

6. A majority of that convention were Union men, as shown" by votes talien from time to time. Finally, it was found 
that if tlie seats of ten Unionists could be made vacant, the ordinance might be passed. Ten were waited upon by 
aoine of the conspirators, and told that they might vote for secession, lieep away from the convention, or be hanged. 
Tliey were left free to choose. They staid away, and the ordinance was passed ; and, in defiance of llie order of the 
convention that it should be submitted to the people, tlie conspirators, a week afterward, entered into a treaty for the 
annexation of ^■i^ginia to the " Southern Confederacy." And when tlie time for voting on it arrived, James M. Mason, 
author of the Fuiritive Slave Law of 1850, gave the people to understand that it would be necessary for them to leave the 
State if they ventured to vote against ( 



7. Governor Letcher, of Virginia, proclaimed the ** independence" of tliat State, on the day [April 17] when the ordi- 
nance of secession was adopted, and at the same time recognized the '* Confederacy." The luist at Harper's Ferry was 
evacuated and fired by Lieutenant Jones, on the evening of the 18th of April, and tlie Navy-Yard was abandoned befttre 
daylight on the morning of the Slst. Virginians took immediate possession of both places. At the Navy- Yard they 
came into possession ot aliout 2,000 cannon, which were of great service to them. 

8. On the 18th of April, four unarmed companies, from the interior of Pennsylvania, passed through Baltimore, slightly 
assailed, and were the first troops to reach the capital after the President's call. On the next day (19th), the Sixth Mas- 
sachusetts regiment, in jmssing throutrh the same citv, was assailed bv missiles of everv kimi, from a mob number- 
ing 111,000. Two of the troops were killed, one mortallv wounded, and several slightly. Nine citizens of Tiallimore were 
killed, and a considerable number v%-ere wounded. That night, under the sanction of the mayor and police of Baltimore, 
the bridges on the railways leading northward from that city were burned, the telegraph wires were cut, and for a week 
the capital was cut ofi" from communication with the Free-labor States. 



Questions. — fi. What can vou tell about the National nrmv and navv at the beginning of the war 1 In what positi( 
were they! What had the Secretaries of War and of the Treasury done to weaken the government! 7. What sht 
had insurrection now assumed ! What can you tell about danger to the National Capital ! What was done in Virgil 
in the way of rebellion and revolution ! What can ynu tell about an attack on troops in Baltimore ! 



856 THE NATION. 



Volunteers called for. National Troops in Maryland. Action of Congress. Confederate Troops. 

of the rebellion, the President, on the 3(1 of May [1861], called for over 
sixty-four thousand more troops (volunteers), to serve '' during the war," 
and eighteen thousand men for the navy. Forts Monroe and Pickens were 
re-enforced ; and the blockade of the Southern ports, out of which the con- 
spirators were preparing to send piratical cruisers, was proclaimed. 

9. For several days after the attack on the Massachusetts troops in Bal- 
timore, no attempt was made by others to pass through that city. General 
Benjamin F. Butler, with other Massachusetts volunteers, and the Seventh 
Regiment of New York (the whole having gone by water from the mouth 
of the Susijuehanna Eiver), seized Annapolis and the railway leading from 
there to Washington City, and opened a military highway to the National 
Capital. On the 10th of May [18G1], some Pennsylvania troops, under 
Colonel Patterson, marched through Baltimore unmolested ; and on the 
night of tlie 13th, General Butler, with a thousand men, took possession of 
that city.' There was no further trouble in Baltimore. 

10. The first object of the government was to secure the safety of the 
capital, and the veteran Scott," general-in-chief of the armies of the Repub- 
lic, gatliered a greater portion of the troops eastward of the Alleghany 
Mountains, at or near that city. The President had summoned [April 
15] Congress to meet there on the 4th of July. When it assembled, there 
were two hundred and thirty thousand troops in the field under the old 
flag, independent of the three-months men. Congress authorized [July 10] 
the raising of five hundred thousand men, and appropriated five hundred 
millions of dollars to defray the expenses of the kindling war. Towns, 
villages, cities, and States had made contributions of money for the public 
service to an immense amount, and the people of the Free-labor States were 
united in efforts to save the life of the Republic. At the same time. Con- 
federate troops, estimated at more than one hundred thoustvud in number, 
occupied an irregular line from Harper's Ferry, by way of Richmond, to 
Norfolk. Their heaviest force was at Manassas Junction, within about 
thirty miles of Washington City, and there, very soon, the first heavy shock 
of war was felt. Montgomery was soon abandoned as the head- quarters of 
tlie conspirators, and Richmond was established as such on the 20th of 
July, 18G1. 

11. The first invasion of a State in which rebellion existed occurred on 
the 24th of May [1861], when National troops crossed the Potomac and 
seized Alexandria, and Arlington Heights opposite Washington City. A 



1. Butler had possession alreatlv of the railwav leading from naltiinore to Washington and Harper's Kerrv. A tniin 
of cars, filled with troops, and headed for Harper's Ferry, backed into Baltimore in tie dark, and, dnrins n fieavv tliun- 
dcr-storm, they were marched to and took possession of "Federal Hill, commandinir the city. The inhabitants of the city 
were informed r.f Butler's presence by a proclamation of his in the "Clipper" newspaper the next morning 

'*'. Verse IS, page 0-6. 

Ql-kstionr.— S. What did the President do ! 9. What can von tell about the passase of troom Ihronjrh Baltimore! 
How waa a hishwav opened to the capital ! What can von tell about the militarv occupation of Bnltimore ? 10. What 
did the E^vernment and General Scott do ! What did the President do ! What did Congress and the people do in sup. 
port of the Republic ! 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 357 

Invasion of Virsinia. Missouri. Battles of Pliilippi, Betliel. and lioniney. 



portion of the troops went to Alexandria by water.' The New York Fire 
Zouaves were the first to enter the town, and their gallant commander, 
Colonel Ellsworth, was soon afterward killed. lie was one of the earliest 
martyrs in the cause." Already the State of Missouri had been saved from 
1 tlie immediate grasp of the secessionists by the energy of Captain (afterward 
brigadier-general) Lyon, of the United States Army, and the loyal citizens 
of St. Louis, who captured an insurgent camp near that city,^ and held pos- 
session of the United States arsenal. At tliis time the theater of tlie open- 
ing war was rai)idly widening, and by tlie 1st of June the whole country 
was in commotion from Maine to Texas. 

12. On the 3d of June, seventeen hundred Confederate troops at Pliilippi, 
in Barbour County, Virginia, were attacked and routed by National troops 
under Colonel (afterward brigadier-general) B. F. Kelley, who was very 
severely wounded. This was the first regular engagement after war upon 
the insurgents had been proclaimed. On tlie lOtli, another took place at 
Big Bethel, a few miles from Fortress Monroe, on the road to Yorktown. 
It was ascertained that the Confederates, under Colonel Magrnder, had 
planted batteries on the creek there, and troops were sent by General But- 
ler from Fortress Monroe and Newport News, the whole under the com- 
mand of Brigadier-General Peirce, to capture them. The movement was 
made in the night. The two columns of National troops, on meeting, fired 
on each other, each mistaking the other, in the gloom, for an enemy. The 
expedition was unsuccessful. Lieutenant Greble, a gallant young artillery 
officer, was killed. He was tiie first officer of the regular army wlio fell in 
tlie war. 

VS. Tlie misfortune at Bethel was atoned for the next day [June 11], 
when Colonel (afterward major-general) Lewis Wallace, with a few Indiana 
troops,^ dispersed five hundred Confederates at Romney, in Ilampsliire 
County, Virginia, and so alarmed the insurgents at Harper's Ferry tliat 
they fled to Winchester. A little later. General Robert Patterson, witli a 
considerable force, crossed [July 2] the Potomac,^ and took post not far 

1. On tlie previous dav, a Confederate flaj displayed at Alexandria attracted attention. William McSpedon, of New 
York City, and SamuerSmith, of Queen's (Jouuty,'New York, went over from Wsishington and captured it. This was 
thQ*iir-ttj{a(/ taken from the inaurgents. 

2.' Ellsworth saw a secession flaV floating over the " Marshall House." He entered the buildingr, ascended to the roof, 
tore down the offensive buntingr, and, as he wasdescendinjj the stairs, he was sliot bv Jackson, the proprietor of the house. 
Jackson w.as immediately killed by one of Ellsworth's men. The funeral ceremonies over the boily of Ellsworth were 
impressive. The feeling throughout the country was intense ; and in the State of New York a regiment was raised called 
the " Ellsworth .\vengers." 

;i. This was called *' Camp Jackson,'' in honor of the disloyal Governor of Missouri, C. F.Jackson. Its commander 
WHS General Frost, a graduate of the Military Academy at West Point. 

4 The Eleventh Indiana regiment. They 'were Zouaves, as the troops were called that adopted the costume and the 
tuclics of the Zouaves of Al^erine origin, in the French army. Wallace's Zouaves were organizeii a few weeks earlier 
tiinn Ellsworth's Zouaves. 

5. He crossed at Williamsport with a little less than 11,000 men. Soon after crossing. General Abercrombie's briga.le, 
nud a few others, had a severe contest with the troops of the afterward famous "Stonewall Jackson." 



QlF.STioNs.— 1 1. What can you tell about the first invasion of a Slate ! What was done in Missouri ! What was the 
aspect of aS'airs >. M. What can you tell of an engagement in Western Virginia » Can you give an account of what 
occurreil at and near Bethel, iu Virginia* lo. Can you give an account of a skirmish at Romney, in Virginia, and its 
etlects ! What other movement of Union troops was made at that tiniel What can vou tell of Union troops under 
McClellan t 



358 THE NATION. 



Movements in Western Virginia, Battle of Bull's Run. Spirit of the People. 

from Harper's Ferry, in the Shenandoah Valley. At the same time, Na- 
tional troops, under General George B. McClellan,^ were advancing in 
Western Virginia from the Ohio, and some of them had a successful en- 
gagement Avitli the Confederates at Rich Mountain,'-' on the 11th of July. 
The Union troops in that engagement were under Colonel (afterward 
major-general) "W". S. Rosecrans. The Confederates, under Colonel Pe- 
gram, were about three thousand in number. 

14. On the 18tli of July, the National army, about 50,000 strong, under 
General Irwin McDowell, which had been collected in the vicinity of 
"Washington City, marched from Fairfax Court-House, in Virginia, to at- 
tack the Confederates at Manassas,' and 
if successful, to move on to Riclimond be- 
fore the so-called Confederate government 
should be established there. A severe 
fight occurred near Centreville, at a place 
known as Blackburn's Ford, on the same 
day. From that point the army moved 
forward on the 21st, and at Bull's Run a 
very heavy battle was fought. The Confed- 
erates were commanded by Beauregard," 
assisted by able generals. At a moment 
when thev were about to givewav, they 

^ ' ' GENERAL M'CLELLAN. 

received re-enforcements from the Shen- 
andoah Valley, under General Joseph E. Johnston. The National troops 
were utterly defeated and routed, with a loss of about three thousand men. 
The army fled back toward Washington City in the wildest confusion.* 
On the following day [July 22], General McClellan was called to tlie com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, as the forces around Wasliington were 
named. 

15. The disaster at Bull's Run, instead of disheartening the loyal people, 
stimulated them to greater exertions, and volunteers flocked to the army 
in large numbers. There was an anxious desire for the capture of Rich- 
mond, the Confederate capital, distant from Washington about one hun- 
dred and thirty miles ; but the Army of the Potomac did not move in that 



1, MoCleilati had been brevetferl captain in the regular army, for hi3 services in Mexico. He was in civil employment 
when the rebellion brolie out, anti was calleil to the chief command of the Ohio troops by Governor Dennison. 

'.'. A part of the Laurel Hiilrange in Kandulph County. 

3. Veree 10, page, SoS. 4. Verse 4, page 353. 

5. A large number of civilians saw the battle. Several members of Congress, and many others, went out from Wash- 
ington for the purpose, as they would to a holiday spectacle, not doubting the entire success i>f the Union troons. They 
were seen living back in the greatest terror. Ci>ngressman Ely, of the State of New York, was captured, and held as a 
prisoner in Richmond for a long time. It is believed that the Confederate army was so shattered by the shock, that if 
the National troops had rallied at Centreville, and renewed the attack, the victory would have been'theirs. Each party 
was ignorant of the condition of the other, and was indisposed to renew the tight. 




Questions.— 14. Can you give an account of the battle of Bull's Run, and its results! 15. How did the battle of 
BulTs Run affect the loyal people ! What did they desire ? What can you tell about the army of the Potomac \ 



Lincoln's administration. 369 

Military movements in Missouri. Events at llatteras Inlet. Loyalty of West Vir{;inians. 

direction again until the next spring. The autumn of 1861, and the fol- 
lowing winter, were -spent in preparations for an advance.' 

16. In the meantime, the war was progressing elsewhere. There was a 
fierce struggle in Missouri for tlie control of that State. On the 5tli of 
July a severe engagement took place near Carthage, betAveen the Nationals, 
under Colonel (afterward major-general) Sigel, and Confederates, under 
Jackson, the disloyal Governor of Missouri.- An attempt was made by' 
Jacksou to outflank and capture i^igel, when tlie latter, by a skilful mode 
of retreat, not only saved his army and baggage-train, but gained a sub- 
stantial victory. On the 2d of August, General Lyon^ fought the Confed- 
erates, under General Ben McCullough, of Texas, at Day Spring, near the 
Arkansas border; and he lost his life while gallantly fighting a still more 
severe battle at "Wilson's Creek, on the lOtli. There McCullougli was en- 
camped with a large force, estimated at 22,00U. It was about nine miles 
from Springfield, in Missouri. Lyon marched upon him with his whole 
force, about 5,000 strong, on the 9th, a column to outflank the Confeder- 
ates being led by Colonel Sigel. The battle commenced at six o'clock in 
tlie morning [August 10], and at about nine o'clock Lyon was shot dead. 
Major (afterward general) Sturgis took command. Tlie battle was disas- 
trous to both parties. 

17. At the close of the sumnier of 1861, a considerable navy had been 
created. It was composed cliiefly of purchased vessels, which had been 
converted into ships-of-war. A joint military and naval expedition was 
fitted out at Fortress Monroe, late in August, under the command of General 
Butler * and Commodore Stringham, against the Confederate works at Hat- 
teras Inlet, the entrance to Pamlico Sound, oflfthe coast of Xorth Carolinji. 
These were two in number, and were called, respectively. Fort Chirk 
and Fort Hatteras. The expedition was successful. Forts, heavy cannon, 
a large number of small-arms, and some vessels were the spoils of victory, 
together with many prisoners of war. It was an important victory, and 
led to others still more important. 

18. While the early military movements of the war were in progress, 
an important civil movement had taken place in Western Virginia. The 
people of that mountain region were chiefly Unionists, and refused to as- 
sent to the ordinance of secession, or any other of the treasonable move- 
ments at Richmond.^ Tliey assembled at Wheeling, in a convention of 
representatives from about forty counties, on the 11th of June. On the 

1. On the 31st of October, General Scott resigned his post at the head of the armies of the Republic, on account of 
physical infirmities. On his recnmmendntion. General McClellan, who had made a successful campaign in Western 
Virginia, was appointed general-in-chief. 

2. Verse 11, page 357. 3. Verse 11, page 357. 4. Verse 9, page 356. 5. Vtrse 7, page 355. 



QUFSTIONS.— IC. What can jon tell about struggles in Missouri— (he battles near Cartlingi-. at Dnv Spring and Wil- 
son's Creek ? 17. What have'you to say about a navy, and an expedition to Hatteras Inlet ? Is. What can vou tell 
about the formation of a new State! 



360 THE NATION. 



Campaign in Western Virginia. Battles in Missouri. Battle at Ball's Bluff. 

17th the convention adopted a declaration of independence, and a new 
commonwealth was formed on the 20th, when Frank Pierpont was chosen 
Governor. It was afterward recognized hy the National government. ' 

19. The conspirators were determined to coerce the Unionists of West- 
ern Virginia' into submission to their rule, and for that purpose they sent 
troops into that region. Some of these were led by Robert E. Lee, ' late a 
colonel in the National army; others were commanded by ex-Governor Henry 
A. AYise, and otliers by John B. Floyd, tlie late Secretary of War. ■• The 
latter Avas met at Carnifex Ferry, on the Gauley River, near Sumnersville, 
in Western Virginia, on the lOtli of September, by General Rosecrans. A 
severe fight occurred, and continued more or less for tliree days, when the 
Confederates were defeated. At about the same time. Confederate forces, 
under General Sterling Price, moved upon Lexington, Missouri, where the 
National troops were commanded by Colonel Mulligan. The Confeder- 
ates captured the post after a fight of fifty-nine hours, during which time 
the besieged were without water. Lexington was retaken by some Na- 
tional cavalry, under Major Wliite, on the IGtli of October. 

20. An engagement, disastrous to the National troops, occurred on the 
Upper Potomac, at a place called Ball's Blulf, on Leesburg Heights, on tlie 
31st of October. TIic Union force was commanded by General Charles P. 
Stone, and the Conlederates by (Jeneral Evans. Tiie latter far outnumbered 
the former, and held a superior jiosition. The National troops were defeated 
and driven back to the river, where many were slain. A week after the 
affair at Ball's Blufl:' [November T], the Confederates gained another victory, 
at Belmont, Missouri, ou the western bank of the Mississippi River. The 
National troops were commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant, and the Con- 
federates by General Cheatham. Grant's force landed at Belmont, and 
attacked the Confederates. The latter were driven from their fortified 
camp, when they were re-enforced from Columbus, Kentucky. After an- 
other struggle, the Nationals were driven to their boats, and abandoned 
the enterprise. 

21. On the day when Grant was struggling at Belmont [November T], a 
naval force, under Admiral S. F. Dupont, was forcing its way into Port 
Royal entrance, on the coast of South Carolina. This entrance was guarded 

1. The new State was formed of thirtv-nine counties, containing an apRrefrate nopulaticn of 285.000. The population 
of the entire State of Old Virginia, at that time, was 1,593,1U9, including 495,S-'6 slaves. Of these slaves, less than 10,000 
were in the counties that ibriued the new State. 

y. Verse 18, page 359. 

3. He resigned nis commission and abandoned his flag in April, an-l afterward became general-in-chief of the Confed- 
erate armies. 

4. Secretary of War under President Buchanan. While in office, he was engaged in the work of treason. He stripped 
the Northern arsenals of arms, and sent them to Soulhern arsenals, that the conspirators might have an abundance of 
weapons to begin the rebellion with. He died at Abingdon, Virginia, in August, ISGJ. 



I 



Questions.— 19. What did the conspirators determine and attempt? Who were their military leaders in Western 
Virginia! What can von tell abouta battle at Carnifex Kerrv? Relate how Lexington, in Missouri, was captured and 
recnntured. in. What can you tell about a battle at Bull's lilutfl What occurretl, a weel( later, at Belmont, in Missouri i 
il. What occurred on the saine day on the coast of South Carolina ! What was accomplished 1 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 861 



Possession gained of the Sea Islands of South t'arolina. Extent of the struggle, i'oreigii lielations. 

by a fort on each side, named respectively Fort Walker and Fort Beaure- 
gard. These were silenced by the fleet and captured. This was a very 
important victory, for it led to the permanent occupation by government 
troops of the Sea Islands along the South Carolina coasts, between Cliarles- 
ton and Savannah, so famous for tlie production of fine cotton. 

22. We have considered only the most important warlike movements in 
1861. There were a thousand others in a thousand places; for tlie lino 
along which were disputes and conflicts was full two thousand miles in 
length, from the Susquehanna to the Rio Grande. There were struggles 
everywhere — in Maryland, A'irginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas ; 
on the rivers, and along three thousand miles of sea-coast, where the in- 
surgents had extinguished the light-houses, and where blockading squad- 
rons were rapidly closing up ports useful to the Confederates. 

23. Our foreign relations were unpleasant. England declared her neu- 
trality at the beginning,* and, erroneously assuming that States i)ossessing ab- 
solute sovereignty Avere, as States, in revolution against other States of the 
Union,- called the Confederate rebels, witliout the sanction of a sentence of 
international law, a "belligerent nation." Her ruling class, and that of 
most other European countries, sympathized with the Confederates, for 
they seemed to be tit instruments for destroying the Eepublic so hated by 
monarchists ; and the latter rightfully cherished such strong hopes of speedy 
recognition from France and England, at least, that they were encouraged 
to persevere. At the close of 1861 their hopes were blasted; for the 
circumstance known as "the Trent aftair " had led to action between the" 
United States and Great Britain which promised peaceful relations.^ From 
that time forward, the governments of Europe seemed less and less inclined 
to interfere in the hot quarrel. 

THE CIVIL WAR CONTINTTED. [1862.] 

24. The inclement season of winter did not compel a cessation of mili- 
tary movements. Another land and water expedition was fitted out at 
Fortress Monroe * early in January [1861]. The land troojjs were com- 
manded by General A. E. Burnside, and the naval force by Commodore L. 

1. By proclamBtion of the Queen, dated 13th of Mav, 1SC1. 5. See note ?., paee 352. 

:i. oil the Ith of November, ISlil, Captain Wilkes, \j. S. N., in command of the steam sloop-of-war 6'an Jacintn. over- 
hauled the Enslish mail slemner Ti-eiU, in the Bahama Channel, and took from her Jajnea M. Mason and John Sli.lell, 
who were proieedinz to Europe as commissioners of the " Confederates." They had been arch-conspirators in the United 
Sl:ites Senate. Wilkes brought them to the United States, and they were placed in Fort Warren, at Boston. The net 
was contrary to the American doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral vessel, and our government promptly disavowed the 
act, and Mason and Slidell were sent on board an "English vessel (Rinaldu) bound for Europe, on the 5.1 of January, 
1861. Not expecting snch an exhibition of national honor, the British government had demanded the surrender of the 
commissioners, and prepared for war. It w.is a shameful exhibition, which the English f.mple speedily rebuked. That 
people have ever since curbed the desires of the government and the ruling classes to aid the insurgents. 

4. Verse 17, page 369. ■ 

Ql-ESTION?.— 92. What have we considered thus far? AVhat occurred ! 23. What can you say about our f .reiirn rela- 
tions" How did England act? What did the Confederates expert ! II iw were their hopes blasted ? 24. What e.\pedl- 
tion was fitted out in January, IStJJ, and wh--it did it etfect! 

16 



362 THE NATION. 

Capture of lloanoke Island. Battle of Mill Spring. Siege and capture of Fort Donelson. 

M. Goldsborough. They left Hampton Roads on the 11th of January, 
passed the hitely captured Ilatteras Inlet ' on the 2Gth, and on the Sth of 
rebruary, after a severe tight, captured lioanoke Island "^ and over twenty- 
five hundred Confederates, -with thirty-five hundred small-arms. This 
victory gave the Nationals control over that region, and imperilled Nor- 
folk, then in the possession of the Confederates.' 

25. In the West, important military events occurred during the winter. 
On the 19th of January a severe engagement was fought at Logan's Cross- 
roads, in Eastern Kentucky, between National troops under General 
George 11. Thomas and Confederates commanded by General George B. 
Crittenden. The brunt of the early part of the battle Avas borne by Na- 
tional troops under General Schoepf. The battle lasted five hours. The 
Confederates were beaten and driven across the Cumberland River in great 
confusion. During the fight, which is known as the battle of Somerset or 
Mill Spring, the Confederate general, F. R. Zollicoffer, formerly a member 
of Congress from Tennessee, was killed.'' 

26. A victory for the National arms, much more important than any tliey 
had yet acliieved, was won on the banks of the Cumberland River, near 
the village of Dover, in Tennessee, on the IGth of February, 18G2. Tlie 
National troops were comuuinded by General Grant,^ and were accompanied 
by a naval force, in gunboats, under Oonimodore A. II. Foote. They 
first ascended the Tennessee River, and captured Fort Henry [February 6], 
thus flanking Columbus, a military post of much strength on the banks of 
the Mississip[)i River in Kentucky, then in possession of the Confederates. 
A portion of the National forces, about fifteen thousand strong, marched 
across the country to the Cumberland River, and witli others, making an 
army of about forty tliousand, closely besieged Fort Donelson [February 
13], )iear Dover. It was garrisoned by a large force under Generals Floyd,' 
Pillow, and Buckner. The fort was surrendered by the latter [February 
16], with over thirteen thousand men, and spoils of great value.' This 
victory gave the control of Kentucky and "Western Tennessee to the 
National troops, who soon afterward entered Nashville.^ 

27. Still further West, and beyond the Mississippi River, there was war. 
Among the Ozark Mountains, at a place called Pea Ridge, in Western Arkan- 

1. Verse 17, pape S59. 2. Verses 21 and 2?, pnjre 41. 3. Verse 1, page 3S5. 

4. The Coiilederates lost nearly 400 men, 1,200 horses, several cauuou, 1,000 muskets, and other vnluiihle i)roperty. 

5. Verse 1.'0, iiajre 3G0, and verse 10, page 3a0. 6. V.rse 19, page 360. 

7. Floyd and Pillow abandoned Buckner when it was evi.lent that the fort must !>.■ riven up, with tlie e.viMise that 
thev weresui-li vile sinners against the government, tliev wovild rertHinlv be hanged if rmiulit. IJuckner, more htnioralile 
and couragiMuis, remained, and was made a prisoner with his men. He was sent to Fort Warren, ami was afler»-ard ex- 
changed. Besides the prisoners surrendered at Fort Donelson were 3.000 horses, B'J eannon, an. i 1)0,000 small-arms. A 
portion of the garrison went off with Floyd and Pillow, crossing the Cumberland in the darkness. The garrison, at the 
beginning of the siege, was IS.OOO strong.' 

8. The capture of Fort Henry and Fnrt Donelson allowed the (ninboats of Foote's flotilla to go \in the Tennessee and 
Cumberland Rivers. They went up the former to Florence, in Alabama, and uji the latter to Nashville. 

Ql-R,<iTioN5.— OS. WTiat can von tell of a battle in Eastern Kentucky, known .-is the battle of Somerset or Mill Spring ! 
What general was killed there? ifi. What can you tell .about military movements in Tenueasec! Give an account of 
the capture of Fort Ilcnrv, and the sie^'e and capture of Fort Donelson. 



Lincoln's administration. 



363 



Battle of Pea Kidge. 



Movements of the Merrimuc. 



Army of the Potomac. 



sas, an important battle was fought by National troops xiiuler General S. R. 
Curtis, and Confederates under General Earl A'aii I )()rn.' It was ooniniencod 
on the 5th of March [1862], and ended ou the 8th. It is known as the 
battle of Pea Ridge. There the 
famous Texan, Ben MeCiillougli, 
was killed. Ou the same day 
[March 8J, a new kind of naval 
vessel, called a '"ram," and named 
Virginia (late Merrimac), pro- 
duced great havoc and consterna- 
tion in Hampton Roads. She was 
clad in iron, and was sent down 
for the purpose from N(jrfolk.'^ 




THK MdNlTol;. 



That iiiglit, a newly invented floating 
battery, made chiefly of iron, named the Monitor, commanded by Lieuten- 
ant John II. Worden,' arrived at Hampton Roads, drove tlie Merrimac 
back toward Norfolk, seriously disabled [March 0], and held command of 
the waters there. 

28. At this time there was a general movement of tlie Natit)nal forces, 
land and naval, against the Confederates, The President liad ordered 
[January 27] all the armies to advance on the 22d of February.^ The heaviest 
body -of troops then in the field was under McClellan, and called the Army 
of the Potomac. The Confederates, less than one-fourth the number of the 
Nationals, fled before tliem from Manassas [March 10] toward Richmond, 
but were not followed. General McClellan changed the plan of advance, 
and prepared to go to Richmond by way of the Peninsula, between the 
York and James Rivers. Meanwhile, a portion of his force, under General 
Shields, gained a victory [March 23] over the Confederates near Winches- 
ter;^ and, as was subse(pientl3' known, the Confederates were so few in 
comjjarison with the Army of the Potomac, that the latter might have 
marched to and captured Richmond without serious opposition. Already 



1. Van Dorn was assisted by Generals Price and McCulIoueh. The contest was a severe one. Generals Sigel and J. 
C. Davis performed conspicuous service under Curtis. The Nationals completely dispersed the Confederates, and took 
thirteen cannon from them. 

2. The J/frrimac w!i3 a common steam frigate. The Confederates plated her with iron, and affixed to her bow an 
extension of iron with which she mifbt push terribly. It was sharp, and could scarcely fail to destroy an ordinary 
vessel. She first attacked and destroyed the frigate CumhtrlanJ, which went down with her colors living. She next at- 
tacked the frigate Omgrcss, which, like the other, was lying at anchor. The O'tigrm was compelled to surrender, after 
being set on fire. The **ran» " now fell upon the Mitineitota, and the contest was kept up until dark. 

3. The 3/bn /(or was invented by Captain J. Ericsson, a native of Sweden. Its heavy guns v,-ere in a turret, or heavy iron 
cylinder, above the deck, that revolved. Many others were afterward built on a similar plan. The original Mtmitor 
foundered at se.a, in a storm, while on her way to the Southern coast. 

4. At that time there were four distinct armies, namely: one at Fortress Monroe, the Army of the Potomac, the Army 
of Western Virginia, anti the armv near Munfordsville, Kentucky, on the banks of the Green River. There was also a 
large force of land trooi)S, and a rfotilla of gunboats, at Cairo. 

i. In lliis battle, the Confederates were led by a brave and skillful officer, who had obtained the name of " Stonewall 
Jacksrui," because of his troops, in the battle at Bull's Run [verse 14, page 35S], it was said, " They stood like a stone, 
wall beiore the sliocks of the enemy's assaults." 



Ql-ESTin\s.— 27. What can vou tell about militarv operations in Arkansas ! What can vou tell about the 3ferri- 
m.ic and iVuni(.;r in Hampton Roads? What can v.mi teil about the capture of Norfolk } OT. What was done l)y the 
President early in 1S6-.' ! What can vou tell about'lhe Armv of thePotoniac, and the Confederates at Manassas ? What 
did McClellan do? U hat can you tell of a fight near Wincllester ? What might the Potomac Army have done? What 
had been done, and what was being dune elsewhere ? 



364 



THE NATION. 



Battle of Shiloh. 



Capture of Island No. 10. 



Surrender of Fort Pulaski. 



Burnside had captured Xewbern, in North Civrolina' [March 14], and 
Grant's victorious troops were preparing to ascend the Tennessee toward 
tlie heart of the rebellion. 

29. Early in April [1862], Grant was at Pittsburg Landing, far up the Ten- 
nessee, toward the line of Alabama ; and on the Gth his troops were encamped 
near Shiloh Church, a short distance from the river. There they were fu- 
riously attacked by a heavy Ct)nfederate force, under General A. S. Johnston, 
long before the dawn of day, and were driven back to the river in much con- 
fusion. Twenty-five hundred Nationals, including General Prentiss, were 
made prisoners, and the situation of the whole army was critical in the 
extreme. The Confederates were not allowed to secure any solid advan- 
tages of victory, by two gunboats Avhich opened an effectual fire upon them. 
Early the next morning [April 7], General Buell having arrived during the 
night with strong re-enforcements for Grant, the conflict was renewed, and 
continued a greater portion of the day. It was very sanguinary." The 
slaugliter on both sides was dreadful. The victory finally remained with 
the Nationals, and the Confederates withdrew^ toward Corinth, a town on 
the Charleston and Memphis Railway, among the hills on the northern bor- 
ders of Mississippi. This confiict is known as the "Battle of Shiloh." 

30. On the day of the victory at Shiloh, the 
National forces gained another important one in 
the cai)ture of Island No. 10, in the Mississippi 
river. It was at the bend in the stream, and 
was strongly fortified with auxiliary shore bat- 
teries, and seemed almost impregniiJble. It was 
bombarded for twenty-three days from gunboats 
of Commodore Foote's flotilla. The island was 
flanked by the assailants, who cut a canal for 
the passage of war-vessels to the river below it, 
and on the 7th of April [1862], the island, with 
all its batteries, was surrendered to the Nationals. 
The fleet was chiefly instrumental in achieving the victory.^ 

31. Four days after the surrender of Island No. 10, Fort Pulaski, at the 




COMMODORE FOOTE. 



1. The Confederates, tinder General L. O'B. Branch, were about 12,000 strong at Newbern, and were behinil brenst- 
wnrks. Itvirnside, after a tedious march, attacked thetn; and, after a desperate battle of two hours and a half, the Con- 
federates were driven away, and the National troops took possession of the town and the fortifications. Two hundred 
prisoners, and a large number of cannon and other arms, were cai)tured, and a great quantity of stores. 

Nationals lost, during the two days, over 13,01)0 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Confederates left 



2. Th( 
3,000 dead on the field. 

3. Til 
of guna 
the land 



was a very important victory. The ' 
uptured was seventy. The total loss 
, at the same time, were carried on 
I [verse 26, page 3H2], but remained in 
.1 to leave on account of the painfuln 
Davis. In June, 1S63, while prepari 
»use, in New York. 



works, consisting of nine batteries, were very strong. The total number 
of property to the Confederates was about $;l".H,(Hi(i. The operations on 
by General Pope. Commodore Foote was wounded in the ankle at Fort 
I service until the conclusion of the affair at Island No. 10, when he was 
ess of his unhealed wound. The commanrl of the fleet devolved ujion 
ng to take command of the South Atlantic squadron, Foote died at the 



Donels. 
c.m,pell, 
Cajitain 
Astor IL 

Ql'KsTioxs.— 29. What can you relate about a battle near Pittsburg Landing, in Tennessee! \\hat was the result f 
30. What can you tell about another victory for the Nationals, gained on the day of the buttle of Shiloh, near Pittshurif 
Landing! 



Lincoln's administration. 365 

Mitchel's march. Bonibarduient of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. Capture of New Orleans. 

mouth of the Savannah River, was captnred by Captain (afterward 
major-general) Q. A. Gillniore. He had cast lieavy projeetiles upon the 
fort for about tliirty hours, breaching and wounding it fearfully. The fort 
was formally surrendered, on the 11th of April, to General David Hunter, 
the commander of the Department. Only one man was killed, during the 
attack, on the side of the assailants. It was an important victory, for the 
possession of the fort by the National government gave to the latter con- 
trol over the entrance to the Savannah River. On the day when this vic- 
tory was achieved. General Ormsby M. Mitchel, after an extraordinary 
forced march from Kentucky througli Tennessee, captured Iluntsville, in 
Northern Alabama; and seven days afterward [April 18], General Augur 
drove the Confederates out of Fredericksburg, in Virginia, and took tem- 
porary possession of the town. 

32. New Orleans, by far the largest and most important city in the 
Slave-labor States, next to Baltimore, was captured from the Confederates 
on the 28th of April. Commodores David 
G. Farragut and David D. Porter, with a 
gunboat and mortar fleet,' had bombarded 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, below the 
city, for six days, when they van by them 
[April 24], and passed up the river.^ When 
these fleets approached New Orleans, the 
Confederates set shipping and cotton on 
fire at the levees, and destroyed propei-ty 
to the amount of three millions of dollars. 
The Confederate troops in the city were 
twenty thousand strong, and were com- 
manded by General Mansfield Lovell. These admikai, farragut. 

fled ; and General Butler,^ who had come 

with troops through Lake Borgne, from Sliip Island, entered and took 
possession of the city. The loss of that great town was a terrible blow 
to the Confederates, from which they never recovered. 

33. General McClellan arrived at Fortress Monroe on the 2d of April, 
and took command of the Army of the Potomac, which had just been 
transported to the A'^irginia Peninsula.'* On the 3d he moved forward 
toward the capital of the conspirators. A small force under General 

1. The combined Union fleet was composed of two flap-ships, seven stenm slnops-of-war, fourteen cunboats, one sjiilin^- 
gchooner, tweiity-oue inortar-schooners, and six tow-boats aiid steamers ; in all fifty-one, with two hundred and eighty- 
six irnns. 

'2. When tliey rushed hy the forts, Confederate rains, gunboats, floatius batteries, fire-ships, aiol rafts attai-ked them. 
A most destructive naval engagement ensued, in which the IVationals lost thirteen gunboats and three transports. 

3. Verse 17, page 359. 4. Verse i'S, page 363. . 

QiEsTioxB.— 31. What occurred at the month of the Savannah River! What was the effect of the capture of Fort 
Pulaski? What did General Mitchell do 1 What did General Augur do ! 30. What have you to say concerning New 
Orleans* Can you give au account of the bombardment and passage of forts, and the capture of New Orleans by 
the National forces! 




866 THE NATION. 



Evacuation of Yorktown. Fall of Norfolk. Movements on the Virginia Ponlnsula 




Magruder was occupying military works at Yorktown, wliich McClellan 

prepared to besiege. They did not wait for him to finish his parallels, but 

fled toward Richmond, and, on the 4th, tlie National forces occupied the 

s^^^^=^.^p^ _ position. A pursuit of them was 

^Ji %!^ ordered two days after they fled 

^j=r!^ j-i^t^^ -^^ff [May 5], and resulted in a very 

severe battle at Williamsburg, 
on the same day, in which tlie 
Nationals were victorious. Four 
days afterward [May 9], General 
John E. Wool,' commander of a 
■liic liA i' .MKi.KiM.u:. Department, Avitli his head-quar- 

ters at Fortress Monroe, crossed 
Hampton Roads with some troops, and moved on Norfolk. The Confeder- 
ates destroyed the Merrimac^^ fled to Richmond, and Wool entered the 
town in triumph. The destruction of the Merrimac opened the way for 
the National gunboats to go up the .James River and co-operate with the 
forces on the Peninsula. 

34. The Army of the Potomac moved cautiously up the Peninsula. A 
gi'eat portion of it crossed the Chickahoniiny on the 22d of May. On the 
29th, Hanover Court- House was captured, after a spirited engagement.^ 
Already, General Banks, moving up the Shenandoah Valley, had been de- 
feated in a battle near Winchester [May 25], and made a masterly retreat 
into Maryland with about four thousand men, pursued by more than fifteen 
thousand. On the 31st, a portion of the Potomac Army had a severe 
action at a place called Fair Oaks." The country was overflowed by a 
heavy rain. The Union troops suffered severely. Tlie battle was renewed 
at dawn the following morning [June 1], and continued until the evening 
twilight. The Nationals maintained their position, Avhile the Confederates 
fell back. The loss of both parties was frightful. The former lost full 
five thousand men during the two days, and the latter eight thousand. 
Neither ])arty gained an advantage. 

35. For about three weeks after the battle of Fair Oaks, General 
McClellan was engaged in preparations for an advance. Then a change 
was made. Hitherto supplies had been received by the York River. Now 
[June 24J the James River was made the base of supplies. It was neces- 



1. Vcrsc 1 1, pnge '2m. o Verse 57, page 363. 

3. The Niitioiml troops were commanded by General Fitz-Jolin Porter. After dispersing the Confederates, Porter sent 
Boine cavalry to rut the railway beyond. They destroyed the bridge over the South Anna, and thus cut otT communica- 
tion between the Confederates in the direction of Fredericksburg and Richmond. 

4. This is sometimes called the battle of the Chickahominy. 



QuKSTioxs.— 33. What oiin you t«ll about the Army of the Potomac on the Virginia Peninsula ? What can you tell 
about the capture of Norfolk, and the destruction of the Merrimac f What was the good result of the latter movement? 
34. What did ttie Army of the Potomac do ! What occurred in the Shenandoah Valley! Can vou eive an account of 
the battle of Fair Oaks' ■' ■" " 



Lincoln's administration. 867 

Moveint'iits ol' the Army of the Potomac. Fall of Memphis. Army of Virginia and its disasters. 

sary for the army also to change its position, and in doing so it invited at- 
tacks from the Confederates. These resulted in a memorable series of 
brilliant and sanguinary battles during the last week of June.' In the 
meantime, the newspapers were daily tilled with records of war elsewhere, 
at points far distant from each other, and the public mind was in- 
tensely excited. On the 6th of June, there was a brilliant naval engage- 
ment on the Mississippi River, in front of Memphis, in which the Union 
forces, under Colonel Charles Ellet (who was mortally wounded), were vic- 
torious, and Captain Davis assumed the command of the flotilla. Several 
Confederate vessels were destroyed, and, on the same day, the city of 
Mempliis was surrendered to the Nationals. On the following day [June 
7], General John C. Fremont,^ with a small force, fought a brief battle 
with the Confederates at Cross Keys, near Port Republic, in Virginia; and, 
on the same day, General Shields* encountered a large force under " Stone- 
wall Jackson,"* at Port Republic, but made a good retreat. 

3(). On the 25th of June, the Army of Virginia was formed of the forces 
commanded by Generals Banks, Fremont, and McDowell, and placed in 
charge of General Jolin Pope. It soon found ample employment. Elated 
by their successes before Richmond, the Confederates had pushed north- 
ward, for the purpose of atteini)ting the capture of Washington. The 
danger to the National Capital was imminent, and McClellan was ordered 
[August 3] to withdraw from the Peninsula, and hasten to the aid of Pope. 
He commenced moving on the 14th, and on the 22d, reached Alexandria. 

37. On the 9th of August, Banks had a severe but indecisive battle 
with "Stonewall Jackson," at Cedar Mountain, in Culpepper County, Vir- 
ginia. He held the enemy at bay, when the Confederates, by a quick move- 
ment, tlanked Pope's army ; and, from the 28d of August until the close 
of the month, the struggle between the contestants was fierce. The bat- 
tle of Groveton, or the second battle of Bull's Run,^ as it is sometimes 
called, .which was fought on the 29th, was a very severe one. In this bat- 
tle. Generals Sigel," Milroy, Schenck, Hooker, Reno, and Kearny were 
distinguished. The tight was renewed the next day, and the contest was 
fearful, until night closed it. The Army of Virginia was driven toward 
the fortifications around Washington, and, on the 1st of September, Gen- 
eral McClellan was placed in command of all the trooi)S for the defense of 
that city.' 

1. The principal engaaementa were Iniovvn respective! v as tlie battle of Meclianicsville, June K in wliicli the Nation- 
als were commanded liy General McCall; battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27; battle of Peach Orchard Station, June 23; 
battle of Savage's Station on the same day; battle of White Oak Swamp, or Glendale, June 3U; and battle of Malvern 
Hills, July I. 2. Verse 22, page H2S. 3. Verse 2.S, page :!«:!. 

4. Note 5, page 363. 6. Verse 14, jiage 358. 6. \'erse 16, page 359. 

Questions.— 35. What did McClellan do after the battle of Fair Oaks • What changes were made ? What stirring 
events did thev produce? What can vou tell about a naval battle, and its results, at Memphis' What can vou tell 
about Fremont and Shields? 36. What new army was formed? When and how? What did the Confederates do ? 
Wh;it was McClellan ordered to do? 37. What can vou tell nhont a battle between Banks and "Stonewall Jackson!" 
What immediately followed? What can you tell of a" battle at Groveton? What happened to the Army of Virginia! 



368 



THE NATION. 



Lee's invasion of Maryland. 



Battle of Antietam. 



Invasion of Kentucky. 



38. The Confederates, under Robert E. Lee, their general-ia-cliief, now 
pushed across the Potomac into Maryland. McClellau followed [Sei)tem- 
ber 7, 1862] on their right flank. On the 14th, a severe battle, fovorable 
to tlie Nationals, was fought at South Mountain, in Maryland, on the road 
from Frederick City to Ilagerstown. In that fight, General Reno, of the 
National troops, was killed. The loss was vei-y heavy on both sides. On 
the same day, Harper's Ferry ^ was attacked ; and on the 15th it was sur- 
rendered to the Confederates, with eleven tiiousand men and all its vast 
munitions of war.^ 

39. On the 17th of September a great battle was fought near the Antie- 
tam Creek (which name it bears), near Sharpsburg, in Marylaiul, between 

the forces of McClellau and Lee, the aggre- 
gate number of men, on each side, being 
about one hundred thousand. The contest 
lasted from dawn until the evening twilight. 
The latter was defeated, witli tlie loss of 
twenty thousand men, and then fell back 
to the Potomac, which lie slowly crossed, 
and retired toward Richmond, without being 
])ursued. In this engagement. General Mans- 
field, of the National army, was killed, and 
several other general officers were wound- 
ed, two of them (Richardson and Rodman) 
mortally.'' Three weeks afterward, a Con- 
federate cavalry force made a sweeping raid around the entire National 
army, can-ying away one thousand horses, and destroying property to the 
amount of si.xty thousand dollars. 

40. At the close of the summer of 18G2, Kentucky began to be much 
distressed by guerrilla warfare, or warfare carried on by detached and in- 
dependent bands, instead of large armies.^ At the same time, the State 
Avas invaded from East Tennessee by a Confederate force under General E. 
Kirby Smith.® On the 21)th of August, Smith was met by a National force 
of infantry and cavalry, under Generals Manton and Crafts, of General 
Nelson's army, about four miles from Richmond, Kentucky, and on that 




GENERAL LKE. 



1. The armies of Virginia and of the Potomac were then consolidated, nnd thereiifter known ns the Armn of the Poto- 
mac. General McClel'lnn hiid been superseded as general-in-chief by Ueneral U. W. Halleck. who, by an order dated 
July 11, 186-2, was called to that post from the command of the armies in the West. i. Verse 1, page 355. 

3. " stonewall Jackson," in his report said that the spoils of victory for the Confederates consisted in part of 73 can- 
non, and abont 300 waf;ons, " in addition to other stores." 

4. The estimated loss of the Confederates in Marvland was about 30,000. 

6. One of the most noted of these bands w.as that'of John Morgan, which spread terror over a large porti.>n ..f .Middle 
Kentucky, hv extensive plunder and destruction. 

6. A portion of this force attempted to recapture Fort Donelson [verse 26, page SB-'], on the 25th of August, but w^is 
easily repulsed. 

Questions.— 38. What did the Confeder.ltes under Lee do? What can you tell of a battle in Maryland, and event') 
at Harper's Ferry! 39. What can vou tell ali"ut the bailie of Antietam and its results! U'h,al about a Confederate rai.l ! 
40. What have you to say about affairs in Kentuckv ! What can you tell about E. Kirby Smith's invasion of that State ! 
What about Bragg's iuviisiou ! What were the objects of the invasion ! 



Lincoln's administration. 369 

Kesult of the invasion of Kentucky. McCk-llan relieved of command. Battle near Corinth. 

day and the next a severe figlit occurred tliere. The Nationals were 
defeated, and tlie greatest alarm s[)read over Kentucky.' Smith advanced 
toward the Ohio River, and at one time Cincinnati was seriously menaced. 
It was saved by the timely and judicious exertions of Major-General Wal- 
lace, then in command in that city.^ Another invading column, under 
General Bragg, moved rapidly over Kentucky, the chief object being to 
capture Louisville. In this the Confederates were foiled by a well-handled 
countervailing force under General Buell. Soon after a severe fight near 
Perryville, Kentucky [October 8J, with Generals McCook, Rousseau, and 
others, Bragg was compelled to retreat southward, and both he and Smith 
soon left the State. The object of this invasion was tliree-fold, namely, to 
obtain military possession of the State, to procure supplies, and to encour- 
age extensive enlistments into the Confederate ranks. It was successful 
only in the matter of supplies. 

41. After his defeat at Antietam,' General Lee recrossed the Potomac 
into Virginia, but more than a month elapsed before McClellan attempted 
to pursue the discomfited and weakened liost. A portion of the National 
army, under Burnside,* crossed into Virginia on the 27th of October, and 
moved southward along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge. The chief com- 
mander and the remainder of the Army of the Potomac crossed on the 
31st ; and on the 5th of November, McClellan was relieved, and the com- 
mand of the army was given to Burnside. 

42. After the battle of Shiloh,^ General Ilalleck, in command of the 
National forces there, moved cautiously toward Corinth,^ besieged it and 
drove out the Confederates on the 26th of May. Little else of importance 
occurred in that vicinity until early in October, when a series of conflicts 
occurred near Corinth. Already [September 19] hostilities luxd been re- 
commenced in that region by National troops under General Rosecrans, 
who attacked the Confederates under General Price at luka. On the 8d 
of October, Van Dorn '' and Price attacked the Nationals at Corinth, and 
drove. them into the town. On the next day the Confederates were re- 
pulsed, after a severe battle and heavy losses in men, colors, and munitions 
of war. Tliey were pursued by Generals Ord and Hurlburt, who struck 
them a heavy blow on the 5th. This latter conflict is known as the battle 
of the Ilatchee. All Western Tennessee was now controlled by the Na- 

1. Duriiif; the night of the 30th of August, the archives of the State, and about $1,OUO,000 in treasure, belongiutr to 
banks in the interior of the State, were sent to Louisville. Ou the 6th of September, Frankfort, the capital of Kentucky, 
was occupied by the Confederates, 

2. His c.iuinianrt included Covington and Newport, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio Rirer. He proclaimed martial 
law, set a larjre number of citizens at work erecting fortifications on the Kentucky shore, and was so well prepared when 



he Confederates approached [Sept. 9, IS'JS], that the latter hastily retreated. 
4. Verse '.'4, page 361. 6. Verse 49, page 364. 6. Verse 29, page 364. 



3. Verse 39, patre I 
1. Verse 27, pag 



Questions.— 41. ^V^lat can vou tell about the retreat of Lee into Virginia, and the movements of the .^rmy of the 
Potomac! What change in commanders occurred! 4'>. What occurred near Corinth, in Mississippi ! What can you 
tell about a series of conflicts in that vicinity ! What was the result ! What have you to say about the naval force cu 
the Mississippi Uiver? 



370 THE NATION. 



Battle of Fredericksburg. Attack on Vicksburg. Battle of Murfreesboro Action of Congress. 

tionals. In the mean time, the naval vessels under Farragut, Davis/ and 
others cruising on the Mississippi, were active in duty, and contributed 
largely in the work of reopening that river. 

43. Buruside led the Army of the Potomac cautiously toward the Rap- 
pahannock, and reached that stream, opposite Fredericksburg, on the iTth 
of November. There the army lay until the 13th of December, when a 
large portion of it, commanded by Generals Hooker, Sumner, and Frank- 
lin, crossed the river and attacked the Confederates, who were strongly 
intrenched on the heights beyond the town. A sanguinary battle ensued, 
and the Nationals were driven across the river, with the loss of full eight 
thousand of their number. It was a most disheartening result. There the 
Army of the Potomac lay, with only the narrow river between it and the 
Confederates, until toward the close of April, 1863. 

44. The year 1862 was now drawing to a close. There had been Na- 
tional successes in Texas ; and Pensacola, on the Gulf of Mexico, had been 
taken possession of by Union troops. Over the Lower Mississippi River, in 
many places, the flag of the republic was floating in triumph, and vast 
efforts were put forth or planned for opening the " Fatlier of Waters " ^ from 
Cairo to New Orleans. The last days of tlie year were sigmxlized by some 
severe struggles. General W. T. Sherman attempted to capture Vicksburg, 
on the Mississippi, on the 27th of December, but was repulsed after hard 
fighting.^ At Murfreesboro, in Tennessee, a short distance southward of 
Nashville, General Rosecrans had a sanguinary conflict with Bragg,^ begin- 
ning on the 29th of December [1862], and ending on the 4th of January 
[1863]. Rosecrans was victorious, but at the fearful cost of almost 12,000 
men. 

45. While military and naval contests were Avaging during 1862, tlie 
National government was devising and executing measures for the sup- 
pression of the great insurrection. Congress made ample provisions for 
money and men, the latter by draft, if not otherwise obtained. Believing 
that a heavy blow at slavery had become a military necessity, it author- 
ized the President to proclaim the emancipation of the slaves.^ lie did 
not do so immediately ; but, by proclamation [September 22, 1862], he 
assured the Confederates that unless they should lay down their arms 

1. Verse 35, page 362. 

y. This 18 the iiieaniiig of Mississippi, the indian name of the river. 

3. Sherman ascended the Yazoo River eigliteen miles, disembarlied liis troops, and advanced upon tiie Confederate 
worlis that defended tlie town. At first there was every promise of success ; but, heavy re-euforcenients reachinj; the 
Confederates, they drove Sherman away, with heavy loss. He was superseded by General McClernand, on the *Jd of Jan- 
uary, and the expedition was abandoned for the time. 

4. Verse 40, page 369. 

5. Early in April, slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia, by an act of Congress, The act was si;»ned by the 
President and became law on the 16lh of that month. Coiig:ress also passed a bill in June, forever prohibiting slavery 
in the Terrilories of the Republic. It was signed by the President on the 2Uth of June. 

Questions.— 43. What did Eurnside do? What can vou tell about the Army of the Potomac? Can vou give an ac- 
count of a battle at Fredericksburg, and its results? What did the Armv of the Potomac do ! 44. What have vou to 
say about events toward the close of ISliS? What had been accomplished ? What can vou tell of an attempt to cap- 
ture Vicksburg, and the battle at Murfreesboro? 4.'i. What did the National government do? What have you to say 
about a proclamation couceruing emancipation, by the President ? 



Lincoln's administration. 371 

The Prospect. Emancipation Proclamation. Battle of Cliancellorsville. 

within a hundred days, he should issue an edict which would proclaim the 
freedom of all bondmen in territory wherein rebellion existed. 

46. The year [1802] closed gloomily for the National cause. The rebel- 
lion was as rampant as ever, and the area of its operations had been very 
little diminislied. Party spirit was diverting the public attention from tlie 
great business in hand, namely, the suppression of the insurrection- and 
menaces of foreign interference were loud and somewhat alarming. Tlie 
National army, at that time, numbered about seven hundred thousand 
men, wliile that of the Confederates was probably larger than at any time 
before or since. 

THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. [1803.] 

4T. The Confederates scorned the warning of the President [September 
22, 1862J, and on the 1st of January, 1863, he proclaimed forever free all 
the slaves in Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, 
Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, excepting West 
Virginia and portions of those States that were occi^pied by the National 
troops at that time. The friends of the Administration regarded the Proc- 
lamation of Emancipation as just, necessary, and efficacious; the oppo- 
nents of the Administration regarded it as wrong, unnecessary, and futile. 
It doubtless increased the number and strengthened the faitli of the friends 
of the Pepublic in Europe, and was one of the most powerful instruments 
in working out the salvation of the Republic, 

48. The military movements during 1803 were vast in number and tlie 
area of operations.' We may take only a general view of them. The dif- 
ferent armies and their duties were then so well defined, that we may con- 
sider the doings of each separately. Tluit of the Potomac was commanded 
by Burnside.'^ lie was relieved on the 25th of January [1803], and was 
succeeded by General Joseph Ilouker. That commander led his army 
across the Rappahannock toward the end of April,' and on the 2d, 3d, and 
4th of May tliey had a severe contest witli Lee in the "Wilderness,'" 
wliich is known as the battle of Chaucellorsville. It was brought on by 



1. Congress, durmfr its session tliat ended on tlie 3d of M:\rcli, ISiiS, jiltiped the sword and |nirse of tlie R.-niiWic 
in the hands of the President. The tinanciul resources and the military power of the country were placed at the dis- 
posal of the Governnieut. A Conscription Act was passed, and became law on the 3d of Alarch, by which the able- 
bodied men of the nation might be called to the field, at the discretion of the President. On the 8th of May followinp, 
he proclaimed his intention to enforce the Conscription Act, and preparations were made throufrliout the country for a 
draft. There was much opposition to the measure manifested, and the public mind became excited. On tile day 
when the draft was to commence in the city of New York [July l.S, 186S], a fearful riot broke out there, which continued 
about three days. The rioters were chiefly of foreign birth, and their violence was mainly directed against the nejrro 
population, and persons supposed to be their friends. A colored orphan asylum was burned, and several colored peojile 
were murdered. Many lives were lost during the riot, and a vast amount of property was destroyed. 

2. Verse 43, page 370. 

.S. Three corps crossed the river at Kelley's Ford, above Fredericksburg, on the 28th of April ; and on the Bame day, 
three other corps crossed four miles below Fredericksburg. 

Questions.— 46. What remarks have you to make about the aspect of affairs at the close of 1862? 47. How did the 
Cuiifederatesact, and what did President Lincoln do? What was thought of his Emancipation Proclamation! 48. What 
have you to say about the military movements in 1363? What can you tell about the Army of the rotomac, and the 
battle' of Chancellorsville ? 



872 THE NATION. 



Lee's second invasion of Maryland. Battle of G-ettysbui-g. The armies in Virginia. 



an attack on tlie National troops by about forty thousand Confederates, 
under "Stonewall Jackson." General Lee was in chief command. The 
Union troops were disastrously defeated. Hooker renewed the fight by a 
night attack [May 3], when the Nationals recovered all they had lost ; but 
on the 4th, they were so hard pressed that tliey were compelled to retire. 
The battle was indecisive. The National army fell back to the left bank' 
of the Rappahannock on the 5th. The losses on both sides had been fear- 
ful. "Stonewall Jackson" was killed. 

49. Early in June, Lee advanced in full force to the Potomac, and in- 
vaded Maryland at the middle of the month.'' Hooker followed on his 
right flank to cover "Washington and Baltimore; and on the 28th of June 
he was relieved, and was succeeded in command by General George G. 
Meade. Lee pushed on rapidly into Pennsylvania, spreading the greatest 
consternation before him; and at Gettysburg^ he and Meade struggled 
desperately for the mastery from the 1st to the 3d of July. The conflict 
began in the morning of the 1st, between tlie Nationals under General 
Reynolds, and the Confederates under General Hill. In this engagement, 
Reynolds was slain. Other troops on both sides became engaged, and the 
contest raged until four o'clock in the afternoon, when the advantage was 
with the Confederates. The battle was renewed on the 2d, at half-past 
four p. M., and continued until ten in the evening. It was furious. The 
Nationals held the field. They renewed the fight at half-past four in the 
morning, and it raged with fury for about twelve hours, when the Confed- 
erates were vanquished and routed, after terrible losses. This -"vas one of 
the most severe and important battles of the war.* 

50. Lee and his army retired slowly across the Potomac and through 
Virginia, to a good position beyond the Rappahannock, and were followed 
closely but cautiously by Meade and the Army of the Potomac. By the 
middle of August both armies were beyond the Rappahannock, and there 
they lay, confronting each other, for a long time. Lee made his position 
a strong one, and felt so confident of his suj)eriority, that in September he 

1. The " rifjlit" or "left'* bank of a stream is that to the right or left of the observer who, on its surface, is looiiing 
toward its mouth. 

2. On the loth of June, the President issued a prnrlamntion whirh announced the invasion, and called for 100.000 
militia tooiniose it, to serve six months, as follows: from Marvland, l(i,0(io ; Pennsvlvania, 50,0110; West Virginia, 10,000; 
Ohio, 30,0fi0. While Lee was advancinj;, (rreiit etforta were inade to stav his progress. Almost liis entire cavalrv force, 
under Oenernis Stuart and Fitzhush Lee, were f..uj.'ht near Beverlv's Ford of the Raiipahannock, on the ilth of June. Jt 
was one of the greatest cavalry conflicts of the war, and lasted ten hours. The National troops were commanded by 
Generals Buford and Gretrg. The Confederates were dispersed, and the advance of their great army was temporarily 
checked. A few days later 1 June 14], a heavy Confederate force drove General Milroy and his command Irom Winches- 
ter, in Virginia, and securing, as spoils, IK cannon, over 5.000 mtiskets, and a large quantit.v of antninnition and stores. 
Milrov conducted the retreat toward Harper's Ferry with skill and bravery, and saved his whole force, excepting 
about"l,800 men. 

3. The capital of Adama County, Pennsylvania. 

4. The loss of the National forces, during this invasion by the Confederates, was a little more than 53,000 men. That 
of the insurgents i» not known. It is believed to have been full MJ.OOO men. Almost 14,000 prisoners, with 3 cannon, 41 
standards, and over 'JS,OCO small-arms, fell into the Ijands of the Nationals. 



Qu«^sTioNR. — 49. fan you give an account of Lee*8 invasion of Maryland and Pennsvlvania, anil the battle of Gett.vs- 
burg! 50. What did Le'e and his army do after the battle of Gettysburg? What can you tell about the position of the 
two armies! What did General I.ee do t What was Meade compelled to do ? Give an account of the doing's of the tw.> 
armies in October, 1863. 



Lincoln's administration. 373 

Skirmishing in Virginia. Movements in Nortli Carolina and Virginia. Siege of Cliarleston. 

sent (ienei-iil Loiigstreot witli re-enforcements for Bragg,' then on the Ten- 
nossoe and Georgia border. Finally, on tiie 5tli of October, Lee boldly 
advanced northward, and compelled Meade to fall back to the line of 
Buir.s IJun.° He then destroyed the railway from Manassas Jnnction to 
the Kapid Anna' River, and established a strongly fortified camj) between 
that stream and Orange Ct)nrt-IIouse. During these manannres, from the 
8th to the 23d of October, there was heavy skirmishing; and on the 7th 
of Xovember, Generals John Sedgwick and W. IL French captured two 
thousand Confederates at Kelley's Ford. The Army of the Potomac then 
crossed the Rappahannock, and advanced upon the Confederate camp. 
After skirmishing heavily, the Nationals encami)ed, and fighting was sus- 
])ended for a long time. 

5L At the close of 1802, the National forces in North Carolina, under 
General J. G. Foster, were very active in the vicinity of the Neuse, Tar, 
and Roanoke Rivers. In Marcli and Ajiril following [1863], they struggled 
with Confederates under Hill and Pettigrew for the mastery of that region, 
and succeeded. At the same time, Longstreet, one of the best of Lee's 
generals, was trying to drive the Nationals from the vicinity of Norfolk.* 
lie failed; and at the close of the year, the latter held a firm grasp upon 
Eastern North Carolina and "S'irghna, from the Neuse northward to the 
Potomac. 

52. In the Department of the South, the principal operations M'erc near 
Charleston. Admiral Du Pont attacked Fort Sumter ^ on the 7th of 
April [1803], with his iron-clad fleet, but was repulsed. It was found 
necessary to have a co-operating land force. General Gillmore ® was ordered 
there for the purpose. He landed, with a competent force, on Morris 
Lsland, and at once commenced a siege of the works defending Charleston 
harbor. On the 23d of August, after a terrible b(mibardnient for seven 
days. Fort Sumter was reduced, it Avas reported, to a "shapeless and harm- 
less mass of ruins.'" Shells Avere afterward thrown into Charleston; and 
the army, with a fleet of iron-clads, continued the siege during the re- 
mainder of the war. 

53. In the Department of the Gulf, General N. P. Banks ^ was in com- 
mand at the close of 1862, with head-quarters at New Orleans. lie at 
once commenced operations in Louisiana, west of tlie Mississippi River; 

1. Verse 40, pncre 3G9. 2. Verse 14, pace 3S8. 

3. The name of this stream has l>eoii pcncrally written, durinj the war, Riijiidan, ami occasionally Rapid Ann. Its 
correct name is Rapid Anna. There are three streams in that portion ol' Virginia named .\nna, uaiiiely, North Anna, 
Sonth Anna, and Rapid Anna. 

4. Verse :«, page SfiS. .■>. Verse 4, pace ?,o^. 6. Verso .11, paje 364. 

7. Not iirecisely so. It was a "shapeless," bnt not a "harmless" mass of mini. A garrison was kept tliere dnrini; the 
remainder of the war, ami its jruns cave tho Nationals some hard hlows. Tlio city of Charleston was very much injnreJ 
by tho shells thn.wn into it by Gillmore. S. Verse 34, page 366. 



QtTKSTioxs.— 51. What canyon tell about military movements in North Carolina and in the vicinity of Norfolk • 
What was the position of the Nationals in that rejionat the close of ISRS? Can you give an account of the sieire of 
Charleston by the navy and army! 63. What can you tell about operations in the Department of the Gulf, under 



374 



THE NATION. 



Campaign in Louisiana. 



Movements asrainst Vicksbiif;;. 



Sherman in Arkansas. 



and between January and May lie swept vigorously across the wealthy 
country from New Orleans to Alexandria, on the Red River. He captured 
two thousand i)risoners, tweuty-two cannon, several steamboats, and a 
large amount of public property. Banks returned, went up the Missis- 
sippi, and invested Port Hudson, above Baton Rouge, on the 27th of May. 
Assisted by gunboats under Admiral Farragut, he captured tliat i)ost on 
the Stli of July, with over five thousand prisoners, thirty-one cannon, two 
steamboats, and a large quantity of small-arms, ammunition, and stores. 
He soon afterward sent an expedition by water to Texas ; and at the close 
of the year [1803], the National troops occupied the line of the Rio Grande, 
from its mouth to Brownsville,' opposite Matamoras. 

54. General Grant,'' was in connnand of the Department of Tennessee, 
at the close of 1802, and his chief business was the opening of tlie Missis- 
sippi River. Vicksbui-g, the strongest Confederate i)ost on tliat river, 
-was considered impregnable by them. Grant commenced movements for 
its capture, by the destruction of its railway communications. Slierman, 
as we have seen,' unsuccessfully attacked its outworks at the close of De- 
cember, 1802, when he crossed tlie Mississippi, went up the Arkansas 
River, and, with Admiral Porter, captured [January, 1803] Arkansas Post, 
with five thousand prisoners, seventeen cannon, and a large quantity of 
small-arms and ammunition. Tliis was a severe blow for the insurgents. 

55. Grant now took the immediate connnand of the Army of the Missis- 

sippi, in co-operation witli tlie fleet of 
Admiral Porter. He first attempted to- 
cut a new and straight channel for the 
Mississippi, across a neck, which might 
leave Vicksburg inland. He failed. 
Other attempts to pass around the city 
also failed. He then moved his array 
down tlie west side of the Mississippi, 
wliile Porter boldly ran by A^icksburg 
with his fleet, and met Farragut, who 
liad passed Port Hudson, coming up. 
On the 1 4th of April, the army recrossed 
the Mississippi, defeated the Confeder- 
ates in two battles, not far from Port 
Gibson, and pushed on rapidly to tlie 
rear of Vicksburg. 




ADMIRAL POUTER. 



1. This plnrp was m iiaiiipd in honor of M.ijor Brown, who built a fort there, ami lost his life in its defense, nt the 
beginnini; of the war with Mexico. See verse 9, page :i-.'.'l. 

2. Verse 26, page 352. 3- Verse 44, page 370. 



QlTBSTiONS.— .M. Can you give an account of General 
Sherman do? 55. Can j'ou give an accouut of Oram's 
What did his army do in April, 18ti:)« 



nd his first ... 

nta against Vicksburg, 



lents against Vicksburg! What did 
mection with a naval force! 



Lincoln's ADMEsrisTRATioisr. 375 



Siege and capture of Vicksburg. Movements in Tennessee. Buttle of Chickamauga, 

56. After a series of brilliant and successful battles,' Grant, late in May 
[18(58j, invested Vicksburi^, where General Peniberton was in chief com- 
mand. A severe struggle ensued, for General Joseph E. Jolmstou was in 
his rear with a strong Confederate force. Vicksburg at length yielded to 
starvation and the force of arms. On the 4th of July it was surrendered, 
with over thirty thousand prisoners," and arms and munitions of war for 
an army of sixty thousand men ; also steamboats, cotton, and other jjrop- 
erty of immense A^alue. Besides the prisoners, the Confederates lost ten 
thousand killed and wounded.^ The tall of Port Hudson followed" [July 
8J, and the Mississippi was speedily opened to commerce. These victories, 
coincident with that at Gettysburg,^ produced the liveliest joy among the 
loyal ])eople of the Republic. Tlie rebellion had received a crushing 
blow. 

57. The capture of A'icksburg, and other successes in the vicinity, en- 
abled Grant to send troops to the aid of General Steele, in Arkansas, and 
General Banks, in Louisiana. General J. B. McPherson was placed in 
command at A'icksburg ; and, on the 19th of October [1803], Grant was 
called to the command of the Army of the Cumberland, in place of Rose- 
crans, who had steadily pursued the Confederates southward, after the 
severe battle of Murfreesboro, at the close of 1802." After that conflict, 
the Confederates were very active in efforts to destroy Rosecrans's commu- 
nications with the North, and he was compelled to be very cautious. He 
remained quiet, but not inactive, nntii the following summer, when he 
moved forward [June 25, 1803] vigorously, drove the Confederates, under 
General Bragg, from their strong position on the Duck River, and, by a 
series of heavy blows, compelled them to abandon Middle Tennessee, cross 
the Cumberland Mountains, and take position at Chattanooga, on the Ten- 
nessee River, which they strongly fortified. 

58. Rosecrans followed Bragg over tlie Cumberland Mountains at the 
middle of August, and, by a flank movement, compelled him to march on 
in the direction of Georgia. Some of the National troops took possession 
of Chattanooga, while the remainder ])ressed forward through the passes 
of the great Lookout and Missionary Mountains, to flank the Confederates. 
Longstreet and his corps, from Lee's army,' now re-enforced Bragg, who 

1. Battle of Raymond, May 12 , of Jackson, Jlay 14 : of Champion Hills, May 16 ; and of Big Black River bridge, Mav 
17. In order to tacilitate Grant's movements and' keep re-enforcements and supplies from Johnston in his rear, a consid- 
ai»le force of cavalry, under Colonel (afterward general) Grierson, was sent to cut the railway commtmications in Mississippi. 
This was effectually done. Grierson left La Grange, in Southwestern Tennessee, and after making a wide circuit, with 
destructive effect, lie reached Baton Douge, Louisiana, on the 2d of May. 

•J. These were paroled, when the Confederate government, in violation of the principles of honor and the usasfes of 
war, it is said, placed most of them in their armies again. After that, the Nationals refused to parole any prisoners 
whom they could hold. They were sent to appointed stations in the Free-labor States, for coniinement until exchanged. 

3. Grant's loss in the several battles from Fort Gibson to tlie capture of Vicksburg, in killed, wounded, and missing, 
did not exceed lO.OdO men. 4. Verse 63, page 373. 

5. Verse 49, page 3T2. 6. Verse 44, page 370. 7. Verse 60, page 372. 

QlTESTlONS. — 56. What have you to say about a series of battles, find the siege of Vicksburg! What about its sur- 
render, and that of Port Hudson, and the victory at Gettysburg ! 57. What was Grant enabled to do after the cant;:re 
of Vicksburgi What special service was he called to ! What did the Confe lerates attempt t.> do « What did Rose- 
crans do! 58. Can you giveau account of Rosecrans's pursuit of Bragg, and the battle of Chickamauga I 



376 THE NATION. 



Battle of Chattanooga. Sie^o of Knosville. Movements in Missouri and Arkansas. 

turned [September 19] suddenly and furiously upon liis pursuer. They 
fought until night. Tlie Confederates renewed the battle fiercely in the 
morning. The conflict was terrible, and disastrous to both parties.' The 
National troops were compelled to fall back to Cliattanooga, and seek 
safety behind the fortifications there. This is known as the battle of 
Chickainauga. 

59. Rosecrans was in a perilous position. Grant hastened to his relief 
with re-enforcenieuts, and, at the close of October, the Confederates were 
driven from Lookout Mountain and Valley, and communication with Chat- 
tanooga was restored. Supjilies were now moved rapidly to that point. 
Late in November, General W. T. Sherman, in command of the Depart- 
ment of Tennessee, joined Grant, who attacked the Confederates on the 
23d. Then commenced that remarkable and fierce conflict known as the 
battle of Chattanooga. It continued until the 25th, when the Confeder- 
ates were completely routed and driven into Georgia. Both parties lost 
heavily.^ 

60. The virjtory at Chattanooga gave immense advantages to the National 
cause. Tlie key to the military resources of Alabama and Georgia was 
thus placed in tlie hands of the patriots. At the same time, Burnside was 
struggling for tlie possession of East Tennessee, and the railway communi- 
cations with Riclnnnnd in that direction. He was besieged at Knoxville 
[November 29] by Longstreet, who went up from Bragg's broken army, 
for the pur])ose of driving him out of that region. Grant sent troops, 
under Sherman, to relieve him. Longstreet fled eastward, and finally 
made his way back to Lee's army in Virginia. 

61. In the Department of Missouiu there was much activity during 18G3. 
No considerable battle occurred therein, but there Avere many skirmishes, 
and tlie guerrillas were very active. The Nationals were generally suc- 
cessful. Early in January, five thousand Confederates under Marinaduke 
attacked Springfield, in Missoui'i [January 7], and were repulsed, on the 
following day, by six hundred Union troops under General Brown, who 
lost an arm during the engagement. On the 4th of July following, fifteen 
thousand Confederates, under Holmes, Price, and Marmaduke, attacked 
the National forces under General Prentiss, near Helena, in Arkansas, and 
were repulsed with severe loss. General Smith took Fort Smith from 
them, on the 1st of September; and on the 10th of the same month, Gen- 

1. The loss of the Nntionals in llie buttles of Senleniher 19tll and •iOtli, was 1B,351 men, 36 rnnnon, over 8,000 small 
arms, ami a large amount of munitions of war. The Confederates lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, arinrdir» to 
their own staten'ients, about 'iO.lKHl. Of these, 2,000 were iirieoners in the hands of Rosecrans. This conllict occurred on 
the Chickamauga Creek, and is known as the battle of Chickannuiga. 

2. The National loss, in killed, wnnnded,and missing, was ahout 4,000 men. The Confederate loss is not known. Over 
6,000 prisoners, besides the wounded, 4*2 cannon, about 6,t'00 small-arms, and a large supply-train fell into the hands of 
the Nationals. 

Questions. — 50. What was the position of Rosecrans? What did Grant do? Can von tell about re-enfnrcements, and 
the battleof Chattanooga! BO. What did the victory at Chattanooga do for the National cause? What can y.m tell 
about the siege of Knoxville! Bl. What can you tell ahout the state of affairs in the Department of Missouri! What 
can you tell of events at Springtield, in Missouri, and Helena and Little Rock, iu Arkansas! 



Lincoln's administration. 377 

Morgan's great raid. Progress of the National arms. The Navy and its doings. 

eral Steele, with a Union force, captured Little Rock, the capital of Arkan- 
sas. The power of the insurgents was now completely broken in that 
State. 

G2. At the time of Lee's invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania [June, 
18(kJ], a large guerrilla' band, under General Morgan,'' a famous leader, 
composed of about three thousand cavalry, Avith six cannon, crossed the 
Ohio Itiver into Indiana, and moved rajjidly eastward, plundering as they 
went. Their intention, doubtless, was to cross into Western Virginia, 
and join Lee in Pennsylvania. They were foiled by the valor of home 
troops, wlio killed or captured almost the entire band of invaders. Mor- 
gan, with a remnant of eight hundred, surrendered to General Shackle- 
ford, in Morgan County, Ohio, on the 26th of July. 

C3. The National army had inaSe large progress at the close of 18G3. 
Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, a large portion of Louisiana, 
^lississippi, and Florida, the Rio Grande frontier of Texas, and the con- 
trol of tlie Mississippi River, had been wrested from the Confederates. 
Some of these districts were great food-producing regions, which made 
their loss to the insurgents very serious. The friends of tlie Government 
had cause for joy and firm hope.' 

G4. The National navy, divided into six sciuadrons,* and employed in the 
blockading service and in co-operation with armies, was very active and 
successful during the year, on the coasts and on the rivers inland. Those 
in the coast service were chiefly employed in blockading Confederate 
ports, and in co-operation with land forces in attacking harbor defenses. 
We have already alluded to the unsuccessful attack on Sumter. On the 
iTth of June, the WeehmcJcen captured the Confederate "rain" Atlanta, 
on the Georgia coast; and in July, several of the iron-clad steamers joined 
Gillmore's land forces in an attack on the defenses of Charleston, and lay 
tliere, for that purpose, a whole year or more. In the mean time, the 
scjuadrons under Farragut and Porter were doing noble service on the 
Mississippi and its tributaries.^ 

65. The Thirty-seventli Congress closed its last session on the 4th of 



1. Note 40, page SOS. 2. N.ite 5, |ia?e 36S. 

3. The Secretary of War, in his report in December, 1S63, said : " The success of our armies during the lust year has 
enabled the Department to make a reduction of over $iOU,U(lU,UU0 in tlie war estinuites for the ensuing fiscal year." 

4. The whole number of vessels owned by the government, at the close of 1^63, was oS3, carrying about 4,500 guns, 
and about 26,000 seamen. Of these vessels, 334 were in actual service, of which number 75 were iron-clad steamers. Of 
these steamers, 4B were engaged in the coast service, and *2i* <'n the rivers in the interior. The squadrons were geoprapbi- 
cally designated, as follows: Potomac Flolilla, North Atlantic Squadron, South Atlantic Squadron, Eastern Gulf Sqnad- 
ron.'West'ern Gulf Squadron, Mississippi Flotilla, West India Squadron, East India Squadron, Mediterranean Squadron, 
Pacific Squadron; besides half a dozen vessels on special service, and about as man v en«'agerl in miscellaneous duties. 
There were onlv six vessels on foreign stations ; the remainder were eni'a"ed in home service. 

5. The Missis'sippi flolilla, at the close of Ihe vear, numbered over a bundred vessels, carrving 462 cannon, and about 
5,300 men. The blockading service was peifornicd with great vigilance, generallv. The number of ves^^els captured, 
from the beginning of Ibe war until November, lSi;3, was 1,045. These were chietiy fitted out in Englaml or h<r c(.lo- 
nies, for the purpose of running the blocUncie. The four principal coast squadron's captured over three hundred prizes 
during 186:!, about one-third of which were steamers. 



QfKsTinNS.— B'J. Can von give an account of Morgan's great raid ? 6;. What had the National arinv accomplished 
luring the year 1863 J 64. What cau you tell about the navy ! What did naval vessels do on tlie Southern coasts ! 



878 THE NATION. 



Colored troops and Conscription Law. Riots in New York. Condition of the Army and Navy. 

March, 1863. It had placed the entire resources of the country in tiie 
hands of the President, and adopted measures for the increase and effi- 
ciency of the army. All distinctions between res^ular and volunteer troops 
were removed. Arrangements were made for tlie organization of colored 
troops;' and, on the 3d of March [1803], a Conscription Act became law.^ 
The President at once summoned [March 10] all enlisted or drafted troops 
to their places in the field or camp; and, early in May, he called for 
a draft of 300,000 men. Violent opposition Avas excited against the 
measure; and, on the day when the draft was to commence in New York 
city, a great riot broke out there, and lasted three days. Many lives and 
much property were sacrificed.' Tlie Government, sustained bj" every 
right-minded citizen, went steadily on in its duty. The draft was enforced 
in twelve States. Fifty thousand men were added to the army by it, and 
ten and a half millions of dollars to the Treasury,* by the first of Decem- 
ber, 18(33. 

TnE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. [lSfi4.] 

66. The National armies were strong, cheerful, and well-appointed, at 
the opening of the year 1804, and the money affairs of the nation were in 
a healthful condition.^ The patriotic war-spirit of the people was increas- 
ing ; and there were many indications to inspire confidence that the great 
insurrection would be subdued before the close of the year. On the 1st of 
February, the President ordered preparations for a draft for three hundred 
thousand men; and, on the 15th of March, he called for two hundred thou- 
sand volunteers, to serve in the army and navy. At about the same time, 
the National troops everywhere were ready to begin the campaign, and it 
had been arranged for the Army of the Potomac once more to attempt the 
capture of the capital of the conspirators. Preparatory to such a movement, 
General W. W. Averill, with cavalry, struck [January 16, 186-4] the Vir- 

1. At the close of the year 1863, there were nbont 60,000 rolored troops regularly mustered into the armies of the Re- 
public. 'I'he Eiiuincipation Proclamation [verse 47, page 371] had caused inunense numbers of slaves to Hock into the 
lines of the National army, and measures were taken to give them entploymenl as soldiers or lnb<irers. Aleasures were 
also taken for their instruction and moral discipline. The results were wotiderfiil. L:iru:e communities of these freed- 
nien and their families, in different parts of tlie Soulliem Statt- b held by the National anna, were organized, wliere might 
be seen promises of tlie most radical imiirovement in the condition of their race. They made excellent soldiers, and 
during the war nearly 200,000 of them were enrolled as such. 

2. A compulsory enrollment of individuals for military and naval service. From these a certain number are chosen 
by lot for service in the field. This is performed by pl.icing the name of each man enrolled on a card, and putting 
these into a revolving cylinder. The reijuired number of names are drawn out by a person with his eyes bandaged. 
This is connnonly called a dra/t, and cannot but be impartial. See Note I, page .3*1. 

3. About 100 lives, and property valued at $2,000,0011, were destroyed. See Note I. page 371. 

4. Tliere was a jirovision in the Conscription Act, that any drafted person migljt be e.xempted from duty, by paying 
three hundred dollars. A large number of the drafted men availed themselves of this privilege. 

5. The National debt, at the close of Isf.3, amounted to about 1,400 millions of dollars. This was due chiefly to the 
citizens of the United States who lield government bomls or circulating Treasury notes, familiarly known as "green 
backs," because on the backs of the bills there were figures and devices jirinted in green ink. Congress had levied taxes 
and impost duties sulHcientto forma safe jo-omise of redemiiliim, and the people had the fullest confidence in the ability 
of the government to meet all demands that might be made upon it. Oa the 1st of September. ISlH, the exact amount 
of the public .ielit was $l,87.S,5a5,23:i, of which $.il!l,l 1 l.'.'il7 bore no interest. The actml amount of the interest,a year, 
of the debt, at the above date, was $77,795,000. The amoimt of fractional currencv in circulation w.as |24,49O,0O0. 



QuKSTlONs.— 65. What did Congress do! What have you to sav about the Conscription Act? WTiat occurred in the 
Citv of New Yorli! What was the effect of the draft? 66. What have vou to say about the Nalinnal armies and 
finances, and the snirit of the per.ple at the beginning of IS64? What did the President order ? What, can you say 
about the National troops, and the exploit of (ieneral Averill in Virginia? 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 879 



Sherman's invasion of Mississippi Seymour's invasion of Florida. Campaign in Louisiana. 

ginia and Tennessee railway, at Salem, westward of Lynchburg, and 
destroyed tit'teen miles of the track between Lee and Longstreet.' 

67. On the 3d of February, General Sherman '^ left Vicksburg, with a 
heavy column, and made a most destructive invasion of the country east- 
ward, almost to the borders of Alabama. In the-space ot twenty-four days 
lie marched four hundred miles, and destroyed an iinihense amount of 
property of every kind, useful to the Confederates, and liberated about ten 
thousand slaves, six thousand of whom accompanied the army back to 
Vicksburg. On the Stli of February [18(U], General T. Seymour left Port 
Eoyal, South Carolina, at tbe head of an expedition to invade Florida. 
Toward the middle of t'.ie month, be fouglit and defeated the Confederates 
at Jacksonville, and tben pushed on, with about five thousand men, to 
Olustee, on the Florida Central liailway, where he was met by a heavy 
force of insurgents [February 20], and was thoroughly defeated. lie re- 
treated in good order to Jacksonville, and abandoned the enterprise. 

68. On the 10th of March, General A. J. Smith left Vicksburg, with a 
considerable body or troops, and, with the fleet of Admiral Porter, went 
up the Red River. On the 13th, he captured Fort de Russey from the 
Confederates under General Dick Taylor. This opened the way to Alexan- 
dria, and the invaders puslied forward to that place [March 15, 18()4|. 
There they were joined by General Banks, with a heavy column from New 
Orleans, and the fleet and a portion of Smith's army advanced toward 
Shreveport, a town on the Red river, in Western Louisiana, near the bor- 
ders of Texas. The Nationals were met at Cane River on the 2Gth, where 
they fought and defeated the Confederates who opposed them. Onward the 
National troops moved, and on the 8th of April they were again met, at 
Pleasant Hill, by a large Confederate force. In the battle that ensued, the 
Nationals were defeated ; but they retrieved their fortunes the next day 
by winning a substantial victory over their conquerors of the day before. 
The patriots now fell back to Alexandria; and Banks directed Porter, who 
had gone on toward Shreveport, to return, as he could aftord him no sup- 
port. . The task was difficult. The Confederates swarmed on the banks of 
the narrow stream. The water was rapidly falling ; and when Porter ap- 
proached Alexandria, it was too shallow to alhnv his vessels to pass the 
rapids near there. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey, of 
Wisconsin, the river was dammed up, and, by a process well known to lum- 
bermen, the fleet was passed in safety on the 11th of May. The army and 
navy then hastened to the Mississippi River. 

69. The National forces met with misfortunes elsewhere. General Steele, 

1. Verse 60, page 376. 2. Verse 59, pnge 376. 



QimSTloxs.— 67. Can von give an account of Sherman's invasion of Mississippi! What can you lell about General 
Seymour's invasion of Fforiiial 6.S. Can you give iin account ol' a land and naval expedition up the Red River ? What 
occurred after they left Alexandria! Give an account of the short campaign there, under General Banks, and its 
result. 



880 



THE NATION. 



Forrest's raids in Kentucky ami Tennessee. 



Army of the Potomac and General Grant. 



who wfvs in Arkansas, attempted to co-operate Avith the Retl Riverexpedi- 
tion. When lie heard of its retreat, lie fell back toward Little. Rock,* 
continually annoyed by attacking Confederates on the way, who captured 
two thousand of his men, and a train of two hundred wagons. In March, 
the Confederate General Forrest, one of the most noted and energetic of 
their cavalry officers, with several thousand men, made a raid into Tennes- 
see and Kentucky. lie captured Union City, Tennessee, on the 2-l:th, and, 
on the following day, five thousand of his troops nearly destroyed Paducah, 
on the Oliio River. On the 12th of April, they captured Fort Pillow, on 
the Mississippi, and committed dreadful atrocities there upon the colored 
troops, with the expectation that it would terrify the negroes and keep 
them out of the Union army. It had a contrary etfect. 

70. The grand Army of the Potomac, in the mean time, being in line 
condition and excellent spirits, had fully prei)ared for the campaign, under 

the immediate command of General Meade ;'' 
and three Western armies, concentrated un- 
der General Sherman,^ were equally ready. 
In February, Grant, whose extraordinary 
services were recognized by the Nation, 
was made a lieutenant-general,^ and he be- 
came general-in-ehief of tlie armies of the 
Republic. He entered upon the duties of 
his office with vigor, and, on the morning 
of the 3d of May, he issued orders " for 
the Potomac and the Western armies, sev- 
eral hundred miles distant from each other, 
to move forward upon the principal forces 
of the Confederates, then in Virginia and 
Georgia. 

71. Grant made his head-quarters in the field, with the Army of the 
Potomac, which, on the issuing of his order for an advance, immediately 
crossed the Rapid Anna,'' and moved toward Richmond on the right flank 
of General Lee, who was behind strong intrenchments in Orange county, 
Virginia. This movement compelled Lee to leave his works ; and, in the 




LIEIITKNANT-GKNF.RAL GKANT. 



1. Vtrse 61, pa^e 376. 

3. Verse 67. pajje 379. 

4. This milk in the army, wliirli lill bejn conferre.l only 
by that officer's retirement from llie service. It was now f 
bad been of the greatest importance. 

5. These orders were sent bv tlie magnetic teleffrapll, which was a most wonderful instrnm 
this war. Purinj the year 186:!, over 1,7(KI miles "f land and submarine telegraph were coiisti 
of the military authorities; and at least S.IHID dispatches each day were sent and received over 
the veiir. Tliese messages varied iu length from 10 to l.OUU word's and upward. 

6." Note 3, page 373. 



•J. Verse 4!), page 37:.'. 

General Scott [verse 1?, page 3201, had been e.xtinguisl)ed 
ed, with special reference to General Grant, whose services 

iitality in tlie conduct of 
ided under the direction 
.he military lines, during 



QoKSTloNs. — 69. What can vou tell about misfortunes happening to the National forces in Arkansas ? Give ai 
of Forrest's raid into Tennessee and Kentucky. 70. What can von tell about great armies preparing for ii ca 
What have you to say about General Grant, and his orders '. 71. What can yon tell about the movements of tin 
at of the doings oi the Natiouul and Confederate armies after' leaving the Rapid Anna. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 381 



Grant's movement on Kichmoml. Butler on tho Appomattox and James. Siesce of liiuhmtiDd. 

Wilderness,' not far from the Chancellorsville battle-ground/ the two great 
armies, numbering together not less, probably, than two luindi-ed and fifty 
thousand men, fought a severe battle on the 5th. Longstreet's corps^ 
had reached and strengthened Lee. For three days the combatants fiercely 
contended for the mastery, Avhen the Confederates withdrew [May 7, 1804] 
in the direction of Ricinnond. Near Spottsylvania Court-IIouse heavy 
battles were fought ; and, at the end of six days of conflict, the Nationals 
had gained decided advantages.'' 

72. Grant gave Lee no rest, day nor night. By furious attacks and 
flank movements, he compelled him to leave one strong positit)n after an- 
other, and fall back so as to cover Richmond. At the beginning of June, 
he had been driven to the military defenses of that city. In tlie meantime, 
a large force, under General Butler, had gone np from Fortress Monroe and 
seized and fortified a strong position ^ near the mouth of the Appomattox 
river, on the south side of the James, by which he held in check re-enforce- 
ments under Beauregard," then hastening from the Caroliuas to the army 
under Lee. This was to aid a movement already planned for placing the 
Army of the Potomac on the south side of the James River. This jdan 
was successfully executed at the middle of June, and j'laced Grant in an 
advantageous position before Petersburg, a strongly intrenched town on 
the Appomattox River, twenty miles south of Richmond, and comnumding, 
in tl degree, the railway communication with North Carolina by way of 
Weldon. Lee perceived the peril in which his army and the Confederate 
capital were placed by this movement, and he crossed the James River with 
the bulk of his forces, and took a position on the smith side of the Appo- 
mattox River, to defend Petersburg and its important railway communica- 
tions. Grant at once commenced a siege. He sentout cavalry expeditions 
in various directions to cut the railway communications with Lee's army 
and Richmond, and by this means both Avere placed in a position of immi- 
nent peril early in July.' 

73, "While the Army of tlie Potomac Avas achieving these successes, that 

1. Verse 4S, page 371. This is a broken, sterile tract of cmintrv in Rpnttsylranin County, Virginia, about fifteen miles 
in extent, commencing not far from tlie south bank of the Uaiiid Anna. ' It is intersecteii by gullies anil dotted with 
swamps. It is covered by a thick growth of stunted pines, dwarf oaks, and underbrush, deuse and almost impenetrable. 
Only rough paths go through it, and it is almost impassable after a rain. 

2. Verse 48, page 3" I, This was the site of a tavern on the eastern edge of the Wilderness. 

3. Verse 60, page 376. 

4. At that time. Grant sent the following dispatch to the Secretary of War: " We have now ended the sixth day of 
very heavy fighting. The result to this time is vei y much in bur favor. Our losses have been heavy, as well as those of 
the enemy. I think the loss of the enemy must be greater. We have taken over 5,000 prisoners in battle, while he has 
taken from us few except stragglers. I propose to fitrht it out on this line, if it takes all summer.'' 

5. Bermuda Uundred. This place might be effectually covered by gunboats in the James and Appomattox rivers. 

6. Verse 14, page 35S. 

7. A force under General David Hunter capturecl Staunton, and then proceeded to cut the Virginia and Tennessee 
railway eastward of Lynchburg. Another force, under Ceneral J. II. Wilson, destroyed many miles of the Richmomi 
and Danville raihvav : and another, under General Philip H. Sheridan, destroyed a portion of the railway between 
Gordonsville and Richmond. The Weldon road was also severed (but not seriously), as well as the roail leading from 
Petersburg to Richmond. The James River was now in complete control of the Nationals, from its muulh to above the 
.Appomatox River. 

Ql-ESTIONS.— 7i>. What .lid Grant do after the battle at Spnttsvlvania Court-IIouse? What did General Rutler .lo ! 
What was his movement intended for, atid what did it nrcomplish ! Relate how Grant gained an advantageous position 
and what Lee was compelled to do. What did Grant then do, and what was the effect i 



382 THE NATION. 




Sherman's army in Northero Georgia. Siege of Atlanta. Privateers commissioned. 

in Northern Georgia, under Sherman, was equally victorious.* Sherman 

advanced from Chattanooga'^ at the beginning of May. The Confederates, 
mader J. E. Johnston,^ were then at Dalton, in 
Georgia. Steadily Sherman pressed forward, 
day after day, over a rugged mountain region, 
fought battle after battle, captured or passed 
round one stronghold after another (the Con- 
federates as steadily falling back), imtil the mid- 
dle of July, when lie had crossed the Chatta- 
lioochee river with his whole army, aud ad- 
vanced upon Atlanta, one of the most important 
military positions in the South. Near that 
strong post three heavy battles were fought 
[July 20, 22, and 28], in which the Confederates 
Gfsr.i:.\L SHERMAN. werc dcfcatcd with immense losses, when the 

National army closely invested the place.^ Cav- 
alry expeditions, in tlie meantime, had destroyed all the railway commu- 
nications with Atlanta.^ 

74. While the hearts of loyal men were joyful because of the success of 
the National arms, news came of the destruction, in the British Channel, 
of the jiirate-ship Alabama, which had, for almost two years, been the 
terror of American commerce. Two days after the President called for 
seventy-five thousand men to put down the insurrection,*^ the chief of the 
Confederates offered [April 17, 18G1] letters-of-marque ' to anybody who 
might choose to fit out a vessel to make war on the commerce of the Re- 
public on the high seas. The Confederates organized a navy department, 
and gave places to the officers who had deserted the National flag f but their 
means for tlie creation of a marine force were insignificant." So tliey 
looked to Europe for aid, and, in the greed of England for the "supremacy 
of the seas," they found a steadfast friend and helper. 

1. Sherman's force w.is composed of three armieH, namely, that of the Ten7H*ssee^ under General Mcrlierson ; of the 
Ohio, under General Thomas ; and of the Cumberland, under General Scholield. 

2. Verse 59, page 376. R. Verne 56, page 375. 

4. In the battle of the 2i?d, General McPherson, one of the ablest and most promising of the \ nnng olficers of the 
army, was killed. Two days before [July 'Al], Johnston had been relieved of the comnmnd of the Confederate army in 
Georgia, and was succeeded by General Hood. 

5. General Rousseau, a Kentuekian, with a cavalry force, swept down from Decatur, in Northern Alabama, almost to 
Montgomery, and then along the line of the railway between that city and Atlanta, destroying thirty-one miles of 
the track, many bridges, consuming station-houses and a vast amount of public property, capturing and paroling a 
large number of Confederate soldiers, and freeing many negroes. He arrived at Marrietta after a march of four hun- 
dred miles in the course of thirteen days. Already the railway between Atlanta and Augusta had been made useless to 
the Confederate army in Georgia: aiul at the beginning of August, a force under General Stoneman destroyed many 
miles of thn railway between Atlanta and Macon. 

6. Verse 5 page 354. 

7. Such is the European title of the commissions given to the commanders of private armed vessels, to capture or 
destroy the property of an enemy. 

8. A large number of the officers of the National navy, who were natives or residents of the Slave-labor States, de- 
serted their flag when the war broke out, and some resigned before. They all joined the Confederates, but found 
little to do in the way of their legitimate profession. 

9. S. R, Mallory, formerly a member of tlie National Senate, from Florida, was made Confederate "Secretary of the 
Navy." They bnilt a few iron-clad gunboats for the defense of their rivers, and "rams'" fur the protection of their 
harbors. Most of these jierislied. 

QuEffnoNs. — 73. Give an account of the doings of Sherman in Northern Georgia. What can you tell al)nut events of 
Atlanta! 74. What good news from the ocean was riecvied ! What can you tell about Confederate lettors-of-marque, 
und their Navy Department 1 What did they do, and what did they hud ! 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 883 



British Confederate Pirates. Destruction of the Alabaina. British neutrality illustrated. 

75. The first really formidablo vessel that the Coiifedenites jxit 
afloat as a ])rivatcer, or legalized pirate-sliip, was the S'l/nter (Captain 
Raphael Seiniiies), whose destructive career was ended at the close of 
1861.' Meanwliile, arranijenients were made by the Confederates with 
Laird, a member of the British Parliament, and a ship-builder, at Liverpool, 
to construct several powerful steamships for their use.^ The Oreto 
(afterward Florid d) was soon at sea, and, in September, 18G2, she ran the ' 
blockade at Mobile, under English colors. She went to sea again in De- 
cember, and made havoc among American merchantmen. She was never 
again in a Confederate port, but always found a welcome in British colonial 
harbors. The Floridd was finally captured by an xVmerican cruiser in a 
Brazilian port, brouglit to Hampton Roads, and soon afterward was sunk 
there, by accident. 

7(3. A powerful-built vessel, called the Alabama, was constructed by 
Laird, and was placed in command of Semmes, of the Sumter. She was 
essentially a British pirate-ship, with a Confederate commander and flag ;' 
and she fulfilled the expectations of the British sliipping interest, by fright- 
ening American commerce into British vessels, and giving them a monop- 
oly of the carrying-trade.'' She always avoided our National vessels sent 
after her. She was finally blockaded in the French port of Cherbourg, by 
the Kearsnrge, Captain Winslow. The French Government ordered the 
pirate to leave their waters. She went out on the 15th of .June [1864], 
met the Kearsnrge, and, after a short conflict, was sent to the bottom of 
the sea. Her commander and others were picked up by an English vessel 
in attendance, wliich carried them to England to save them from their con- 
queror.^ 

77. The joy produced by the sinking of the Alahama was succeeded by 
alarm, caused by a sudden invasion of Maryland, early in July, i)y way of 
the Slienandoah Valley, by about fifteen thousand Confederate soldiers,^ 

1. Slie wns blodindcd at OJihralt.ar, nnrt was finally sold. 

2. Laird went eagerly into the business for purposes of gain. He built pirate-ships for the Confederates at his yard, 
and advocated the Confederate cause in Parliament. He nianag:ed atlairs so adroitly, that he got his vessels to sea in 
spite of the vigilance of the Biilish Government, which found it necessary, at last, to" take some restraining action in the 
matter. 

3. She was built, armed, and furnished in England, and w.is almost wholly m-inned by T?ritish subjects, several of 
them from the Royal navy. She sailed out of Enirland under a British flag, ami was always welcomed into Britisji 
ports. And before she went into battle with the Kearsari/e, her commander, in a little speech to her officers and crew, 
repeated the words of Lord Nelson, '^England e.xpect3 every man to do his duty !" She was not nllnweil to carry her 
prizes into British ports, and so her commander generally plundered and burued them at sea. The .^/uiama captured 
and destroyed sixty-four American vessels. 

4. The estimated value of property destroyed by the Alahama was $10,000,000. It w.as also estimated that ner.rly 
two-thirds of the carrying-trad? enjoyed by citizens of the United States before the war. was transferred to British 
vessels. During 186;i, about 1,000 American ships were sold to foreign merchants, chiefly British. 

5. One of the Englisii aristocracy, n;inied Lancaster, was near tlie scene of action, in his yacht, the Dfrhound, evi- 
dently by previous arrangement with the pirate commander, to afford him any assistance' in his power. He took 
Semmes and other olficers, who were the legal prisoners to Winslow, on board his yacht, and carried them to F.nsland, 
out of harm's way. A public dinner was offered Semmes at Southampton; and'a British admiral (Anson) headed a 
list of subscribers to a fund to purchase an elegant sword, to be presenteii to the corsair! 

6. It was estimated that the whole nundier detached from Lee's army, for the great forage raid, was about 20,000, a 
fourth of whom remained in Virginia, at different points from the Potomac to Lynchburg. 

QuKsnoNS.— 7.1. What can von tell about the pirate-ship 5i(m«fr, and the building of others in Kn-land ! Whnt can 
you tell about the Orrfo or /7ariW« ? TH. Give .an account of the pirate-shin A)ahama.mi\ her capture. '.-. What 
alarming Intel liffi'nce succeeded the good news of the capture of the Alabama? Give an account of an invasion of Mary- 
land, and the expulsion of the invaders. 



S84 THE NATION. 



Early's invasion of Muryhiml. Destruction of Chaiubersburg. Sheridan in the Valley. 

under General Early, whose chief object seems to have been the seizure of 
supplies for the use of the army at Richmond. Tliey werelield in clieck on 
the Monocacy river, near Frederick, by General Wallace ,' and a few hastily- 
assembled troops (about one-third the number of the invaders), who fought 
them gallantly [July 9] for seven or eight hours, and saved Baltimore 
and Washington from capture or destruction. Overwhelming numbers 
caused Wallace to fall back. After tlireatening the two cities and securing 
a considerable amount of plunder,'^ including many horses, the Confed- 
erates fled across the Potomac, pursued by National troops, who struck 
them a severe blow [July 20J at Wincliester.' 

T8. Gathering force, the Confederates pushed the National troops back 
to the Potomac, and, at the close of July, some of the former crossed the 
river, swept through Northern Maryland into Pennsylvania, and burned 
[July 30, 1864,] the village of Chambersburg.* They soon fled back to 
A'irginia, closely pursued, but were strong enough to halt and gather food 
in the Shenandoah Yalley, which they sent olf to Richmond. Jn the 
meantime, heavy re-enforcements were sent by Grant to the opposers of 
tlic riaders, and all were placed under the command of General Sheridan,* 
wlio kept near the Potomac until the army before Petersl)urg liad achieved 
an important success, wlien he moved forward [September] to press the 
Confederates up the Slienandoah Valley back in their track toward Rich- 
mond. 

70. While Slieridan and his men were busied with the Confederates near 
the Upper Potomac, Grant, with the armies of the Potomac and the James," 
was engaged in very important movements below Richmond ; and during 
the months of July and August he gained substantial advantages, but not 
without heavy losses. He formed a mine under one of the strongest forts 
m the Confederate lines of defenses in front of Petersburg, and at dawn on 
the 00th of July it was exploded witli fearful eftect.'' The fort, witli about 



1. Verse 40, pngc 369. 

2. While the iniiin portion of the invaders were enprii^ert in plundering, a hody of horsemen under a rere;rade Mnrv- 
Innder, named Gilnior, swept through the countrv, spreiiding destruction, alarm, and confusion imiiini; the jienple. An 
old man, seventy-three vears of age, named Islimael Day, said to some of them who came to phnnter liis Ih)us<>, over 
which waved the' National tliig: "Gentlemen, you may burn my barn, and rob my house, but 1 will shoot the lirsl man 
who touches that flag." Two of Gilmor's raiiiers att'empted to tear it down. The old man mortally wounded one of 
them with the contents of a duck-gun, when the other fled. The old patriot escaped to the woods. A body of Gilmor's 
horsemen came up, turned Day's family out of doors, and burned his house and barn. 

3. The National troops were commanded by General Averill. He killed or wounded three hundred of the Confeder- 
ates made two hundreil prisoners, captured fo'ur cannon, and a large quantity of their plunder. 

4. The marauding force that destroved Chamberslinrg, a town of 6,U0O inhabitants, did not e.tceed, it is estimated. 400 
men. Thev were led bv General McCausland, who ncteil under the written instructions of his commander, General 
•Tubal Early. He demanded a bribe of $5nO,nilU to spare the village. It was not given, and ieO buildings were soon in 
flames. The loss to the citizens of Chamhershurg was estimated at »i.0no.00fl. 

.■>. Verse 90, page .'iNS. Sheridan's force consisted of the Sixth and Nineteenth Corps, a division under General Crook, 
a division of Torbett's cavalry, and four brigades of Hunter's cavalry. 

6. The forces under General Butler were called the Army of the James. , , „ ., , „ 

7 The construction of this mine was suggested bv Lieutenant-Colonel Pleasants, of the Forty-eighth Tennsylvanm 
regiment, and was performed bv his men, who were'mostlv coal-miners. He .xcavated a nearly horizontal shall about 
61)11 feet in length at the end of'which. Irt feet helniv the surface of the earth, and directly under the fort to he destroyed, 
a lar"-e chaiiiber was excavated. In this were four connected magazines, containing, in the aggregate, between hve and 
six tons of powder. These were ignited by means of a fuse. The explosion produced an immense crater. 

Qt'KSTiovM —78. Give an account of another Confeilcrate invasion of Maryland, and its destructive effects. Tell what 
was then done in the Shenandoah Valley. 79. What was Grant doing while Sheridan was busied in the Shenandoah 
Valley ! Give an account of a miae and its explosion. 



Lincoln's administration. 385 

Explosion of !i iiiim'. Seizure of the Weldon Road. Siege and capture of Atlanta. 

two hundred men, was destroyed. The explosion was followed by a vigor- 
ous assault. The assailants were repulsed with heavy loss, and the well- 
devised plan for breaking the Confederate lines and seizing Petersburg was 
foiled. 

80. Three weeks later, Grant secured a very important advantage by seiz- 
ing tlie "Weldon Railway below Petersburg. That road was of vital imjjort- 
ance to Lee's army, as tlie chief avenue through which he could receive 
supplies of men, munitions, and food, from tlie southern portions of the 
Confederacy, or hold military communication with it. As early as the mid- 
dle of August, Grant was aware that Lee had sent re-enforceinents to Early 
in the Shenandoah Valley, and he at once commenced strategic movements 
wliich were eminently successful. The Weldon Road was seized [August 
18], and every attempt (and they were desperate) made to retake it [Au- 
gust 19, 20, 21, and 25] was defeated. The road was destroyed a distance 
of twelve miles, and the National troops, strongly intrenched, held a firm 
grasp upon it. 

81. During the whole of August [18(3-1], Sherman closely besieged At- 
lanta,' making his liold upon the Confederate forces there firmer and closer 
every day, and continually diminishing their ability to escape or endure a 
long siege, while his ample guards kept his own communications free from 
any serious damage by the guerrilla parties^ and Confederate cavalry. At 
length, by a skillful flank movement, lie severed the Confederate army that 
opposed him, seized their only remaining railway communication between 
Atlanta and the surrounding country, and compelled llood^ to fly from that 
city [September 2], in despair, toward the heart of Georgia. " So Atlanta 
is ours, and fairly won," Sherman modestly wrote in his dispatch to his 
government. He announced one of the most important victories of the 
war, for, in connection with recent events near Mobile, it promised to the 
National arms the speedy control of the entire region of the Gulf States* 
from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, as well as of Georgia and South Car- 
olina. 

82. "While the two large National armies of Meade ^ and Sherman were 
struggling in close conflict witli the two large Confederate armies of Lee 
and Hood," the "Western Gulf Squadron,' under Admiral Farragut,* was per- 
forming brilliant exploits near Mobile, assisted by a land force under Gen- 
eral Gordon Granger. Early in the morning of the 5th of August [1864], 

1. Verse 73, page 381. 2. Verse 40^ pnge 368. .1 Note 4, page 382. 

4. The States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, namely, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. By tliis victory, the armed 
Confederates in the Southern States were driven into the narrow compass of the seaboard portion of Georgia antl South 
Carolina, the principal cities of wliich are Savannah and Charleston. 

5. It must be remembered that Meade remained the commander of the Artntj of the Potomac^ b\it under the immediate 
direction of Lieutenant-Geueral Grant, whose head-quarters, as we have observed, were with that aniiv. 

6. Note 4, page 'Hi. 7. Note 4, page 377. 8. Verse 32, page 365. 



Questions. — SO. How did Grant secure nn advantage over the Confederates » In what did the advantage consist! 
What can you tell about the attemnts to retalte the Weldon road t 81. What was Sherman doing through August! 
Give an account of the way in which Slierinau became possessed of Atlanta. How do vou estimate tlie victory! 
82. What have you to say about the struggling armies and the Western Gulf Squadron ! (^ive an account of the cap- 
ture of the Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay. 

17 



386 THE NATION. 



Capture of Forts below Mobile. Bright prospects. Thanksgiving dixy appdiiiud. 

the squadron sailed into Mobile Bay, past Forts Morgan and Gaines at its 
entrance. The vessels went in in pairs, lashed together,' and all passed the 
forts in safety excepting the " monitor" ^ Tecumse/i, which Avas sunk by a 
torpedo.^ A brief and furious engagement with tlie Confederate naval 
force then quickly ensued, and resulted in the capture of the formidable 
Confederate "ram"'' Tennessee, with the commanding admiral (Buchanan), 
and the seizure or dispersion of the rest of the fleet 

• 83. General Granger landed with troops on Dauphin Island, in the rear 
of Fort Gaines ; and on the 8th [August, 1864], that post, Avithits garrison, 
guns, and provisions for a year, was surrendered to Farragut. Fort Mor- 
gan, on Mobile Point, was next attacked. Farragut's vessels took position 
on both sides of the Point, and poured a terrific storm of shot and shell 
upon the doomed fortress,^ while the land troops assailed it in the rear. It 
was surrendered unconditionally, with its garrison, on the 23d of August, 
when the preliminary work for the capture of Mobile was accomplislied." 

84. The victories at Mobile and Atlanta, minor successes elsewhere, and 
the noble response given to the call of the President for more men to re-en- 
force the two great armies in the field,' and the equally efficient navy,* 
gave assurance, at the beginning of September, that tlie end of the Civil 
War and the return of peace were nigh.' Because of these triumphs and 
this hopeful aspect of affairs, the President issued a proclamation [Septem- 
tember 3, 1864], in wliich he requested the people to make a special recog- 
nition of Divine goodness, by offering tlianksgivings in their respective 
places of worship on the following Sunday, the 11th of September.'" The 
request was generally complied with by the loyal people of the country. 

85. The National armies were now holding the Confederate forces ev- 
erywhere with a tight grasp, and Avere closing in upon them with crush- 
ing force. While Sberman Avas resting his Avearied troops at Atlanta," and 

1. The Brooklyn, with the Oe.lanra, led the wav, followed by the Ilarlford (the Admiral's flag-ship), and the Xtta- 
comel as her consort. Tlie Admiral was lashed to the maintop of the Hartford, that he might overlook his whole fleet 
and not be thrown down by the shocks of battle; and by means of a speating-tube from bis perch to the derk, he gave 
his orders, 

2. The name of Ericsson's first iron-clad vessel [verse, 27, page 363] was given as the name of that class of vessels. 

3. A torpedo is a portable mine of gunpowder, placed under water in such a way that when a vessel conies in contact 
with it, the collision produces an explosion which destroys or jj.'eatly injures the vessel. 

4. Verse 27, page 363, and page 366. 

6. About 3,000 shells were thrown into the fort. 

6. The captured forts, at the entrance to the bay, were about thirty miles below Mribile. 

7. On the 18th of July, the President issued an order ior a draft for 500,000 men at the end of fifty days, should the 
number asked for not lie enrolled by volunteering before that time. About 200,000 were credited in conseijuence of 
enlistments in the navy and other causes, according to an act of Congress, and the number actually called for was re- 
duced to 300,000. A large proportion of this number had volunteered, or been supplied in the form of substitutes at the 
end of the fifty days. 

8. The operations of the navy, during the war, were of the highest importance. Its services have not been thor- 
oughly appreciated, because of its having acted merely as an auxiliary to the army. Its achievenients were won- 
derful, and it should receive equal credit with the army. 

9. On the 5th of September, the joyful news reached New York, that the pirate-ship Georgia, which had done much 
damage to American commerce, had been captured, off the port of Lisbon, Portugal, by the National steamship Xiaqara, 
and was on her way to the United States in charge of a prize crow. The Florida anil Tallaliassee were the only iii'rate- 
vessels known to be afloat at the beginning of September. Tlie latter was captured soon afterward. 

10. On the same day, the President issued orders for salutes of a hundred guns to he fired on the 5th and the 7tli at Wash- 
ington, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Haltimore, Newport (Kentucky), and St. Louis ; and at New Orleans, 
Mobile, Pensacola, Hilton Head, and Newbern, the dav after the receipt of the order. 

11. A'erse 73, page 381. 

QdBstions. — 83. AVhat can yon tell about the captures of the forts at the entrance ti Mobile Bav ! S4. What gavfl 
assurance that the end of the Civil War was nigh! What did the President request, ani what did the people do! 



Lincoln's administration. 887 

Sheridan victorious in the Valley. Hood goes to Tennessee. Sherman's march in Georgia. 

Grant was holding Lee fast neai* Richmond,' Sheridan, with a well-handled 
force, was giving the Confederates heavy hlows in the Shenandoah Valley.' 
He gained a great victory over General Jnbal Early, on the 19th of Septem- 
ber, a short distance from Winchester. After tliat, he held tiie valley nn- 
der almost absolute control, until he was ready to move forward and deal 
still more fatal blows upon Early's weakened and demoralized forces. 

8G. Hood ' and his Confederate army moved toward Tennessee late in 
September, for the purpose of destroying Sherman's communications with 
Chattanooga,^ and invading the State. The watchful Sherman was soon fol- 
lowing him in force ; and he gave Hood such heavy blows tliat he was com- 
pelled to flee toward Northern Alabama to escape others more fatal. 
There, beyond the present reach of Sherman, Hood prepared to invade Ten- 
nessee, and push on toward the Ohio river. 

87. Early in November, Sherman prepared for the march of his army at 
Atlanta toward the seaboard. He left General Thomas, with a considerable 
force, in Tennessee, to oppose Ilood, and hold him northward of the Ten- 
nessee river; and on the 14th of November, 
he abandoned Atlanta, cut loose from his 
base of supplies, and commenced a great 
march with the intention of subsisting his 
army on the products of the country he was 
invading. Threatening Macon and Augusta,* 
he moved forward through the heart of 
Georgia, captured Milledgeville [November 
29], the capital of the State, and, finally, on 
the 21st of December, he entered Savannah 
in triumph. The Confederates there, under 
General Hardee, crossed the Savannah River, genehal thomas. 

and fled toward Charleston. Hood, in tlie 

meantime, invaded Tennessee witli an army of about forty tliousand men. 
As he moved forward, Thomas fell slowly back toward Nashville. At 
Franklin, south of that city, a heavy battle Avas fought [November 30] be- 
tween the forces under Generals Sciiotield and Hood, when the latter, 
driving his antagonist back, besieged Nashville. On the 15th of Decem- 
ber, Thomas led his army out of the trenches, attacked the besiegers, and 
drove them southward with great loss of men and materials of war. 
Hood, hopelessly crippled, fled across the Tennessee river into Alabama. ° 

88. From the beginning of the w^ar, Wilmington, on the Cape Fear river,' 

1. Verse 72, page SSI. S. Verse 7S, pace 384. 3. Note 4, paqre 3H-J. 4. Verse 73, pn?c 3S1. 

5. These towns were important as depositories of munitions of war, but of little account in a military point of view. 

6. During his invasion, Hood lost one-third of his army, and nearly all of his cannon. 

7. Verse i', page 77. 

Questions. — 8.5. What were the National armies now doing? Give an account of Sheridan's operiitioiis in the Shen- 
andoah Valley. 8fi. What was Hooii doinjr meanwhile! What di.l Sherman do « What-diJ Uoo.l then prepare l. do ? 
87. What can you tell about the preparations for, and performiin.e of Sherman's gre.-vt march thr>jugh (Jeorgia ! What 
occurred in Tennessee, in the meantime, between Hood and Thomas ) 




388 THE NATION. 



Capture of Wilmington ami its defenses. Slierman's inarch in the Carolinas. The last battles. 

in North Carolina, liad been the principal port to which British violators 
of the blockade' resorted, and, carrying in supplies of arms and clothing to 
the Confederates, received cotton in return. The peculiarity of the coast 
and of the mouth of tlie river was such, that it was difficult to prevent 
blockade-running. It was finally resolved to capture the forts at the en- 
trance to the Cape Fear River, and stop the illegal traffic. Accordingly, at 
the middle of December [1804], a land force under Generel B. F. Butler,^ 
and a naval force under Admiral D. D. Porter,' were sent for the purpose. 
An unsuccessful attaclc on the Confederate works, by the combined force, 
was made ou Christmas Day; but, on the 15th of January [180.5], they 
were captured by land troops under General Terry, assisted hj the navy 
under Porter. Wilmington was captured by the National forces on the 21st 
of February following. 

89. In the meantime. General Sherman was making his way across South 
Carolina. General Foster, who was at Beaufort, in that State, co-operated 
with Sherman after his arrival at Savannah. The army of the latter en- 
tered South Carolina at the middle of January, and, witli great fatigue and 
difficulty, mart'hed through the overflowed swamps to the border of the 
Upper Country. It entered Columbia, the capital of the State, on the I7th 
of February, driving the Confederate troops, under Beauregard, further 
into the interior of the country. Thus flanked, the Confederates fled from 
Charleston ; and on the following day [February 18], colored troops marched 
in and took possession of that cradle of the Rebellion.'* Sherman pushed 
on toward North Carolina without much opposition, whilst Schofield, from 
Newbern, and Terry, from AVilraington, were co-operating with him. After 
some figliting,^ the three armies met at Goldsboro" [March 22], while Gen- 
eral J. E. Johnston, ' with the main army of the Confederates in that re- 
gion, was kept at bay at Raleigh, the capital of the State. 

90. Every military movement was now tending toward a common cen- 
ter, which was that of Lee's army before Richmond. Sheridan marched 
rapidly up the Shenandoah Valley with a large cavalry force, and, in the 
neighborhood of Charlottesville, he fell upon and almost annihilated Early's 
army,' at the beginning of March. He then swept over the country to- 

1. Verse 8, page 356. Large numbers of British vessels, many of them swift steamers, built for the purpose, 
ran into ports in the States in which rebellion existed, with valuable cargoes, for which they received great ])rices, 
receiving pay mostly in cotton. A great many of those vessels were captured, and it is believe'd that, notwithstanding 
the enormous profits made by these transactions, the captures were so numerous that a balance-sheet would show a loss 
to the violators of law. The British vessels furnished the insurgents an enormous supply of necessaries to carry on the war. 

•2. Verse 1 ^, page 359. 3. Verse 35, page 365. 4. Verse 4, i>ago 353. 

5. At Ayresboro, on the 16th of March, and at Bentonsvifle, on the Snth. These places wore in the line of march 
between Fayetteville and Ooldsboro, in North Carolina. Kilpatrick's cavalry, and that of Waiie Hampton, under their 
respective leaders, had some combats, in which the former was successful." Thesn were the last battles of the war. 
There was some severe skirmishing in Texas a little later. 

ti. ScJiotield's troops had a battle with the Confederates under Bragg, at Kinston, in North Carolina, and wei 
torious. 

7. Note 4, page 382. Beauregard superseded Hood in the command of the remnant of the Confederate Armv "f the 
Tennessiv, al^ter its expulsion by Thomas, and he, in turn, was superseded bv its old commander, who left it at Atlanti 

8. Verse 71, page 3S3. 

QuKSTioN.^.— 8S. What have you to say about Wilmington and blockade-running! Give an account of attempts 
capture Wilmington and its defenses. 89. What have you to tell about Sherman's march through South Carolinat^ 
Tell what you know about the effects of it on Charlesto'n, and wliat occurred ia that city. What can you tell of thaj 
joining of three armiea at Goldiboro t 



Lincoln's administration. 



389 



Lee's army threatened. Lee surrenders his army. End of the "Confederate Government." 




GENERAL SIIEKIDAN. 



■ward Lynchburg, destroying: the railway and canal communications with 

liiclimoiid. Moving swiftly around to the north of that city, he broke up 

the railway conununioations between Fred- 

oi'icksburg aiid Richmond, and, without 

much ojjposition, joined the Army of the 

James,' then under General Ord, toward 

tlie middle of March. 

91. Matters were now soon brought to a 
crisis at Petersburg and Richmond. For 
nine months Grant and Lee had confronted 
each other on the James and Appomattox 
Rivers.^ Ilostde movements were frequent, 
and sometimes resulted in battles which 
were almost always favorable to the Na- 
tionals. Now, finding his supplies cut off by Sheridan, Lee prepared to 
abandon Richmond, march into North Carolina, and join Johnston there. 
IJut the watchful Grant, wielding a strong force, would not permit him to 
do so. Sheridan had joined Grant ; and at the close of March [1865] the 
whole Army of the Potomac, with a part of that of the James, was in mo- 
tion. Battles ensued. After three days' hard fighting, during which time 
he lost more than twenty thousand men, Lee was compelled to abandon 
his works at Petersburg and Richmond, and fly westward, for National 
troops were across liis path to North Carolina. On the 9th of April he 
surrendered the remainder of his army to Grant. 

92. The death-blow of the Rebellion had now been given. The general- 
in-chief^ and the soldiers of the largest and best of the armies of the Con- 
federates were prisoners of war in the hands of the Nationals ; and the 
cajntal of the Confederacy was open to the victorious troops. At the head 
of a body of colored soldiers. General Godfrey Weitzel had entered that 
city, six days before Lee's surrender, while an awful conflagration of its 
business portion, kindled by the Confederates, was still raging.'' To him 
the mayor surrendered the city, and the Unionists there received him with 
joy. The Confederate "President," his "Cabinet,"' and the members of 
" Congress," had all fled, and with that flight the active power of the Re- 
bellion passed away forever. On the following day [April 4, 1865], Presi- 
dent Lincoln, who had been at Grant's head-quarters, at City Point, for 



1. Verse 79, pace 384. 'J. Verse 7i, page 381. .3. Robert Edmund Lee. 

4. When, at iiii(lni>;ht on the 2d of April, the Confederates fled, large store-honscs near the river were fired, by order 
of jolin C. Breckinridge, tlie Confederate "Secretary of War," and tlie wind blowing upon tlie town from the direction 
of the stores, set a large portion of it on fire. The corps of Weitzel was composed wholly of colored troops. It was the 
Twenty-fifth Army Corps. The portion who accompanied him were the first National troops that entered Richmond as 
victors. 

Questions. — 90. What now was the tendency of all niilit;iry movements ! Give an account of Sheridan's opernlions 
at this time, at Charlottesville and near Richmond. What have vou to sav about affairs near Petersburg and Rich- 
mond * What was Lee conijielled to do, and why! How was Lee prevented from escaping into North Carolii 



What was the result ? 

Richmond, and the condition < 

career i What did President Lincoln do ! 



camng into 
lint of the entrance of the National troops into 
to say about the heads of the "Confederacy," and of its 



390 



THE NATION. 



Assassination of President Lincoln. Inauguration of his successor. Perpetuity of the Government. 

several days, went up to Richmond, and, in tlie parlor of tlie fuj^itive head 
of the Confederacy, Jeft'erson Davis, he held a public reception of army offi- 
cers and citizens.' 

93. Tlie surrender of Lee's army gave assurance that tlie war was at 

an end ; and there was great joy 
everywhere. This joy was suddenly 
turned into mourning, when, on Sat- 
urday, the 15th of April, intelligence 
went over the land that, on tlie even- 
ing previous, the President had been 
assassinated in a public place, in 
Washington City,^ and that the Secre- 
tary of State (Mr. Seward) had been 
terribly wounded at his home, at the 
same time.' It was suspected that 
assassins had been hired by the so- 
called "Confederate Government," or 
its agents, to murder the President, 
the Vice-President, the Cabinet min- 
isters, General Grant, and other distin- 
guished men, with the hope and ex- 
pectation that in some way, in the 
midst of the confusion that might en- 
sue, their wicked cause miglit gain an 
advantage.* Their plan failed. Only 
the President was killed.^ In less 
than six hours after his death [April 
15, 1805], Andrew Johnson, the A^ice-President, was inaugurated President 
of the United States,'' and the Government went steadily on in its course. 
President Johnson retained President Lincoln's Cabinet.' 




ANDREW JOHNSON. 



1. Precisely one month before [March 4], Mr. Lincoln had been inaugurated President of the United States, (or the 
second time, having been re-elected by an overwhelming vote of the people, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, aa 
Vice-President. His opponent, nominated by the J>emocratic party, was George B. McClellaii [see page 358j, who 
received the electoral vote of three of the thirtv-tive States, nanielv. New Jersev, Delaware, and Kentucky. 

•i. On the 14th of April, it was announced tliat the President aiid General (irant, by invitation, would visit Ford's 
Theatre in the evening. General Grant did not remain in Washington that night. Tlie President, unwilling to disaj 



point the public, went to the theatre witli M: 

booth, formerly an actor in that theatre, ajij't 

brandishing a knife, and exclaiming, in the iii 

escaped at the back of the building. Boolli w: 

wliich was fired, and the culprit was mnrla!l\ 

named lioston Corbett, Some of Booth's associates in tlie crime 'were afterward 

I)roperly punished. 

:i. At that time Mr. Seward was in bed, and almost helpless from the effects of a fall when thrown from his en 
a short time before. His son Frederick who was the Assistant Secretary of State, was more severely liurt by the 
sin than his father, and for a long time his recovery was doul>tfiil. 

4. The trial of the accomplices of the murderer of the I*resident clearly showed that these suspicions were well- 
founded, upon circumstantial evidence. 

o. The President died at twenty minutes past seven o'clock, on the morning of the 15th of April. 

6. The oath of office was administered to him, at his lodgings in the Kirkwood House, Pennsylvania avenue, by 
Salmon P. Chase, who had lately been appointed Chief-Justice of the United Slates. 

7. William H. Seward, Secretary of State; Hugh McCullough, Secretary of the Treasury; Edwin M. Stanton, Secre- 



oln and some friends, and, while sitting in a private box, J. Wilkes, 
tiled from behind, shot him through the liead, leaped upon the stage, 
) of Virginia, •• Sic acm/n-r li/raiinis !•' (" So always with tyrants''), and 
iftorward found in a l'arn,'not far from the Potomac Kiver, in Virginia, 
ciinded [.April '.'li] by a bullet from a gun in the hniuis of a sergeant 
vered, arrested, and were 

age, 



Questions. — 93. What have you to say about the effect of the surrender of I^ee's arm 
frioom over the Nation ! What suspicions were aroused ! What did the conspirators hope I 
perpetuated 1 



:? What sad event ca 
How was the governn 



Lincoln's administration. 391 



Surrender of Johnston's army. Capture of Jeftorson Davis. Purification of the Nation. 

94. After the surreuder of Lee, tlie only large Confederate army in the 
field was that under Johnston, in North Carolina.' That general was soon 
C()nii)elled to follow tlie example of his chief; and on the 2Gth of April he 
surrendered his forces to Sherman on the terms accorded to Lee.^ Other 
armies and guerrilla-bauds were speedily dissolved; and in May, 1865, tlie 
Confederacy substantially disappeared. Jefferson Davis, the chief of the 
Confederacy, and leader of the wicked conspirators,^ was fleeing towartl 
the sea-coast to escape from the country. He was (;aptured on the lOtli of 
May, near Irwinsville, in Georgia, whilst flying to the swamps from his 
surprised camp, disguised as a woman by the garments of his wife.* 

95. Tlie blessings of peace and good order were soon felt throughout 
the land. In the action of Congress and of some of the Legislatures of the 
slave-labor States, were seen promises of future repose and prosperity for 
the Nation. Maryland, Missouri, and Louisiana had officially declared the 
abolition of slavery within their limits. The National Congress had pro- 
posed to the people an amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting Slavery 
within the borders of the Republic forever; and already the Legislatures of 
a majority of the States had ratified the amendment. A few ambitious 
men, who usurped tlie power of the people, had kindled a fierce Civil War 
for the purpose of perpetuating the institution of Shivery, and building up 
an independent empire, with that institution as its corner-stone.* In that 
flame of conflict these men, their scheme, and their cherished institution, 
were consumed ; and their whole country, purified and strengthened, be- 
came, indeed, the Land of the Free and the Asylum for the Oppressed. 

tary of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; Johu P. Usher, Secretary- of the Interior; James Speed, Attorney- 
General; William Deunison, Postmaster-General. 

1. Verse 89, page 3SS. 

y. Lee and his army were made prisoners of war on parole, with the stipulation that they might retire to their homes 
without fear of molestation by the military or civil power, so long as they observed the terms of that parole. 

:i. Verse 3, page 35:^. Davis was a native of Kentuclvy, but, when a child, was taken to Mississippi, wliich was ever 
afterward the place of his residence. He was educated at the Military Academy at West Point. In early life, he per- 
formed some military service, and waa the colonel of a regiment in tlie war with Mexico. He was President Pierce*8 
Secretary of War; and ivhile the civil war was kindling, he was a member of the Senate of the United States. He was 
elected Provisional President of the " Confederacy," so called, in February, lb61, and permanent President, for six years, 
in February, 1862. 

4 The Government had offered $100,000 for his arrest He was captured by a portion of the Fourth Michigan cavalry, 
under Colonel B. 1). Pritchard. Irwinsville is the capital of Irwin County, in Georgia. 

o. In a speech at Savannah, in March, 1861, Alejcander H. Stephens, the Vice-President of the so-called "Confederacy," 
declared substantially that it was so. " This stone," he said, " which was rejected by the first builders, U become the 
chief stone of the corner of our new edifice." 



Ql-estions.— 94. Give an account of the surrender of Juhnston and his forces. What followed ? What can vou tell 
alMMitJetterson Davis and his arrest « So. What immediately loUowed the closing of the war ! What beneficent work 
had Stale Legislatures and Congress performed ! What have you to say about the etfects of the war on its originators, 
and upon the Republic i 



SUPPLEMENT. 




THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

1 . The following preamble and speci- 
fications,' known as the Declaration of 
Independence,'^ accompanied the resolu- 
tion of Richard Henry Lec,^ which was 
adopted by Congress on the 2d day of 
July, ntG. This declaration was 
agreed to on the 4th, and the transac- 
tion is thus recorded in the Journal 
for that day : 

2. "Agreeably to the order of the 
day, the Congress resolved itself into a 
committee of the whole, to take into 
their further consideration the Declara- 
tion ; and, after some time, the presi- 

dont resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported tliat the committee have 
asrreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration 
b„nng read, was agreed to as follows:" 



jEFFEr.sn:;j's eoahding house. 



1. It mnst be remembered that these ppecific cbarpes marie npainst the king of Great Britain, include, 
in iheir denunciations, the government of which he was ihe head. Personally, Geoige IheThird wus not 
a tyrant, but as the representative of a government, he was so. 

2. The picture exhibits the portraits of the committee [note 6, p. 202], appointed to draft a Declaration. 
Also a view of the house of Mrs. Clymer[note 1, p. 2U3], where Mr. Jefterson hoarded at the time, and 
wherein he performed the task of making the draft. The portrait nearest the fmnt, and near the cen- 
tre, is Mr. JefTersrvn. liehind him is Dr. Franklin, next on his right, is Robert R. Livingston [ve.se 7, 
p. 1751, next to him is Roger Sherman, and the last is John Adams. 

3. Verse 9, p. 1S6. 



394 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OP THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, 
IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

"When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- 
sume, among the powers of the eartli, the separate and equal station, to which 
the laws of nature, and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respeot to tho 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

3. "We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created equal; 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that 
among these are life, liberty, anl the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these 
rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from 
the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
destructive of these ends, it is tho right of the people to alter or abolish it, and 
to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, and or- 
ganizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likelv to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long 
established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
they are accusto.uod. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursu- 
ing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute 
despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suf- 
ferance of these colonics, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain, is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in 
direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To 
prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

4. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good.' 

5. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- 
portance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained ; 
and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to thcm.- 

G. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquisli the right of representation iu 
the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants ouly.^ 

1. The colonial assemblies, from time to time, made enactments touching their commiTcial operations, 
the emission of a colouial currency, and concerning representatives in the imperial parliament, but the 
assent of the sovereign to these laws was withheld. After the Stamp Act excitements [verse 11, p. 175|, 
Secretary (Conway informed the Americans that the tumults should he overlooked, provided the Assem- 
blies would malce provision for full compensation for all public property which had been destroyed. In 
complying willi this demand, the Asseinljly of Massachusetts thought it would be " wholesome and neces- 
sary for the public good," to grant free pardon to all who had been engnged in the disturbances, and 
passed an act accordiugly. It would have produced quiet and good feeling, but the royal assent was 
refused. 

2. In 176-t, the Assembly of New York took measures to conciliate the Six Nations, .and other Indian 
tribes. The motives of the Assemlily were misconstrued, representations having been made to the king 
that the colonies wished to make allies of the Indians, so as to increase their physical power and propor- 
tionate independence of the British crown. The monarch sent instructio.is to all his governors to desist 
from such alliances, or to suspend their operations until his assent should be given. He then " utte:ly 
neglected to attend to them." The Massachusetts Assembly passed a law in 1770, for taxing officers of 
the British government in th.at colony. The governor was ordered to withhold his assent to such tax- 
bill. This was in violation of the colonial charter, and the people justly complained. The Assembly 
was prorogued from time to time, and laws of great importance were " utterly neglected." 

3. A law was passed by parliament in the .Spring of 1774, by which the popular representative system 
in the province of Quebec (n,anada) was annulled, and oHicers appointed by the ciown, had all power 
as legislators, except that of levying taxes. The Canadians being Roman Catholics, were easily paci- 
fied under the new order of things, by having their religious system declared the established religion of 
the province. But " large districts of people " bordering on Nova Scotia, felt this deprivation to be a 



SUPPLEMENT. 395 

7. TIo has called top;other legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from (ho repository of their pul)lic records, for tiie solo purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance witli his measures.' 

8. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.'- 

9. lie has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected, whereby the legislative powers, hicapablo of annihilation, have re- 
turned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the 
meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions 
within.^ 

10. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of 
new appropriations of lands. ■• 

11. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to 
laws for establishing judiciary powers.^ 

preat grievance. Their humble pcfitiong coTiccrning conimercial rcsnlations were unheeded, bccanfc 
they remonstraled against the new order of thiiis-s, and governor Cailelou [verse 19, p. 195] plainly told 
them that they must cease their clamor about rcpreseniaiives, before Ihey should have any new commer- 
cial laws. A bill for " belter regulating the government in the province of Massachusetts Bay," passed 
that year, provided for the abridgment of the privileges of popular elections, to take the government 
out of the bauds of the people, and to vest the nomiuation of judges, magistrates, and even sheriffs, in 
the crown. When thus deprived of "free represeutation in the Legisialure," and the governor refused 
to issue warrants for the election of members of the Assembly, they called a convention of the freemen, 
and asked for the passage of "laws for the accommodation of large districts of people." These re- 
quests were disregarded, and they were told that no laws should be passe 1 until ihey should quietly 
" relinquish the right of represeutation iu the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
to tyrants only." 

1. In consequence of the destruction of tea in Boston harbor [verse 30, p. 183] in 1773, the inhabitants 
of that town became the special objects of royal displeasure. The Boston Port Bill [verse 31, p. 1R41 was 
passed as a punishment. The custom house, courts, and other public operations were removed to Salem, 
while the public records were kept in Boston, and so well guarded by two regiments of soldiers, that the 
patriotic members of the colonial Assembly could not have referred to them. Although compelled to meet 
at a place [verse 31, p. 1841 " distant from the repository of the public records," and in a place extremely 
" uncomfortable," they were not fatigued into compliance, but in spite of the efforts of the governor, 
they elected delegates to a general Congress [verse 35, p. 185], and adopted other measures for the public 
good. 

2. When the British government became informed of the fact that the Asssembly of Mass.achnsetts 
in 1768, had issued a circular [verse 18, p. 178] to oiher Assemblies, inviting their co-operation in assert- 
ing the principle that Great Britain had no right to tax the colonists without their consent, Lord Hills- 
borough, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was directed to order the governor of Massachusetts to re- 
quire the Assembly of that province to rescind its obnoxious resolutions expressed in the circular. In 
case of their refusal to do so, the governor was ordered to dissolve them immediately. Other Assem- 
blies were warned not to imitate that of Massachusetts, and when they refused to accede to the wishes 
of the king, as expressed by the several royal governors, they were repeatedly dissolved. The Assem- 
blies of Virginia and North Carolina were dissolved for denying the right of the king to ta.x the colonies, 
or to remove offenders out of the country, for trial. [See verse 22, p. 180]. In 1774, when the several 
Assemblies entertained the proposition to elect delegates to a general Congress [verse 34, p. 185], nearly 
all of them were dissolved. 

3. When the Assembly of New York, inl766, refused to comply with the provisions of theMutiny Act 
[verse 16, p. 177], ils legislative functions were suspended by royal authority [verse 17, p. 178], aiid for 
several months the State remained " exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within." The Assembly of Massachusetts af erits dissolution in July, 1768, was not permitted to 
m^^et again until the last Wednesday of May, 1769, and then ihoy found the place of meeling surrounded 
by a military guard, with cannons pointed directly at their place of meeting. They refused to act under 
such tyrannical restraint, and their legislative powers " returned to the people." 

4. Secret agents were sent to Americi soon after the accession of George the Third to the throne of 
England [verse 7, p. 173], to spy out the condition of the colonists. A large influx of liberty loving 
German emigrants was observed, and the king was advised to discourage these immigrations. Obstacles 
in the way of procuring lands, and otherwise, were put in the wny of all emigrants, except fiom Eng- 
land, and the tendency of French Roman Catholics to settle in Marjland, was also discouraged. The 
British government was jealous nf (he increasing pruver of the colonies, and the danger of having that 
power controlled by democratic ideas, caused (he employment of restrictive measures. The easy con- 
ditions upon which actual settlers might obtain lands on the Western frontier, atler the peace of 1763 
[verse 7, p. 173], were so changed, that toward the dawning of the revolution, the vast solitudes west of 
the Allephanies were seldom penetrated by any hut the hunter from the seaboard provinces. When the 
War for Independence broke out, iinmigiiition had almost ceased. The king conjectured wisely, for al- 
most the entire German population iu the colonies, were on the side of the patriots. 

5. By an act of parliament in 1774, the judiciary was taken from (he people of Massachusetts. The 
judges were appointed by ihe king, were dependent on him for their salaries, and were subject to his 
will. Their salaries were pail from monevs drawn from the people by the commissioners of customs 
[verse 17, p. 164], in the form of duties. The same set deprived them, in most cases, of the benefit of 



896 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

12. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and jiaj incnt of tlieir salaries.' 

13. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people and cat out their substance.- 

14. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without llie 
consent of our Legislatures. ^ 

15. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power.** 

16. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts 
of pretended legislation :^ 

17. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ;® 

18. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;'' 

19. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ;^ 

trial hy jury, and the " administration of justice" was elTectunlly obstructed. The riplils for •which 
Kiiglishmen so manfully contended iu lOSS [note 9, p. 89] were trampled under foot. Similar giiev- 
nuLVs concerning the courts of law, existed in other colonies, and thronphout the A i plo- American 
[note 5, p. I59j domain, there was but a semblance of justice left. The people met in conventions, when 
Assemblies were dissolved, and endeavored to establish "judiciary powers," but iu vaiu, and were 
finally driven to rebellion. 

1. As we have observed in note 5, p. SOS, judges were made independent of the people. Royal governors 
were placed in the same position. Instead of checking their tendency to petty tyranny, by having them 
depend upon the colonial Assemblies for their sala.ies, these were paid out of the national treaFury. 
Independent of the people, they had no sympatbies with the people, and thus became fit instruments of 
oppression, and ready at all times to do the bidding of the king and his mini.^ters. The Colonial Assem- 
blies protested against the measure, and out of the excitement which it produced, grew that power of 
the Revolution, tlie committees of correspondence [rote 1, p. 1S5]. When, in l','i, chief justice Oliver, of 
Massachusetts, declared it to be his intention to receive his Falary from the crown, the Assembly pro- 
ceeded to impeach him, and petitioned the governor for his removal. The governor refused compliance, 
and great irritation ensued. 

2. After the passage of the Stamp Act, stamp distributers were arpointed in every considerable town. 
In 1766 and 1767, acts for the collection of duties cieated " swarms of officers," all of whom received 
high salaries ; and when, in 1768, admiralty and vice-admiralty courts were established on a i.ew basis, 
an increase in the number of office', s was made. The high salaries and extensive perquisites of all of 
these, were paid with the people's money, and thus " swaims of officers " " eat out their substance." 

3. After the treaty of peace with France, iu 1763 [veise 48, p. 168], Great Biitain left quite a large 
number of troops in America, and required the colonists to contribute to their suppoit. There was no 
use for this standing army, except to repress Ihc prowii g spirit of democracy !.n;oi g the colorisis, and 
to enforce compliance with taxation laws. The presence of tioops was always a cause of coniplaii.t, and 
when, finally, the colonists boldly opposed the unjust measures of the Britisji government, aimies were 
sent hither to awe the people into submission. It was one of those " standing aimics" kept heie " with- 
out the consent of the Legislature," against which the patriots at Lexington and Concoid [verses 4 
and 5, p. 188], and Bunker Hill [verse 10, p. 1901 'O manfully battled in 1775. 

4. (reneral Gage, commander-in-chief of the Biitish forces in America, was appointed governor of 
Mas.sachusetts, in 1774, and to put the measures of the Boston Port Bill [verse 31, p. 184] into execution, 
he encamped several regiments of soldieis upon Boston Common. The military tliere, and also in New 
York, was made independent of, and supeiior to, the civil power, and this, too, in a lime of peace, 
before the minute men [verse 1, p. 187] were oigar.ized. 

5. The establishment of a Board of Trade, to act independent of colonial legislation through its crea- 
tures (resident commissioners of customs) in the enforcement of revenue laws, was altogether foieign to 
the constittttion of any of the colonies, and produced g;cat indigiiation. The establishment of this 
power, and the remodelling of the admiralty courts, so as to exclude trial by jury therein, in most cases, 
rendered the government fully obnoxious to the charge iu the text. The people felt their degradation 
under such petty tyranny, and resolved to spurn it. It was effectually done in Bo.^ton, as we have seen 
Jverse 20, p. 179], and the government, after all its bluster, was obliged to recede. In ln4, the n.inibers 
of the council of Massachusetts (answering to our Senate), were, by a parlijimentary et ac.ment, chosen 
by the king, to hold the office during his pleasure. Almost unlimited power was alio given to the gov- 
ernor, and the people were indeed subjected to " a jurisdiction foreign to their constitution," by these 
creatures of royalty. 

6. In 1774 seven hundred troops were landed in Boston, rmder cover of the cannons of ISritifh armed 
ships in the harbor ; and early the following year, pailiament voted ten thousand men for the Ameiican 
service, for it saw the wave of rebellion rising high under the pnlc cf irdigralion which unrif!h!cin:3 
lifts had spread over the land. The tragedies at Lexington and Concord, soon followed, and at Bunker 
Hill, the War for Independence was opened in earnest. 

7. In 1768, two citizeis of Annapolis, in Maryland, were murdered by some maiines belonging 1o a 
British armed ship. The trial was a mockery of juslire, and in the face of clear evir'ence agaii st Ihcm, 
they were acquitted. In the difficulties withthc Regulators [verse 27, p. 182] iu North Carolina, in ]'7I, 
some of the soldics who had shot down citizens, when standing up in defence t f their rights, were tiied 
for murder and acquitted, while governor Tryon mercilessly hung six p:isoners, who were certainly en- 
titled to the benefits of the laws of war, if his own soldiers were. 

8. Th'" navigation laws (note 4, p. 1451 were always oppressive in character ; and in 1764, the B'ilish 
naval commande.s having been clothed with the authority of custom house officers, completely bioke 



SUPPLEMENT. 397 

20. For imposing ta.xes on us without our consent ;' 

21. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ;2 

22. P'or transporting us bej'ond seas, to be tried for pretended offences ;3 

23. For abolishing the free system of Eughsh laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary' government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as 
to render it at once an example and lit instrument for introducing the same ab- 
solute rule into these colonies ;' 

24. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments;' 

25. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.'' 

26. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us." 

27. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. ' 

28. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to 

up a profitable trade which the colonists had long enjoyed with the Spanish and French West Indies, 
not Willi ■i;andi;is it was in violation of the old Navigation Act of lOUlJ [note 8, p. 86], which had been 
almost inefljciual. Kinally, lord North concluded to punish the refiaclory colonists of New Kngland, 
bycripplingtheircoramerce (verse 3, p. 188] with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies. Fish- 
ing on tlie banks of Newfoundland was also prohibited, and thus, as far as parliamentary enactments 
could accomplish it, their " trade with all parts of the world " was cut off. 

1. In addition to the revenue taxes imposed from time lo time, and attempted to be collected by 
means of writs of assistance | verse 8, p. 174] the Stamp Act [verse lU, p. 174] was passed, and duties 
upon paper, painters' colors, glass, tea, &<•., were levied. This was the great bone of contention between 
thj colonists and the imperial government. It was contention on the one hand for the great political 
trwth tha.t taxation and represeidiition are inseparable, and a Inst for power, and the means lor replen- 
ishing an exhausted treasury, on th^'olber. The climax of the contention was the Revolution. 

2. This was especially the ease, when commissioners of customs were concerned in the suit. After 
these functionaries were driven from Uoston in 17t>8 [verse 20. p. 170], an act was passed which placed 
violations of the revenue laws under the jurisdiction of the admiralty courts, where the offenders were 
tried by a creature of the crown, and were deprived " of the benefits of trial by jury." 

3. A law of 1774 provide! that any person in the province of Massachusetts, who should be accused 
of riot, resistance of magistrates or the oificers of cusloms, murder, "or any other capital offence," 
might, .at the option of the governor, be taken for trial to anolher colony, or transported to Great Britain, 
for thj purpose. The minister pretended that impartiivl justice could not be administered in Massachu- 
setts, but the facts of c.ip aiu Preston's case [verse 25, p. 181], refuted his arguments, in that direction. 
The bill was violeu'ly oToosed in parliament, yet it became a law. It was decreed that Americans 
might be " transported bevond the seas, to be tried for pretended offences," or real crimes. 

4. This charge is emb^ lied in an earlier one [verse 6, p. 3i)4], considered in note 3, p. 5!(4. The Brit- 
ish ministry thought it prident to take early steps to secure a footing in America, so near the scene of 
inevitable rebellion, as to allow them to breast, successfully, the gathering storm. The investing of » 
legislative council in Canada, with all powers except levying of taxes, was a great stride toward that ab- 
solute military rule which bore sway there within eighteen months afterward. Giving up their political 
rights for doubtful religious privileges, made ihem willing slaves, aud Canada remained a part of the 
British empire, when i:s sister colon es rejoiced in f eedora. 

5. This is a reiteration of the charge considered in note 5, p.39t'5, and refers to the alteration of the Mas- 
sachusetts charier, so as to make judges and o. her olfioers independent of the people, sndsubservient to the 
crown. The governor was empowered to remove and appoint all inferior judges, the attorney -general, 
provosts, marshals, and justices of the peace, and to appoint sheriffs independent of the council. As 
the sheriffs chose jurors, trial by jury m-ght easily be made a mere mockery. The peo])]e had hitherto 
been allowed, b.v their charter, to select jurors ; now the whole matter was placed in the hands of the 
creatures of government. 

C. This, too, is anoherphiise of the cha~go just considered. We have noticed the suppression of the 
Legislature of New York [note. 3, p. 3!i6], and in several cases, the governors, after dissolving colonial 
Assemblies, assumed the right to make proclamations stand in the place of statute law. Lord Dunmoro 
assumed this right in 1775, and so did sir .Tames Wrighr, of Georgia, and lord William Campbell, of 
South Carolina. They were driven from the country, in consequence. 

7. lu his massage to parliament early in 1775, the ising declared the colonists to be in a state of open 
rebellion, and by sending armies hitherto make war upon them, he really " abdicated government," by 
th is declaring them " out of his protection." He sanctioned the acts of governors in employing the 
I 1 Jims agiinst his subje"ts [note 3, p. i9t], and himself bargained for the employment of Germat? 
hirelings. And when, yielding to the pressure of popular will, his representatives (the royal governors) 
fled b'^fore the indignant people, he certainly " abdicated government." 

8. Wlien naval commanders were cl iihed with the powers of custom-house officers [note 8, p 396], they 
seized many .American vessels ; and after the affair at Lexington and Bunker Hill, British ships ofwar 
*' plundered our seas " whenever an American vessel could be found. They also '* ravaged our coasts and 
burnt our towns." Charlestown [verse 11, p. 191], Falmoulb (now Portland, in Maine), and Norfolk were 
burnt, and Dmmore and others [verse 25, p. 19i] " ravaged our coasts," and " destroyed llie lives of our 
people." .-Vnd at the very time when this Declaration was being rend to the assembled Congress 
[verse 10. p. 202], the shattered fleet of Sir Peter Parker was sailing noilhward [verse b, p. 201], after aa 
attack upoii Charleston, South Carolina. 



398 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with cir- 
cumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.' 

29. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. - 

30. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whoso 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditioiis.3 

31. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in tho 
most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated 
injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may de- 
fine a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.^ 

32. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren.' 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of 
our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably in- 
terrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the 
voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the ne- 
cessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of 
mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. 

33. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in 
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for 
the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good 
people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are ab- 
solved, from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection 
between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dis 
solved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy 
war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other 
acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support 
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, 
we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

1. This charge refers to the infamous employment of Germnn troops, known here as Hessians. See 
verse 2, p. 198. 

2. An act of parliament passed toward the close of December, 17T5, authorized the capture of all 
American vessels, and also directed the licatment of the crews of armed vessels to be as slaves and rot 
as prisoners of war. They were to be enrolled for "the service of his majesty," and were thus com- 
pelled to fight for the crown, even ag:iiust their own friends and countrymen. This act was loudly con- 
demned on the floor of parliament, as uuworlhy of a Christian people, and "a refinement of cruelty 
unknown among savage nations." 

S. This was done in several instances. Dunmore was charged Tnote 4, p. Ift'') with a desicrn to cm- 
ploy the Indians ag.iinst the Virginians, as early as 1774 ; and whilj rav.-iging the Viiginia coast in 17i5 
and 1776, he endeavored to excite the slaves against their masters. He was also concerned with governor 
Gage and others, under instructions from the Hritish ministry, in exciting tire SJtaicneca, and other sav- 
ages of the Ohio country, against the white people. Emissaries were also sent among the Cherohecx and 
Creelcs, for the same purpose, and all of the tribes of the Six J^/^alions, except the Oneida:', were found 
in arras with the British when war began. Thus excited, dreadful massacres occurred on the borders of 
the several colonies. 

4. For ten long years the colonies petitioned for redress of grievances, " in the niosthumhle terms," 
and loyal manner. It was done by the Colonial Congress of 1765 [verse 12, p. 176], and also by the 
Oontinent.lI Congresses of 1774 (verse 35, p. 1851 and 1775 [verse 15, p. 193J. liut ilieir petitions wero 
almost always " answered only by repeated injuries." 

5. Krom the beginning, the colonists appealed, in the most affectionate terms, to " their British breth- 
ren." The first address put forth by Ibe Congress of 1774 [note 2, p. 186] was "To the People of 
G.cat Urilaiu ;" and the Congress of 1775, scut au aliectiouate appeal to the people of Ireland. 



■SUPPLEMEJNT. 



399 



SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

The following is a list of the members of the Continental Congress, who signed 
the Declaration of Independence, with the places and dates of their birth, 
and the time of their respective deaths. 



NAMES OF THE SIGNERS. 


BORN AT 


DELEGATE FROM 


DIED. 


Adams, John 


Braintree, Mass., 19. h Oct. 1735 


Massachusetts, 


4th July, 1826 


Adams, Samuel . 


Boston, " 22d Sept. 1722 


Massachusetts, 


2a Oct., 180.3 


Bartlett, JosiaU . 


Amesbury, " in Nov. 1729 


New Hampshire, 


19th May, 1795 


Braxton, Carter . 


Newingtou, Va., 10th Sept. 1736 


Virginia, 


imh Oct., 1797 


(Carroll Cha's of Car'lton 


Annapolis, Md., 20th Sept. 1737 


Maryland, 


14lh Nov., 1832 


Chase, Samuel 


Somerset CO., Md., Kth April 1741 


Maryland, 


19th June, 1811 


t;iark, Abraham . 


Elizabelhi'n, N.J.ljth Feb. 1726 


New Jersey, 


June, 1794 


Clymcr, George . 


Philadelphia, Penn., in 1739 


Tennsylvania, 


24th Jan., 1813 


Ellery, William . 


Newport, R. I., 22d Dec. 1727 


R. I. & Prov. PI., 


15th Feb., 1820 


Floyd, William . 


Suffolk CO., N. Y., 171h Dec. 1734 


New York, 


4th Aug., 1821 


Franklin, Benjamin . 


Boston, Mass., 17th Jan. 1706 
Marbleliead, Mass., 17th Jul. 1744 


Pennsylvania, 


17th Apiil, 1790 


Gerry, Elbriilge . 


Massachusetts, 


2.3d Nov., 1814 


Gwinnet, Button . 


England, in n32 


Georgia, 


27th May, 1777 


Hall, Lyman 


Connecticut, in 1731 


Georgia, 


Feb., 1790 


Hancock, John . 


Braintree, Mass., in 1737 


Massachusetts, 


8th Oct., 1793 


Harrison, Benjamin . 


Bcrkcly, Virgii.ia, 


Virginia, 


Apiil, 1791 


Hart, John . 


Hopewell, N. J., nbout 1715 


New Jersey, 


, 1780 


Heyward, Thomas, jr. 


St. Luke's, SC, in 1746 


South ('aroh'na. 


Mar., 1809 


Hewes, Joseph . 


Kings'.on, N. J., in 1730 


North Carolina, 


10th Nov., 1779 


Hooper, William 


Boston, Mass., 17lh June 1742 


North Carolina, 


Oct., 1790 


Hopkins, Stephen 


Scituate, " "ithMar. 1707 


R. I. & Prov. PI., 


19th July, 1785 


Ilopkinson, Francis 


Philadelphia, Penn., in 1737 


New Jersey, 


9lhMay, 1790 


Huntington, Samuel . 


Windham, Conn., 3d July 1732 


Connecticut, 


5th Jan., 1796 


Jefferson, Thomas 


f hadwcll, Va., 13th April 1743 


Virginia, 


4th July, 1826 


Lee, Francis Lightfoot 


Stratford, " 14th Oct. 1734 


Virginia, 


April, 1797 


Lee, Richard Henry . 


Stratford, " 20th Jan. 1732 


Virginia, 


19th June, 1794 


Lewis, Francis . 


Landaff, Wales, in March 1713 


New York, 


3Uth Dec, 1803 


Livingston, Philip 


Albany, N. Y., 15th Jan. 1716 


New York, 


12th June, 1778 


Lvnch, Thomas, jr. . 


St. George's, S. C, 5th Aug. 1749 


South Carolina, 


lost at sea, 1779 


M''Kean, Thomr.s 


Chester co.. Pa., 19th Mar. 1734 


Delaware, 


24th June, 1817 


Middleton, Arthu- 


Middleton Pl.aco, S. C, in 1743 


South Carolina, 


1st Jan., 1787 


.Morris, Lewis 


Morrisania, N. Y., in 1726 


New York, 


22d Jan., 1798 


Morris, Robert . 


Lancashire, England, Jan. 1733 


Pennsylvania, 


8th May, 1806 


Morton, John 


Ridley, Penn., i:i 1724 


Pennsylvania, 


April, 1777 


Nelson, Thomas, jr. . 


Y'ork, Virginia, Srtlh Dec. 1738 


Virginia, 


4th Jan., 1789 


Paca, William . 


Wye-Hill, MJ., 31st Oct. 1740 


Maryland, 


, 1799 


Paine, Robert Treat . 


Boston, Mass., in 1731 
Caroline Co., Va., 17th May 1741 


Massachusett,'!, 


nth May, 1814 


Fenn, John . 


North Carolina, 


Sept., 1788 


Read, George 


Cecil CO., Md., in 1734 


Delaware, 


, 1798 


Rodney, Cjeiar . 


Dover, Delaware, in 1730 


Delaware, 


, 1783 


Ross, George 


New Castle, Del., in 1730 


Pennsylvania, 


July, 1779 


Rush, Benjamin, M.D. 


Byberry, Penn., 24th Dec. 1745 


Pennsylvania, 


19lh April, 1813 


Rutledge, Edw.ird 


Ciiarleston S. C, in Nov. 1749 


South Carolina, 


23d Jan., 1800 


Sherman, Roger . 


Newton, Mass., 19lh April 1721 


Connecticut, 


23d July, 1793 


Smith, James 


Ireland, 


Pennsylvania, 


IhhJuly, 1806 


Stockton, Richard 


Princeton, N. J., 1st Oct. 1730 


New Jersey, 


28th Feb., 1781 


Stone, Thomas 


Charles co.. Mi., in 1742 


Maryland, 


5ih Oct , 1787 


Taylor, George . 


Ireland, in 1716 


Pennsylvania, 


23d Feb., 1781 


Thornton, Matthew 


I eland, in 1714 


New Hampshire, 


24lh June, 1803 


Walton, George . 


Frederick co., Va., in 1740 


Georgia, 


2d Feb., 1804 


Whipple, William 


Kittery, Maine, in 1730 


New Hampshire, 


28th Nov., 1785 


Williams, William 


Lebanon, Conn., 8th April 17"1 


Connecticut, 


2d Aug., 1811 


Wilson, James . 


Scotland, about 1,'42 


Pennsylvania, 


28th Aug., 1798 


Wiiherspoon, John 


Yester, Scotland, 5th Feb. 1722 


New Jersey, 


15th Nov., 1794 


Wolcott, Oliver . 


Windsor, Conn., 26ih Nov. 1726 


C'onnecticut, 


1st Dec, 1797 


Wythe, George . 


Elizabe.h city co., Va., 1726 


Virginia, 


8th June, 1806 



Among the signers of the Declaration of Independence, were men engaged 
iu almost every vocation. There were twenty-four lawyers ; fourteen farmers, 
or men devoted chiefly to agriculture; nine merchants; ionr physicians ; ono 
gospel minister, and three who were educated for that profession, but clioso 
other avocations ; and one manufacturer. A large portion of them lived to tlio 
age of three score and ten years. Throe of them were over 90 years of age when 
they died; ten over 80; eleven over 70; fourteen over GO; eleven over 50 ; 
and six over 44. Mr. Lynch (lost at sea) was only 30. The aggregate years of 
life of the fifty-six patriots, were 3,687 years. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Objects. -^E the People of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
provide for the common defence, promote the general wel- 
fare, and secure the blessings of hberty to ourselves and our 
])osterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Legislative powers. SECTION 1. All legislative powers heroin granted shall be 
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist 
of a senate and house of representatives.' 

House of Represent- SECTION 2. The houso of representatives shall be composed 
of members c.iosen everj' second year by the people of the several 
States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifica- 
tions requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
state legislature. 

Quaiificayon^of Rep- Xo person shall be a representative who shall not have at- 
tained to the age of twcnly-Iive years, and been seven years a 
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 

''^i[e'n'e°"ma"i' °^ Keprcscntatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several states which may be included within this Union, 
according to their respective numbers,- which shall be deter- 
mined by adding to the whole number of free persons, includ- 
ing those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three-tiflhs of all other persons.-* The actual 
enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall 
by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed 
one for every thirty thousand,' but each State shall have 
at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three, Massachusetts eight, Ilhodo Island and Providence 
l"'lautations one, Connecticut live. New York six. New Jersey 
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Mar3dand six, Vir- 
ginia ten, North Carouna live, South Carolina five, and Georgia 
three. 

Vacancies bow niied. When Vacancies happen in the representation from any 
state, the executive autiiority thereof shall issue writs of elec- 
tion to fill such vacancies. 

1. Note 3, p. -iU. 

2. This was not intended to restrict the power of imposing direct taxes, to States only. 

3. Slaves. Ev»ry five slaves are accounted three persons, in making the apporlionmeEt. 

4. Note 4, p 272. 



SUPPLEMENT. 401 

The ITouso of Representatives shall chooso their speaker and Speaiter, lunv np- 
other ollicors ; and shall have the sole power of impeach- ''""' ^ 
ment. 

Sectiom 3. The Senate of the United States shall bo coin- Number of senators 

n 111-1 Irum each slu.e. 

posed oi two senators trom each state, chosen by the legisla- 
ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one 
vote. ' 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of Classification of Scn- 
the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be 
iuto three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the 
second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the 
third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third 
may be chosen every second 3-ear ; and if vacancies happen by 
resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of 
any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall 
then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to Qualification of sen- 
the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the ^''"'^^^ 

United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- 
ant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 

The vice-president of the United'States shall be president of rresiding officer of 
the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally di- ^^^ senaie. 
vided. 

The Senate shall chooso their other officers, and also a pres- 
ident pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or Avhcn 
he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- J;'\^°-'^'^\ aconrt for 
ments : "When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or uiiuts. "' '™^'**'' 
affirmation. "When the president of the United States is 
tried, the chief-justice- shall preside: and no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- 
bers present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further judgment, in case of 
than to removal from office, and d^squalilication to hold and en- couvicuoa. 
joy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United 
States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable 
and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, ac- 
cording to law. 

SECTio>f 4. The times, places and manner of holding elec- Elections of senat- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall bo prescribed in "j^^^,^"'' '■«P'''^seu-.a- 
c.ich state by the legislature thereof; but tiie Congress may at 
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and Meeting of Congress, 
such meeting shall be on the first Mon.day in December, unless 
they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section' 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- ^""f/);"'^*';."" "'^ 
turns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
each shall constitute a quorum to do busines.s ; but a smaller 
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 

1. See art. v., page -10?. 2. Verso .3, p. 261. 



Congriss. 



402 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, 
and under such penalties as each house may provide. 

Kuiesofpioceedin". Eacli house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pun- 
isli its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concur- 
rence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

Journal of Congress. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 

time to time pubhsh the same, excepting such parts as may in 

their judgment require secresy, and the yeas and nays of the 

members of either house on any question sliall, at tlie desire of 

one-lifth of those present, bo entered on the journal. 

Adjournment of Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without 

Congress. y^g consent of the other, adjourn for more than three daj'S, nor 

to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 

sitting. 

CompensRtion and SECTio>f 6. The Senators and representatives shall receive a 

bers.' "^"^ ° '°''™ compeusation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in 
all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be priv- 
ileged from arrest during tlieir attendance at the session of their 
respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; 
and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not bo 
questioned in any other place. 

Plurality of offices ]vjo senator or representative shall, during the time for which 
pro 1 1 e . j^^ ^^^ elected, be appointed to any ci\il office under the 
authority of tlie United States, whicli shall have been created, 
or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during 
such time ; and no person holding any office under tlic United 
States, shall be a member of either house during his continu- 
ance in office. 
Bills, how origin- SECTION 7. All bills fot raising revenue shall originate in tho 
ated. House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or con- 

cur with amendments as on other bills. 
Hoir bills become Every bill whicli shall have passed the Ilouse of Represen- 
'''■ tatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented 

to the president of the United States ; if he approve he sliall sign 
it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house 
in wliich it sliall have originated, wlio shall enter the objections 
at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after 
such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections to 
the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, 
and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it sliall become a 
law.' But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall bo 
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of tho persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by 
the president within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall 
h;ive been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like 
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their ad- 
journment jirovent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.2 
Approval and veto Evcry ordcr, Tcsolution, or voto to wliicli tho concurrence of 

vowt.iso prtsi..L.. . ^j^^ Senate and House of Representatives maybe necessary (ex- 

1. Verse 4, p. 309. 2. Verse 15, p. 313. 



SUPPLEMENT. 4:03 

cept on a question of adjournment) sliall be presented to 
the proHideut of the United Status; and before tlie same shall 
take effect, shall be approved by him, or beiiinj disapproved by 
him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House 
of llcprcseutati\es, according- to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect yovr-rs vested in 
taxes,' duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide ^ougn-'ss. 

for the common defence and general welfare of the United 
States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
througliout the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
several states, and with the Indian tribes ;- 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, 3 and uniform 
laws on the subject of bankruptcies' throughout the United 
States ; 

To coin money,' regulate the value thereof and of foreign 
coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
and current coin of the United States ; 

To establish post-ofliccs and post-roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secur- 
ing for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive 
right to their respective writings and discoveries ;^ 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on tbo 
high seas, and oflenees against the law of nations;'' 

To declare war, grant letters of mar(iue and reprisal,^ and 
make rules concerning captures on land and water; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money 
to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land 
and naval forces; 

To provide for calling forth the militia' to execute the laws 
of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the mil- 
itia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed 
in the service of the United States, reserving to the states re- 
spectively, the appointment of the ofBcers, and the authority of 
training the militia according to the discipline i^rescribed by 
Congress;'" 



1. The power of Congress to lay and coUect faxes, duties, &c., extends to the District of Colnmhin, 
STid to the Territories of the United Slates, as well as to the States ; but Congress is not bound to ex- 
t..'nd a direct tax to the district aud territoiies. 

2. Note 2, p. 26. 

3. Under the Constitution of the United States, the power of natur.tlization is exclusively in Conpre^s. 

4. Since the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, a state has authority to puss a bankrupt 
law, provided such law does not impair the obligations of contracts within the meaning of the Constitu- 
tion (art i., sect. 10), and provided there be no act of Congress iu force to establish a uniform system of 
bankruptcy conflicting with such law. 

5. Verse 6, p. 2d6. 

6. The lirst copyright law was enacted in 1790, on the petition of David Ramsay, the historian, and 
others. 

7. Congress has power to provide for the punishment of offences committed by persons onboard a 
til p-of-war of the United States, wherever that ship may lie. 

8. Licensing privateers. Note 4, p. 198. 9. Note 7, P- 152. 10. See amendments, art. ii., p. 410. 



404 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by ces- 
sion of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become 
the seat of the government of the United States,' and to exer- 
cise like autlioritj^ over all places purchased by the consent of 
the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other 
needful buildings ; — And 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other 
powers vested by this constitution in the government of the 
United States, or in any department or officer thereof 

Immigrants how ad- SECTION 9. The migration or importation of such persons as 
" ^ ■ any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, 

shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
person.- 
Habeas Corpus. The privilege of the WTit of habeas corpus'' shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the jjubhc 
safety may require it. 
Attainder. jjq bill of attainder^ or ex post facto law^ shall be passed. 

Taxes. No Capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in 

pro;)ortion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed 
to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
state. 

ReguHtwns regard- No preference shall bo given by any regulation of commerce 
or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another : nor 
shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, 
clear, or pay duties in another. 

Money, how drawn. ^q money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse- 
quence -of appropriations made by law; and a regular state- 
ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public 
monev shall be published from time to time. 

Tuieso^f nobility pro- No' title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: 
And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, 
shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any pres- 
ent, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince, or foreign state.'' 

Powers ^of^ St ate de- SECTION 10. No State Shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; 
emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a 
tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ox post 
facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant 
any title of nobility. 



1. Congress has authority to impose a direct tax on the r>istrict of Columbia [note 1, p. 272], in pro- 
po'.tion to tlie census directed to be taken by tlie Cousiitiitiou. 

2. This was a provision for the gradual extinction of the slave trade carried on between Af.-ica and 
the Unite 1 States. 

X A writ for delivering a person from false imprisonment, or for removing a person from one court to 
another. 

4. A deprivation of power to inherit or transmit property, a loss of civil rights, .fee. 

5. Declaring an act penal or ciimiual, which was innocent when committed. 

6. Note 3, p. 212. 



SUPPLEMENT. 405 

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
impost or duties on imports or exports, excejit what may bo 
absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and tho 
net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any state on im- 
ports or exports, shall be fi)r the use of the treasury of the Uni- 
ted States; and all such laws sluiU bo subject to tho revisioa 
and control of the Congress. 

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any 
duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war in time of peace, 
cuter into any agreement or compact with another state, or 
with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invad- 
ed, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE IL 

Sectiox 1. The executive power shall be vested in a presi- Execiitive power, in 
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his ofQce 
during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-presi- 
dent, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows: 

p]ach state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature Presidential electors, 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole 
number of senators and representatives to which the State may 
be entitled in tho Congress : but no senator or representative, 
or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
States, shall be appointed an elector.' 

[The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ^'■^,^e*'id"n°'"'how' 
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an in- elected. ' 
habitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall 
make a list of all the persons voted for, and of tho number of 
votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, 
directed to the president of the Senate. Th^ president of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then bo 
counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall 
be the president, if such number be a majority of the wholo 
number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than ono 
who have such majority and have an equal number of votes, 
then the House of Representatives shall innnediately choose by 
ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a ma- 
jority, then from the five highest on tho list the said house shall 
in like manner choose tho president. But in choosing the pres- 
ident, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation 
from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose 
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a 
choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the 
person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall 
be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more 
who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by 
ballot the vice-president]. '- 



1. See amendment, article xii, p. 411. 

2. This clause is annulled. See Amendments, article xii., p. 411. Also note 4, p. 2i2. 



406 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

''^'™* ei'/ctMs""""^ '^^° Congress may determine the time of choosing the elect- 
ors, and the day on which they shall give tlieir votes; whicli 
day shall be the same throughout the United States.' 

Qualifications of the j^o person cxccpt a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
United States, at the time of the adoption of tliis Constitution, 
sliall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any per- 
son be eligible to that ofiBce who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within 
tlie United States. 

^'"'"diiabUhy"'^'''" I'l ^""8° of the removal of the president from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and du- 
ties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-presi- 
dent,- and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- 
moval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and 
vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a president shall be elected. 

Salary onhe presi- The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a 
compensation, which shall neither bo increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he 
shall not receive within tliat period any other emolument from 
the United States, or any of them.^ 
Oath of office. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 

the following oath or affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or 
affirm) that I will fititlifully execute the office of president of 
the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect and defend the constitution of the United States." 

°"*''^' dent'* ^^^^'' Section 2. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of tlie United States, and of the militia of the 
several states, when called into the actual service of the United 
States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal 
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject 
relating to the duties of their respective offices, -i and he shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofleuces against 
the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

^reat^ia*"^ *a "o'iMt ^^^ ^'^''^^^ have powcr, by and with the advice and consent of 
ambassadors, the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators 
judgus, &c. present concur ;5 and he shall nominate, and by and with the ad- 

vice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, judges of the supremo court, and 
all other officers of the United States, whoso appointments are 
not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- 
lished by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appoint- 
ment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the presi- 
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.* 

May cii vacancies. Thc president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
may happen during the recess cf the Senate, by granting com- 
missions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Power to convene SECTION 3. IIc Shall from time to time give to the Congress 
information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 

1. Now the firFt Tuesday in NoverrVier. 

2. Vevsc .S, p. 318, and vertc 5, p. 333. 

3. The salary of the president of tlie United Sates is twenty-five thousand dollars n rear. 

4. Verso 2, p. 264. 5. Verse \S, p. 2tiS. 6. Veiso 2, p. 254. 



SUPPLEMENT. 407 

consideration sncli measures as ho shall jndfjo necessary and 
expedient ; ho may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
houses, or either of them,' anil in case of disagreement between 
them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn 
them to such time as he shall think proper; ho shall receive am- 
bassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that 
the laws bo faithfully executed, and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Seotiox -i. The president, vice-president and all civil officers ^°'" °^^^J^^'^^ ^° 
of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- 
ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Sectiox 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be "^'"^''''''y^P^J^"' """^ 
vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 2 The 
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive 
for their services, a compensation, which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 

Section' 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in '^° '^'^^Jemiif' '' *^^' 
law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of tlie 
United States, and tropties made, or which shall be made, 
Under their authority; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls ; — to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which the 
United States shall be a party ; — to controversies between two 
or more states ; — between a state and citizens of another state ; 
— between citizens of different states; ' — between citizens of 
the same state claimmg lands under grants of different states, 
and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, 
citizens or subjects. 

In all cases aflecting ambassadors, other public ministers and Ju"s'i'ction of the 

, , ,, . ° , . , ,1, , ^, supreme court. 

consuls, and those m which a state shah oe party, the supreme 
court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate, juris- 
diction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall R'lies respecting 
be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the 
said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not commit- 
ted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places 
as the Congress may by law have directed.'' 

Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist Treason defined. 
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testi- 
mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession 
in open court. 



1. Terse 4, p. 315. and verse 2, p. 317. 

2. Verse 3, p. 264. 

3. A citizen of the District of Columbia is not a citizen of a state ^vithinthe meaning of the Coi;5titU' 
tio'j of the United Slates. 

4. ;;oe Amendments, article vi., p. 410. 



408 CONSTITUTION OF THIC UNITED STATES. 

How punished. Tlio Congrcss sliall have power to declare the punishment of 
treason, but no attahider of treason shall work corruption of 
blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.' 

ARTICLE IV. 
Rights of ^states de- SECTION 1. Full foith and Credit shall be given in each state 
to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other state.- And the Congress may by general laws prescribe 
the manner in which such acts, records and proceedmgs shall 
be proved, and the effect thereof 
Privileges of citizens. Sectiox 2. The citizcns of cach State shall be entitled to all 
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
Executive requi- j^ person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall fleo from justice, and be found in another 
state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state 
from which he fled, bo delivered up, to be removed to the stato 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 
Lawreguiating ser- ^o person held to service or labor in one state, under the 

vice or labor. i .. /> • ■ , i ,. • 

laws thereoi, escapmg mto another, shall, in consequence of 
any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service 
or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to 
whom such service or labor may be due.^ 

formed and*admitted SECTION 3. New States may bo admitted by the Congress 
'into this Union; but no new state shall be formed or erected 
within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor au}^ state be formed 
by the junction of two or more states, or parts of state.-., 
without the consent of the Legislatures of the states con- 
cerned as well as of the Congress. 

^ov^IfraWjcSr' '^'^^ Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all 
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other 
propcrt,y belonging to the United States; and nothing in this 
Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
the United States, or of any particular state. 

"™^.',!!»'^'"" ^■'7«'"°- Section 4. The United States shall guaranty to everv state 

ment guarantied. • ^i • tt • •• r- r- i > ,, 

in this Union, a repuoiican form of government, and shall pro- 
tect each of them against invasion, and on application of the 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be 
convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 
Constitution, how to The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem 

be ameuded. . ,11 , ■ ,-1 ■ • 

it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, 
on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the sev- 
eral states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, 
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, 
as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures 
of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifica- 

1. Note 4. p. 404. 

2. A judgment of a State court has the same credit, valiility, and efTect, in every other court williin 
the United States, which it h:id in the court where it was rendered ; and whatever pleas would be good 
to a suit thereon in such State, and none others, can be pleaded in any other court within the United Sbllc^. 

3. This is the clause of the Constitution, on which ia based the provisions of the Fugitive Slave law of 
1850. ■ Verse 5, p. 335, and note 6, p. 335. 



SUPPLEMENT. 409 

tiou may bo proposed by the Conj^ress; provided tliatno ameud- 
inent which may be made prior to the year one thousaud ( 'ght 
liundred and eight shall in any manner aflcct the first and lot.: th 
clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, 
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sufi'raj, 2 in 
the Senate.' 

ARTICLE VL 

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 1 'ore ^"'.'''.''^Kial ■d^^'* 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against Ihe *^ " ' 
United States under +his Constitution, as under the confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which ^""Jau™ Ueiiued ' ""' 
shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or 
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme law of the land; and the iudges in every 
state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the ^*gj aucTibr whau 
members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several 
states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this 
Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be requked as a 
qualification to any office or pubhc trust under the United 
States. 

ARTICLE YII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be Ratificauon. 

sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the 

states so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States 
present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our 
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven and of 
the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.^ 
In witness whereof we liave hereunto subscribed our names. 
George Washington, 
President, and deputy from Virginia. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. PENNSYLVANIA. VIRGINIA. 

John Langdon, Benjamin Fkanklin, John Blair, 

Nicholas Oilman. Thomas Mifflin, James Madison, jr. 

MASSACHUSETTS. g°o'^^^ *c'l°vmTk, NORTH CAROLINA. 

NATHANIEL GORHAM, ThOMAS FiTZS.MONS, ^"'^^l^" gl^^.^r^p^^CBT 

RnFus King Jared Ingeksoll, „"^°^E,? l>obbs spaigbt, 

James Wilson, Hugh Williamson, 
CONNECTICUT. Gouverneuk Morris. SOUTH CAROLINA. 

William Sam'l Johnsoh, DELAWARE. John Rutledge, 

Roger Sherman. George Reed, Charles C. Pinckney, 

NEW YORK. Gunning Bedford, jr., pfE,IV''F^ BniLER"^^' 
John Dicki.nson, jtiekce isutler. 

Alexander Hamilton. r,charo Bassett, GEORGIA. 

NEW JERSEY. Jacob Broom. William Few, 
William Livingston, MARYLAND. Abkauam Baldwik. 
David Brearlet, James M'Henrt, [ifer, 
William Paterson, Daniel of St Taos. Jen- 
Jonathan Dayton. Daniel Carroll. 

Attest: William Jackson, Secretary. 

L See ante art. 1, sec. 3, clause 1, p. 362. 2. Terse 9, p. 261. 



410 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



AMENDMENTS 



Freedom in religion 
and speech, and 
of the press. 



Scarcli-warranls. 



Capital cr 



Trial by jury. 



Suits at I'ominoTi la 



Certain rights 
fined. 



TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, RATIFIED AC- 
COBDINa TO THE PROVISIONS OP THE FIFTH ARTICLE OP THE 

FOREGOING constitution- 
Article THE first. Congress shall make no law respecting 
an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or 
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the government for redress of grievances. 

Article the second. A well-regulated militia^being neces- 
sary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to 
keep and bear arms,, shall not be infringed. 

Article the third. No soldier shall, in time of peace be 
quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor 
in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article the fourth. The right of the people to be secure in 
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable 
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants 
shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or af- 
firmation, and particularly describing the. place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article the fifth. No person shall be held to answer for a 
capital, or otlierwiso infamous crime, unless on a presentment 
or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising- in the 
land or naval forces, or iu the militia, when in actual service in 
time of war and j^ublic danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of hfe or liml) ; 
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against liimself, nor to be deprived of life, libertj-, or property, 
without due process of law ; nor shaU private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

Article the sixth. In all criminal prosecutions, tlie accused 
shall enjoy the riglit to a speedy and public trial, by an impar- 
tial jury of the state and district wherein the crime sliall have 
been committed, which district shall have been previously as- 
certained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause 
of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

Article the seventh. In suits at common law, whei-e the 
value iu controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of 
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of common law. 

Article the eighth. Excessive bail shall not be required, 
nor excessive fines imjjosed, nor cruel and unusual punishments 
iaflicted. 

Article the ninth. The enumeration in the Constitution, 



1. Congress, at its first session, begun and held in the city of New York, on Wednesday, the -lih rf 
March, 178'.1, prnposc-d to tha 1,'gislatures of the several states, twelve iiiuendments to (he Constitu.io i. 
tea of which, ten only, were adopted. The others 1 are sicce heeo adopted. 



SUPPLEMENT. 411 

of certain rights, shall not bo construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

Article the tenth. The powers not delegated to the Uni- Rights reserved, 
ted States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
States, are reserved to the states respect ivel}', or to the people. 

Article the elevexth.' The judicial power of the United •^"'i'"''.* power lim- 
States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
states by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of 
any foreign state. 

Article the twelfth.^ The electors shall meet in their re- ^^""fif ™ec^?''n''V 
spective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-presi- president and vice- 
dent, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the president, 
same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person 
voted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of 
all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for 
as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which 
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit scaled to the seat 
of the government of the United States, directed to the president 
of the Senate; — the president of the Senate shall, in the presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cer- 
tificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person hav- 
ing the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the 
president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding 
three on the list of those voted for as president, the House of 
Eepresentatives shall choose immediatelj', by ballot, the presi- 
dent. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken 
by States, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states 
■ shall bo necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- 
tives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice 
shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next 
following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in 
the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the 
president. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no 
person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 
of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- 
sary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be ehgible to that of vice-president 
of the United States.^ 

1. This amendment was proposed at the first session of the third Congress, See ante, art. iii., sec. 2, 
clause 1, page 407. 

2. Proposed at the first session of the eighth Congress. See ante, art. ii., sec. 1, clause 3, page 405. 

3. Another amendment was proposed as article xiii., at the second session of the eleventh Congress, 
but not having been ratified liy a sufficient number of states, has not yet become valid as a part of the 
Constitution of the United States. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 

OF THE 

MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK. 



DISCOVERIES. 

1003. America said to have been visited by Northmen. 

1493. West India islands discovered by Columbus, October 11. 

1497. Cabot discovers the American continent at Labrador, June 24, 

1498. Columbus discovers the coast of South America, August. 

1499. Amerigo Vespucci discovers the coast of South America. 
1510. Balboa discovers the Pacific ocean. 

1513. John Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. 
1517. Cordova discovers Mexico. 
1531. Cortez conquers Mexico. 

1533. Verrazzani exploi-es the const from Cape Fear to Newfoundland. 

1534. Cartier discovers the St. Lawrence, June. 

1535. Cartier explores the St. Lawrence to Montreal. 
1539. De Soto discovers the Mississippi river. 
1563. Arrival of Huguenots in America. 

1565. St. Augustine foumled, and Huguenots massacred, September. 

1583. New England coast explored by Sir H. Gilbert. 

1585. Settlement attempted on Roanoke Island. 

1587. Another settlement attempted on Roanoke Island. 

1603. Cape Cod discovered and named by Bartholomew Gounold, May 14. 
1G03. Coast of Maine discovered by Martin Pring, June. 

1604. Annapolis, Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 

1608. Quebec founded by Captain Champlain. 

1609. Lake Champlain discovered by Champlain, 

" Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson, September 31. 

SETTLEMENTS. 

1606. London and Plymouth Companies chartered, April 30. 

1607. English land in Virginia, and found Jamestown, May 33. 

1608. Another company of emigrants land in Virginia, September. 

1609. New charter given to the London Company. 

1610. " Starving time " in Virginia. 

" Dutch trading vessels on the Hudson. 

1613. Marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas, April. 

1614. New England coast explored by Captain Smith. 
*' Connecticut river discovered by Adrian Block. 



414 SUPPLEMENT. 

1619. Meeting of the first representative assembly in Virginia, June 28. 

1630. New charter granted to the Plj^mouth Company, November 3. 
" Negro slaves introduced into America, August. 

" Pilgrims land on the coast of Massachusetts, December 23. 

1631. Dutch West India Company founded. 

" Schools for Indians established in Virginia. 
1633. Maryland charter granted, June. 
1633. Albany, on the Hudson, founded. 

" Fort Nassau built on the Delaware river, in New Jersey. 

" First settlement in New Netherland. 
1639. First settlement in New Hampshire. 

1633. First settlement in Connecticut. 

" Dutch Church found a school in New Amsterdam. 

1634. First settlement in Maryland, March. 

1635. Meeting of first legislative assembly in Maryland, March 8. 
" Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 

1636. Providence, R. I., founded. 

" Hartford, Conn., founded, July 4. 

1637. War against the Pequod Indians declared. 
" Pc.juods vanquished, June. 

" Harvard College founded. 

1638. New Haven founded. 

" First settlement in Delaware, April. 

1639. Connecticut settlers adojDt a written constitution, January. 
" Newport founded. 

1644. Rhode Island obtains a charter. 

1655. Swedes on the Delaware suljugated by the Dutch. 

1663. First settlement in North Carolina.. 

1664. First j^ermanent settlement in New Jersey. 

1665. Representative government estal^lished in New Jersey. 
1670. First settlement in South Carolina. 

1673. George Fox, founder of the Quakers, visits America. 

1675. Quakers settle West Jersey. 

1681. First legislative assembly of Quakers. 

" Pennsylvania charter granted, March 14. 
1683. Penn visits America. 

" Charleston, S. C, founded. 
1688. First legislative assembly in South Carolina. 
1S93. William and Miiry College^ in Virginia, founded. 
1701. Yale College, in Connecticut, founded. 
1733. Georgia charter granted, June. 
1733. Savannah, Ga., founded, February. 

" Oglethorpe and Indians in council. 
1738. College of New Jersey founded. 

COLONIES. 

1619. Virginia colony founded. 

1020. First Euro]iean women in Virginia. 

1621. Indians welcome the English to Massachusetts, March 28. 

" Virginia receives a written constitution. 
1623. Virginia made a royal province. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 415 

1626. York, or Manhattan Island, bought of the Indians. 

1627. Partnership of London merchants and American settlers dissolved. 

1628. Salem, Mass., founded by Endicot. 

" Charter for Massachusetts Bay province granted, March 14. 

1629. Massachusetts charter surrendered to the settlers. 

1630. Boston founded. 

1633. Van Twiller governor of New Netherland. 

1634. Representative government established in Massachusetts. 
1638. Kieft governor ot New Netherland. 

1641. Beginning of representative government in New Netherland. 

1642-1645. Intlian war in Marylantl. 

1643. New England confederacy formed. 

1644-1645. Rebellion in Maryland, and war with the Indians in Virginia. 

1647. Stuyvesant governor of New Netherland. 

1649. Maryland Toleration Act passed. 

1633. Popular assembly in New Amsterdam. 

1656. Quakers persecuted in Boston. 

1660. Supreme authority of the people declared in Maryland. 

1662. Connecticut colony o!)tain a royal charter. 

1663. New charter granted to Rhode Island. 

1664. New Netherland surrendered to the English. 

1665. Union of Connecticut and New Haven colonies. 

1674. First legislative assembly in South Carolina meet. 

1675. King Philip's war breaks out. 

1676. New Jersey divided into East and West. 

" Bacon's rebellion in Virginia, and Jamestown destroyed. 

1682. East Jersey bought by Quakers. 

1683. Charter of Liberties granted to New York. 

1687. Connecticut charter saved. 

1688. Revolution in England, and King James driven away. 

1689. Governor Andros expelled from New England, and King William's 

War breaks out. 

1690. Schenectady destroyed by the French and Indians, tmd an expedi- 

tion against Quebec. 

1691. Acadie seized and plundered. 

" Maryland made a royal province. 

1692. Massachusetts made a royal province, and Pennsylvania taken from 

William Penu. 
1694. Penn's rights in Pennsylvania restored. 
1697. Witchcraft in Salem. 

1701. New frame of government given to Pennsylvania. 

1702. War between the South Carolianians and Spaniards in Florida. 
" The Jerseys united in a royal province. 

" Queen Anne's War begins. 

1710. Nova Scotia made a British province. 

1711. Indian war in North Carolina. 
1713. Peace with the French and Indians. 
1729. North and South Carolina separated. 

1740. Georgians at war with the Spaniards in Florida. 

1744. King George's War. 

1745. Capture of Louisburg by the British. 

16* 



4i6 SUPPLEMENT. 

1746. Frenc fleet under D'Anville destroyed. 

1753. Gc '>r':j';i. becomes a royal province. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1749. The Olii • ComiDany chartered. 

1754. Washington returns from his mission to tlie French commander. 
" March of colonial troops for the Ohio country, April 22. 

" Washing :on in command of the troops, May 30. 

" Colonial Congress meets at Albany, N. Y., June 19. 

" Surrendc - of Fort Necessity, July 4. 

1755. Capture of Forts Beausejour (June 16) and Gaspereau (June 17). 
'' Battle on tne Monongahela, and defeat of Braddock, July 9. 

" Americans defeated by the French near Lake George, N. Y., Sep- 
tember Z. 
" French d' ;'eated at Lake George by the Americans, September 8. 

1756. England declares war against France, May 17. 

" Oswego, ^ . Y., captured by the French, August 14. 

1757. Fort William Henry (Lake George) surrendered to the French, 

Angus* -J. 

1758. Lord Howe killed near Ticonderoga, N. Y., July 6. 
" The Engl; -li repulsed at Ticonderoga, July 8. 

" Louisbur;., Cape Breton, taken by the English, July 28. 

" Fort Fron'^'inac, Canada, surrendered to the English, August 27. 

" Grant del uted near Fort du Quesne, Pa., September 21. 

1759. Ticonderoc'a (July 26) and Crown Point (August 1) abandoned by 

the Fr.- ich. 
" Fort Niagara, N. Y., surrendered to the English, July 25. 
" Battle of Montmorenci, near Quebec, July 31. 
" Battle on the Plains of Abraham, Quebec, September 13. 
" Quebec su. rendered to the English, September 18. 

1760. Attempt •• j recover Quebec — Battle at Sillery, April 28. 

" Montreal, 'Canada, surrendered to the English, and Frencli domin- 
ion in • merica ended, September 8. 

1761. George IlL ascends the throne. 

1763. Peace con luded at Paris, February 10. 
" Florida ceded to Great Britain, February 10. 
" Pontiac's ■• Tar. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

1765. Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament, March 8. 
" Colonial C iigress meet in New York, October 7. 

1766. Stamp Ac. repealed, March 18. 

1767. Duties levi -d on glass, paper, &c., June 29. 

1768. Arrival of British troops in Boston, Mass., September 27. 

1770. The " Boston Massacre," March 5. 

1771. Battle with the " Regulators" in North Carolina, May 16. 

1772. The Gaspe schooner burned in Nan-aganset bay, R. J., June 9. 

1773. Destructio . of tea in Boston harbor, December 16. 

1774. Boston " 1 ^rt Bill " passed by Parliament, March 7. 
" Port of Boston closed, June i. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 417 

1774. First Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia, September 5. 

1775. Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, Mass., April 19. 
Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold, May 10. 
Crown Point captured by Seth Warner, May 12. 
Washington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15. 
Battle of Bunker Hill, near Boston, June 17. 
Washington takes command of the army near Boston, July 3. 
Surrender of St. Johns, Canada, November 3. 
Arnold l)efore Quebec, Novemlier 13. 
Montreal surrenders to Montgomery, November 13. 
Assault on Quebec, December 31. 

r6. Norfollv, Va., destroyed by Governor Dunmore, January 1. 

Boston evacuated by the British, March 1. 

Repulse of the British at Charleston, S. C, June 28. 

Declaration of Independence, July 4. 

Battle on Long Island, N. Y., August 27. 

Battle on Harlem Plains, N. Y., September 16. 

Battle at White Plains, N. Y., October 28. 

Captiu-e of Fort Washington, N. Y., by the British, November 16. 

Capture of Fort Lee, N. J., by the British, November 18. 

Battle at Trenton, N. J., December 26. 

Battle at Princeton, N. J., January. 3. 

Diplomatic agent sent to Europe, March. 

Destruction of stores at Peekskill, N. Y., March 23. 

Tryon's marauding expedition in Connecticut, April 26, 27. 

Meigs's expedition against Sag Harbor, L. I., May 23. 

Burgoyne invades New York, June. 

The Americans abandon Ticonderoga, July 5. 

Battle at Hubbardton, Vt., July 7. 

Capture of General Prescott by Americans, R. I., July 10. 

Battle at Oriskany, Mohawk Valley, N. Y., August 6. 

Sortie at Fort Schuyler (now Rome), N. Y., August 6. 

Battle near Bennington, Vt., August 16. 

Battle on the Brandywine, Pa., September 11. 

Battle on Bemis's Heights, N. Y., September 19. 

Massacre at Paoli, Pa,, September 20. 

British take Philadelphia, Se]:)tember 26. 

Battle at Germantown, near Philadelphia, October 4. 

Capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, on the Hudson, October 6. 

Battle at Saratoga, N. Y., October 7. 

Surrender of Burgoyne to Gates, October 17. 

British fleet pass Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware, No- 
vemlicr 18. 

" Washington marches to the Valley Forge, Pa., December 11. 
1778. A treaty between the United States and France, and acknowledg- 
ment of the independence of the former, February 6. 

Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 13. 

Battle at Monmouth, N. J, June 28. 

Battle and massacre in the Wyoming Valley, Pa., July 4, 5. 

Arrival of a French fleet under D'Estaing, July 8. 

Battle at Quaker Hill, R. L, August 29. 



4 1 S SUPPLEMENT, 

1778. Massacre by Indiaus and Tories at Cherry Valley, N. Y., November 11. 
" Capture of Savannah, Ga., by the British, December 39. 

1779. Capture of Sunbury, Ga., by the British, January 9, 
" Battle of Kettle Creek, Ga.,' February 14. 

" Battle at Brier Creek, Ga., March 3. 

" Capture of Stoney Point, N. Y., by the British, May 31. 

" Capture of Verplanck's Point, N. Y., by the British, June 1. 

" Tryon's raid in Connecticut, July 5 to 12. 

" Recapture of Stoney Point l)y the Americans, July 15. 

" Capture of the British garrison at Paulus's Hook, N. J., July 19. 

" Castine, Me., captured by the British, August 13. 

" Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians in Western New York. Au- 
gust and September. 

" Siege of Savannah, Ga., by the Americans and French, September. 

" Paul Jones's victory off the coast of Great Britam, September 23. 

" Assault on Savannah, and abandonment of siege, October 9. 

1780. Charleston, S. C, besieged by the British, April and May. 
" Skirmish at Monk's Corner, S. C, April 14. 

" Surrender of Charleston to the British, May 12. 

" Skirmish on the Waxhaw, S. C, May 29. 

" Battle at Springfield, N. J., June 23. 

" Arrival of a French fleet and army at Newpoit, R. I., July 10. 

" Battle at Rocky Mount, S. C, July 30. 

" Battle at Hanging Rock, S. C, August 6. 

" Battle at Sander's Creek, S. C, August 16. 

" Defeat of Sumter at Fishing Creek, S. C, August 18. 

" Meeting of Arnold and Andre at Haverstraw, N. Y., to arrange the 

business of treason, September 22. 

" Execution of Andre at Tappan, N. Y., October 2. 

" Battle on King's Mountain, S. C., October 7. 

" Battle at Fish Dam Fort, S. C, November 12. 

" Battle at Blackstock's, S. C, November 20. 

1781. Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, January 1. 
" Battle at the Cowpens, S. C, January 17. 

" General Greene's retreat, N. C, January and February. 

" Mutiny of New Jersey troops, January 18. 

" Battle near Guilford Court House, N. C, March 15. 

" Battle at Hobkirk's Hill, S. C, April 25. 

" Capture of Augusta, June 5. 

" Siege of Ninety-Six, S. C, June 18, 19. 

" Arnold destroys New London, Conn., September 6. 

" Massacre at Fort Griswold, Conn., SeiJtember 6. 

" Battle at Eutaw Springs, S. C, September 8. 

" Siege of Yorktown, Va., commenced, October 9. 

" Surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, October 19. 

1782. British Parliament resolve to end the war, March 4. 
" Savannah, Ga., evacuated by the British, July 11. 

" Preliminary treaty of peace signed at Paris, November 30. 

" Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the British, December 14. 

1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in America, April 19. 
" Formation of the Cincinnati Society, June 10. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 4]t» 

1783. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, September 3. 
" American army disbanded by order of Congress, November 3, 
" New York evacuated by the Britisli, November 25. 
" Washington parts with his officers at New York, December 4. 
" Washington resigns his commission to Congress, at Annapolis, Md., 
December 23. 
1787. National Constitution adopted in convention, at Philadelphia, Sep- 
tember 17. 

THE NATION. 

1787. The first Congress under the National Constitution assembles at 
New York,"March 4. 
" Inauguration of Washington as the first President, at New York. 
April 30. 

1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians on the Maumee, in Indiana, Oc- 

tober 17, 22. 

1791. Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4. 

" St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, November 4. 

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union, June 1. 

1794. Wayne defeats the Indians on the Maumee, in Ohio, August 20. 
" " Whisky Insurrection " in Pennsylvania. 

1795. Jay's Treaty wuth Great Britain ratified, June 24. 

" Treaty with the Indians at Greeneville, Ohio, August. 

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June 1. 

" Washington's Farewell Address issued, September. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated second President, at New York, March 4. 

1798. A provisional army to fight the French, authorized, May. 

1799. Death of Washington at Mount Vernon, December 14. 

1800. Seat of the National Government removed to Washington city. 

1801. Jefierson inaugurated third President, March 4. 
" War ^dth Tripoli commenced, June 10. 

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union, November 29. 

1803. Louisiana purchased from France, April 30. 

1804. The frigate President destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur, February 4. 

" Hamilton murdered in a duel by Burr, at Weehawken, N. J., July 13. 

1805. Peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 

1806. British " Orders in Council," May. 

" Bonaparte's " Berlin Decree," November 21. 

1807. Afiair between the Chesapealce and Leopard, June 22. 

" British armed vessels ordered from American waters by the Presi- 
dent of the United States, July. 
" Burr tried for treason at Richmond, Va., and acquitted, September. 
" Embargo on commerce declared by Congress, December 22. 
1809. Madison inaugurated the fourth President, March 4. 

1811. Battle between the President and Little Belt, May 16. 
" Battle of Tippecanoe, Ind., November 7. 

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union, April 8. 

" Declaration of war against Great Britain, Julie 19. 

SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

1812. Hull invades Canada, July 12. 
" Surrender of Mackinaw, Mich., July 17. 



420 SUPPLEMENT. 

1812. Van Home defeated, August 5. 
" Miller defeated, August 8. 

" Hull surrenders Detroit, August 16. 

" The Essex captures the Alert at Valparaiso, August 18. 

" The Constitution captures the Gnerrievfe, August 19. 

" Battle on Queenstown Heights, Canada, October 13. 

" The Frolic captures the Wasp, October 18. 

" The United States captures the Macedonian, Octoljer 25. 

" The Constitution captures the Java, December 29. 

1813. Massacre at Frenchtown, Mich., January 22. 

" The Hornet captures the Pea cod; February 24. 

" Madison inaugurated President a second time, March 4. 

" Capture of York, or Toronto, Canada, April 27. 

" First siege of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 1, 5. 

" Fort George, Canada, captured by the Americans, May 27. 

" Battle at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., May 29. 

" The Shannon captures the Chesapeake, June 1. 

" Battle at Stoney Creek, Canada, June 6. 

" Bi'itish repulsed at Craney Island, June 22. 

" Defense of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, August 2. 

" The Pelican captures the Argus, August 14. 

" Massacre at Fort Mimms, Ala., August 30. 

" The Enterprise captures the Boxer, September 5. 

" Capture of a British fleet on Lake Erie, by Perry, September 10. 

" Battle on the Thames, in Canada, October 5. 

" Battle at Williamsburg, Canada, November 11. 

" Burning of Newark, Canada, December 12. 

" Capture of Fort Niagara, N. Y., by the British, December 29. 

" Desolation of the Niagara frontier by the British, December 30. 

1814. Battle of the Horse Shoe (Creek War), Ala., March 27. 
" Cajjture of the Essex at Valparaiso, March 28. 

" The PeacocJc captures the Epcnier, April 29. 

" Capture of Oswego, May 5. 

" The Reindeer captured by the Wasp, June 28. 

" Fort Erie, Canada, taken by the Americans, July 3. 

" Battle at Chipijewa, Canada, July 5. 

" Battle at Niagara Falls, Canada, July 25. 

" Attack on Stonington, Conn., April 9-14. 

" Battle at Fort Erie, August 15. 

" Battle at Bladensliurg, Md., August 24. 

" Washington city captured and partly burned, August 24. 

" The Wasp cajjtures the Axon, September 1. 

" Battles on land and water at Plattsburg, N. Y., September 11. 

" Battle near North Point, Md., Septem))er 12. 

" Bombardment of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, September 13, 14. 

" Attack on Fort Bower (now Morgan), Ala., September 5. 

" Sortie at Fort Erie, September 17. 

" British expelled from Pensacola, Fla., by Jackson, November 7. 

" Battle on Lake Borgne, La., December 14. 

" Battle below New Orleans, La., December 23. 

" Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, De- 
cember 24. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 421 



1815. Battle near New Orleans, January 8. 

" The President laptured by a British squadron, January 15. 

" Peace proclaime(J, February 18. 

" The Constitution captures the Cyane and Levant, February 20. 

" The Hornet captures the Penguin, March 23. 

" War with Algiers, March. 

" Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 

" Algerine frigate captured, June 17. 

1816. Indiana admitted into the Union, "December 11. 

1817. Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. 

" Mississippi admitted into the Union, December 10. 

1818. Jackson expels the Spaniards from Florida, April. 
" Jackson seizes Pensacola, Fla., May 24. 

" Illinois admitted into the Union, December 3. 

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union, December 14. 

1820. Maine admitted into the Union, March 15. 

" Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, October, 

1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, August 21. 

1824. Lafayette visits the United States, August. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4. 

1826. Death of Jeflerson and Adams, July 4. 

1828. Tariff law obnoxious to cotton planters passed. May 15. 

1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 

1832. Black Hawk War, on the Mississippi. 

" Rebellion in South Carolina, November. 

" Jackson's proclamation against the rebels, December 10. 

1833. Compromise act, proposed by Henry Clay, passed, March 3. 

" Removal of the public money from the United States Bank, October. 

1835. War with the Seminole Indians, Florida, commenced, December. 

" General Thompson and companions murdered in Florida, Decem- 
ber 28. 
" Major Dade and his command massacred in Florida, December 28. 

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. 

" Governor Call, of Georgia, invades the Seminole countn-, Cctober. 
" He fights them at Wahoo Swamp, November 21. 

1837. Michigan admitted into the Union, January 25. 
" Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. 

" Cnmmencement of the Canadian " Reljellion.' 

1841. General Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. 
" Harrison dies, April 4. 

" Tyler (Vice-President) inaugurated President, April 6. 

1842. End of the Seminole War. 

" Threatened civil war in Rhode Island. 

1845. Resolutions for the admission of Texas signed by Tyler, March 1. 
" Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. 

" Polk inaugurated President, March 4. 
" Texas admitted into the Union, July 4. 

WAR WITH MEXICO. 

1846. Army of Observation in Texas, 

" First blood shed in the war with Mexico, April 26, 



422 SUPPLEMENT. 

1846. Battle at Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. 

" Battle at Resaca de la Paliua, Texas, May 9. 

" Congress declares war with Mexico, May 11. 

" General Taylor captures Matamoros, Mexico, May 18. 

" Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Taylor, September 24. 

" Battle at Braceto, Mexico, December 25. 

" Iowa admitted into the Union, December 28. 

1847. Battle at Buena Vista, Mexico, February 23. 
" Battle at Sacramento, Mexico, February 28. 

" Vera Cruz surrenders to General Scott, March 27. 

" Battle at Sierra Gordo, Mexico, April 18. 

" Battle at Contreras and Cliurubusco, Mexico, August 20. 

" Battle at Molino del Rey, Mexico, September 8. 

" Battle at Chapultepec, Mexico, September 13. 

" Scott enters the city of Mexico a conqueror, Septcml)er 14. 

" Battle at Huamantla, Mexico, Octol^er 9 

1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2. 
" Wisconsin admitted into the Union, May 29. 

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 

1850. Death of President Taylor, July 9. 

" Fillmore (Vice-President) inaugurated President, July 10. 
" California admitted into the Union, September 9. 
" Fugitive Slave Bill passed, Septeml)er 9. 

1853. Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 

1854. " Missouri Compromise " virtually repealed, June. 

1857. Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. 
" Dred Scott decision, March 6. 

1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, February 14. 
" John Brown's raid into Virginia, October 16. 

1860. Secession of South Carolina from the Union declared, December 20. 

1861. Secession of Mississippi declared, January 8. 

" United States steamship Star of the West fired on, January 9. 

" Secession of Florida declared, January 10. 

" Secession of Alabama declared, Jauuaiy 11. 

" Secession of Georgia declared, January 19. 

" Kansas admitted into the Union, Januaiy 29. 

" A " Southern Confederacy *' formed at Montgomery, Ala., February 4. 

" Jefferson Davis chosen President, Fel)ruary 9. 

" Lincoln inaugurated President, March 4. 

THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 

1861. Fort Sumter attacked by the insurgents, April 11. 

" Fort Sumter evacuated, Aj^ril 12. 

" President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. 

" Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. 

" More than 64,000 more troops called for. May 4. 

" Virginia invaded by National forces at Alexandria, May 24. 

" Battle at Big Bethel, Va., June 10. 

" Battle at Romney, Va., June 11. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 423 

1861. Congress meet in extraordinary session, July 4. 
" Battle near Cartilage, Mo. July, 5. 

" Buttle at Rich Mountain, Va., Julv 11. 

" Battle near Centreville, Va., July 18. 

" Richmond becomes the headquarters of the Confederates, July 20. 

" Battle at Bull Run, Va., July 21. 

" Battle at Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10. 

" Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C, August 2u. 

" Battle at Carnifex Ferry, Va., September. 

" Battle at Ball's Bluflf, Va.., October 30. 

" Battle at Belmont, Mo , November 7. 

" Capture of Port Royal Entrance, S. C, November 7. 

1862. Battle at Mill Spring, Ky., January 8. 

" Capture of Roanoke Island, N. C, February 8. 

" Capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 16. 

" Battle at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 5, 8. 

'' The Congress and Cinnherhvid sunk by the Merrimnc, March 8. 

" First appearance of a Monitoi', March 9. 

" Newberu, N. C, captuied, March 14. 

" Battle at Shiioh, Teun., April 6, 7. 

" Capture of Island No. 10, Mississi])pi river, April 7. 

" Capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 11. 

" Capture of New Orleans, April 24. 

" Norfolk, Va., captured by the Nationals, May 9. 

" Natchez, on the Mississippi, captured. May 12. 

" Confederates driven from Corinth, Miss., May 26. 

" Battle at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, June 1. 

" Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Nationals, June 6. 

" Seven davs' battles on the Virginia peninsula commence, June 25. 

" The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. 

" Battles between Manassas and Washington city, August 23 to 30. 

" Battle at South Mountain, Md., September 14. 

" Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the Confederates, September 15. 

" Battle at Antietam creek, Md., September 17. 

" Battle at luka, Miss., September 19. 

" Battle at Fredericksburg, Va., December 13. 

" Battle near Murfreesboro', Tenn., December 29, January 4. 

1863. The President's Emancipation Proclamation issued, January 1. 
" Capture of Arkansas Post, Ark., January 11. 

" Passage of a conscription act, March 3. 

" Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 3. 

" Grant's six battles in Mississippi, May 1 to 17. 

" Lee invades Maryland, June. 

" Capture of Confederate " ram " Atlanta, June 17. 

" West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20. 

" Battle at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 3. 

" Surrender of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4. 

" Capture of Port Hudson by National troops, July 8. 

" Great riot in New^ York city, July 13-16. 

" Morgan's guerilla band broken up in Ohio, July 26. 

" Fort Smith, Ark., captured by National troops, September 1. 



424 SUPPLEMENT. 

1863. Little Rock, Ark., captured by National troops, September 10. 
" Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19. 

" Battle of Chattanooga, Ga., September 23. 

" Knoxville, Tenn., besieged, November 29. 

1864. President orders a draft for 300,U00 more men, FeLiuary 1. 
" Grant created a lieutenant-general, March. 

" General Sherman's invasion of Mississippi, Febi'uary 3, 21. 

" Battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20. 

" Capture of Fort De Russey, La., March 13. 

" Battle of Cane river, La., March 26. 

" Massacre at Fort Pillovv^, Tenn., by Forrest's forces, April 13. 

" Grant orders a general forward movement. May 3. 

" Battles in the Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6, 7. 

" Battle near Pleasant Hill, La., May 8, 9. 

" Passage of the Red river rapids by Porter's fleet, May 11. 

" Lee falls I)ack to Richmond early in June. 

" The Potomac Army on the south side of James river in June. 

" Destruction of the Aldama, June 15. 

" Third invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, July. 

" Chambersburg, Pa., destroyed by the Confederates, September 30. 

" Petersburg and Richmond besieged, July, August, and September. 

" The Weldon railway seized by the Najtional troops, August 18. 

" Capture of forts and dispersion of the Confederate fleet near Mo- 
bile, August. 

" Capture of Atlanta, Ga., September 3. 

" The President, by proclamation, recommends public thanksgivings 
for victories. 

" Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31. 

" Slavery abolished in Maryland, November 1. 

" Sherman leaves Atlanta for Savannah, November 14. 

" Hood invades Tennessee, November. 

" Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia, captured, November 20. 

" Battle at Franklin, November 30. 

" Sherman enters Savannah, December 21. 

1865. Slavery a])olished in Missouri, January. 
" Capture of Fort Fisher, January 15. 

" Act to amend the Constitution so as to abolish slavery throughout 

the Union, passed both Houses of Congress, January 31. 

" Slavery abolished in Tennessee, February. 

" Capture of Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, February 17. 

" National troops enter Charleston, February 18. 

" Capture of Wilmington, North Carolina, February 21. 

" Flight of the Confederates from Richmond, April 2. 

" President Lincoln enters Richmond, April 4. 

" Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. 

" Assassination of the President, April 14. 

" Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. 

" Surrender of Johnston's Army, Apiil 26. 

" Capture of Jefferson Davis, May 10. 

" Close of the Civil War, May. 



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